HU /HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream

DEGREE PROGRAM:- B.SC. IN ELECTRICAL AND

COMPUTER ENGINEERING
COURSE CODE:- ECEG4242
COURSE NAME:- COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN
POWER SYSTEMS

Presented by:- Amanuel Kachiko

 Contents
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1. Introduction
1.1. Computer in Power System
1.2. Computer Task
1.3. Automatic Generation Control
1.4. Generation Scheduling
1.5. Supervisory Data Acquisition
1.6. Security Assessment
1.7. Optimal Power Flow
1.8. Transmission System Development
1.9. Interactive Power System Analysis
1.10. References

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 1.1. Computer in Power System
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 The appearance of large digital computers in the 1960.

 Mismatch between the size of the problems to be analyzed and the limited
capability of the computer technology encouraged research into
algorithmic efficiency.
 Real time power system control at a time when the utilities are finding it
increasingly difficult to maintain high levels of reliability at competitive
cost.
 Cost of processing information and computer memory is declining rapidly.
 Example, in less than two decades the cost of computer hardware of
similar processing power has reduced by about three hundred times.
 In modern power systems has turned from resource creation to resource
management.

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 Cont.…
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 The two primary functions of an energy management system are security

and economy of operation.
 These tasks are achieved in main control centers.
 In the present state of the art the results derived by the center computers
are normally presented to the operator who can then accept, modify or
ignore the advice received.
 In the longer term the operating commands should be dispatched
automatically without human intervention.
 Thus making the task of the computer far more responsible.

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 1.2. Computer Task
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 The basic power system functions involve many computer studies

requiring processing power capabilities in millions of instructions per
second(MIPS).
 The most demanding in this respect are the network solutions, the specific
task of electrical power system analysis.
 The main computer tasks are:-
 Automatic Generation Control (AGC).
 Supervisory Data Control and Acquisition (SCADA).
 Generation Scheduling.
 Network Analysis.

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 1.3. Automatic Generation Control
(AGC)
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 The purpose of AGC identified the following four tasks:-

a). Matching of system generation and system load.
b). Reducing the system frequency deviations to zero.
c). Distributing the total system generation among the various control areas to
comply with the scheduled tie flows.
d). Distributing the individual area generation among its generating sources so
as to minimize operating cost.

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 Cont.…
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 The above task is accomplished by:-

 Governor speed control.
 Supplementary controls coming from the other control centers.
 Regulation function, or Load-frequency control.
 Economic dispatch function of AGC.
 The above requirements are met with modest computer processing power
(of the order of 0.1 MIPS).

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 1.4. Generation Scheduling
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 The operation scheduling problem is to determine which generating units

should be committed and available for generation.
 The units' nominal generation or dispatch and in some cases even the type
of fuel to use.
 Utilities may have several sources of power such as:-
 Hydropower and pumped storage plant
 Thermal power plant (stem or gas)
 Dispersed generation (PV and wind power)
 Interconnection with national or international grid.
 Many utilities use load management control to influence the loading factor,
thus affecting the amount of generation required.

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 Cont.…
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 The economic effect of operations scheduling is very important when fuel

is a major component of the cost.
 The time span for scheduling studies depends on a number of factors.
 Large steam turbines take several hours to start up and bring on-line.
 They have costs associated with up- and down-time constraints and start-
ups.

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 Cont.…
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 Other factors to be considered are maintenance schedules. Example:-

 nuclear refueling schedules and long-term fuel contracts which involve
making decisions for one or more years ahead.
 Hydro scheduling also involves long time frames due to the large capacity
of the reservoirs.
 Scheduling of mini hydro and pump storage reservoirs have daily or
weekly cycles.
 Scheduling computer requirements will normally be within 2 MIPS

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 1.5. Supervisory Data Acquisition
(SCADA)
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 The modern utility control system relies heavily on the operator control of
remote plant.
 In this task the operator relies on SCADA for the following tasks:-
 Data acquisition
 Information display
 Supervisory control
 Alarm processing
 Information storage and reports
 Sequence of events acquisition
 Data calculations
 Remote terminal unit processing
 Typical computer processing requirements of SCADA systems are 1-2
MIPS
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 Cont.…
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 Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems are vital

components of most nations’ critical infrastructures.
 They control pipelines, water and transportation systems, utilities,
refineries, chemical plants, and a wide variety of manufacturing
operations.
 SCADA provides management with real-time data on production
operations, implements more efficient control paradigms, improves plant
and personnel safety, and reduces costs of operation.

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 1.5.1. Evolution of SCADA System
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 The scope of SCADA has evolved from its beginnings in the 1960s..
 Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) progressed simultaneously.
 These latter devices implemented traditional relay ladder logic to control
industrial processes.
 The early control systems consisted of a central minicomputer or PLC
that communicated with local controllers that interfaced with motors, pumps,
valves, switches, sensors, and so on.

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 Cont.…
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 This architecture is sometimes referred to as a distributed control system.

Such systems are generally confined to locations close to each other,
normally use a high-speed local network, and usually involve closed loop
control.

Mini or micro computer

PLC

PLC or PLC or PLC or

controller controller controller

valve motor
pump

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 Cont.…
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 In the early days of data acquisition relay logic was used to control
production and plant systems. With the advent of the CPU (as part of the
microprocessor) and other electronic devices, manufacturers incorporated
digital electronics into relay logic equipment, creating the PLC or
programmable logic controller, which is still one of the most widely used
control systems in industry.
 As needs grew to monitor and control more devices in the plant, the PLCs
were distributed and the systems became more intelligent and smaller in
size. Although initially RTU was often a dedicated device, PLCs are often
used as RTUs these days.

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 1.5.2. The merit of PLC/DCS/SCADA
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 The computer can record and store a very large amount of data.
 The data can be displayed in any way the user requires.
 Thousands of sensors over a wide area can be connected to the system.
 The operator can incorporate real data simulations into the system.
 Many types of data can be collected from the RTUs.
 The data can be viewed from anywhere, not just on site.

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 1.5.3. Demerit of PLC/DCS/SCADA
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 The system is more complicated than the sensor to panel type.

 Different operating skills are required, such as system analysts and
programmer.
 With thousands of sensors there is still a lot of wire to deal with.
 The operator can see only as far as the PLC.
 As the requirement for smaller and smarter systems grew, sensors were
designed with the intelligence of PLCs and DCSs. These devices are
known as IEDs (intelligent electronic devices).

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 Cont.…
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 As the technical capabilities of computers, operating systems, and

networks improved, organizational management pushed for increased
knowledge of the real-time status of remote plant operations.
 Also, in organizations with a number of geographically separated
operations, remote data acquisition, control, and maintenance became
increasingly attractive from management and cost standpoints.
 These capabilities are known collectively as supervisory control and data
acquisition or SCADA.

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 1.5.4. SCADA Definition
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 SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition system) refers to the

combination of telemetry (Automatic transmission and measurement of Data
from remote area) and data acquisition.
 SCADA encompasses the collecting of the information via a RTU (remote
terminal unit), transferring it back to the central site, carrying out any
necessary analysis and control and then displaying that information on a
number of operator screens or displays. The required control actions are then
conveyed back to the process.
 SCADA is the technology that enables a user to collect data from one or

more distant facilities and/or send limited control instructions to those

facilities.
 SCADA is stand for : Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition.

 A system operating with coded signals over communication channels

so as to provide control of RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) equipment.

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 1.5.5. SCADA Hardware
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 A SCADA system consists of a number of remote terminal units (or RTUs)

collecting field data and sending that data back to a master station via a
communications system.
 The master station displays the acquired data and also allows the operator
to perform remote control tasks.
 The accurate and timely data allows for optimization of the plant operation
and process.
 A further benefit is more efficient, reliable and most importantly, safer
operations. This all results in a lower cost of operation compared to earlier
non-automated systems.

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 Cont.…
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 The hardware component are:-

 Field level instrumentation and control devices
 Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
 Communications system
 The master stations
 The commercial information technology (IT) or data processing
department computer system.
 RTU provides an interface to the field analog and digital sensors situated at
each remote site.

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 Cont.…
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 The communications system provides the pathway for communications

between the master station and the remote sites.
 This communication system can be wire, fiber optic, radio, telephone line,
microwave and possibly even satellite.
 The master station (or sub-masters) gather data from the various RTUs and
generally provide an operator interface for display of information and
control of the remote sites.
 In large telemetry systems, sub-master sites gather information from
remote sites and act as a relay back to the control master station.

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 1.5.6. SCADA Software
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 SCADA software can be divided into two types, proprietary and open.
 Companies develop proprietary software to communicate to their
hardware. These systems are sold as ‘turn key’ solutions.
 The main problem with these systems is the overwhelming reliance on the
supplier of the system.
 Open software systems have gained popularity because of the
interoperability they bring to the system.
 Interoperability is the ability to mix different manufacturers’ equipment on
the same system.

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 1.5.7. SCADA system Architecture
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 Specific terminology is associated with the components of SCADA

systems. These SCADA elements are defined as follows:
 Operator: Human operator who monitors the SCADA system and per-
forms supervisory control functions for the remote plant operations.
 Human machine interface (HMI):Presents data to the operator and
provides for control inputs in a variety of formats, including graphics,
schematics, windows, pull-down menus, touch-screens, and so on.
 Master terminal unit (MTU):Equivalent to a master unit in a master/
slave architecture. The MTU presents data to the operator through the
HMI, gathers data from the distant site, and transmits control signals to
the remote site.

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 Cont.…
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 The transmission rate of data between the MTU and the remote site is
relatively low and the control method is usually open loop because of
possible time delays or data flow interruptions.
 Communications means: Communication method between the MTU and
remote controllers. Communication can be through the Internet, wireless or
wired networks, or the switched public telephone network.
 Remote terminal unit (RTU):Functions as a slave in the master/slave
architecture. Sends control signals to the device under control, acquires
data from these devices, and transmits the data to the MTU.
 An RTU may be a PLC. The data rate between the RTU and controlled
device is relatively high and the control method is usually closed loop.

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 Cont.…
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 Cont.…
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 Modern SCADA architectures rely heavily on standard protocols and

digital data transmission.
 SCADA architecture comprises two levels: a master or client level at the
supervisory control center and a slave or data server level that interacts
with the processes under control.

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 1.5.8. Typical SCADA software
components
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 SCADA slave/data server

 Real-time system manager
 Data processing applications
 SCADA master/client  Report generator
 Human machine interface  Alarm handling
 Alarm handling
 Event and log monitoring  Drivers and interfaces to
 Special applications control components
 ActiveX or Java controls  Spreadsheet
 Data logging
 Archiving
 Charting and trending

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 1.5.9. SCADA Application
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 SCADA is pervasive throughout the world. it permeates the world’s critical

infrastructures, monitoring and controlling a variety of processes and
operations.
 EIA(Electronic Industrial Association)-232 addresses serial data links and
specifies the data exchange protocol, signal voltages and timing, signal
functions, and the mechanical connectors to be used.
 EIA-232 signals are asynchronous with typical data rates of 20 Kbps.
 EIA-485 is also an asynchronous serial data communications standard with
typical data rates of 10 Mbps and the ability to transmit data over longer
distance links than EIA-232. It was formerly known as RS-485.
 Typical variable frequency drive pump oil field SCADA system.
 SCADA system using the Internet and cellular network
 Water reservoir SCADA system
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 1.5.10. Electrical generating plant
SCADA system
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 1.6. Security Assessment
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 The overall aim of the economy-security process is to operate the system at

lowest cost with energy supply during emergency conditions.
 An emergency situation results from the violation of the operating limits
and the most severe violations result from contingencies.
 The security functions include security assessment and control. These are
carried out either in the 'real time' or 'study' modes.
 The real time mode derives information from state estimates and upon
detection of any violations, security control calculations.
 Computing speed and reliability are of primary importance.
 The study mode represents a forecast operating condition.

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 Con…
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 It is derived from stored information and its main purpose is to ensure

future security and optimality of power system operation.
 The difficulty is that carrying load-flow solutions for large numbers
of contingency cases involves massive computational requirements.

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 1.7. Optimal Power Flow
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 The computational need becomes even more critical when it is realized

that contingency-constrained optimal power flow (OPF) .
 The purpose of an on-line function is to schedule the power system
controls to achieve operation at a desired security level.
 This is done by optimizing an objective function such as cost of operation.
 The new schedule may take system operation from one Security level to
another.
 It may restore optimality at an already achieved security level.

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 Cont.…
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 In the real time mode, the calculated schedule, once accepted, may be
implemented manually or automatically.
 The ultimate goal is to have the security-constrained scheduling
calculation initiated, completed, and dispatched to the power system
entirely automatically without human intervention.

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 1.8. Transmission System Dev.t
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 The basic algorithms developed by power system analysts with

linear characteristics for conventional power plant transmission.
 Advances made in power electronic control, the longer transmission
distances and the justification for more interconnections.
 The result is control active power, reactive power, and improve
voltage profile.
 Any equivalent models used to simulate power-system concepts, for
easy incorporation within existing programs.

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 1.9. Interactive Power System Analysis
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 Power system analysis has been the change of emphasis from mainframe-
based to interactive analysis software.
 IBM introduced the PC/AT in 1984 to perform power system analyses.
 32-bit architecture and speed of the Intel 80286 chip.
 Highly increased storage capability and speed of hard disks has made it
possible for power system analysts.
 FORTRAN compilers have become available which are capable of
handling the memory and code requirements of most existing power
system programs.

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 Cont.…
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 Recent advances in graphics devices in terms of speed, resolution, color,

reduced costs and improved reliability have enhanced the interactive
capabilities.
 The full potential of interactive analysis on the PC is still somehow
limited by the resolution of typical displays.
 This problem can be overcome to some extent by the use of zooming and
panning techniques.

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 Cont.…
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 Many commercial packages have already appeared offering power system

software for the PC market.
 Early packages were restricted to basis load-flow, faults and stability
studies.
 Recent ones include more advanced programs and specialized features
such as electromagnetic transients and harmonic propagation.

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 1.10. References
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[1] T. M. Athay, 1987. Generation scheduling and control, Proc. IEEE 75

1592-1606.
[2] D. J. Gaushell and H. T. Darlington, 1987. Supervisory control and data
acquisition,
Proc. IEEE 75 1645-1658.
[3] A. J. Cohen and V. R. Sherkat, 1987. Optimization-based methods for
operations
scheduling, Proc. IEEE 75 1574-1591.
[4] B. Stott, 0. Alsac and A. J. Monticelli, 1987. Security analysis and
optimization, Proc.
IEEE 75 1623-1644.
[5] W. F. Tinney, 1972. Compensation methods with ordered triangular
factorization, IEEE
Trans. PAS-91 123-127.

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THANK’S FOR
ATTENTION!!!!
SEE U NEXT CLASS!!!

HU/HiT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22