INNOVATION PROJECT

OF
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Submitted To :
Dr. Pushpendra
Singh (Prof. USME-
DTU)
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S.No. Topic Page no.

1. Abstract 3
2. Problem 4-6
Statment
3. 7-25
Collected
data and
4. Reviews 26
5. Conclusion 27
Refrences

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This paper focuses on despite widespread recognition that
women entrepreneurs play an important role in economic
activity, their development has been substantially subdued.
This is because they face many gender-related difficulties in the
competitive business environment with their male
counterparts. The primary goal of the study would be to
identify the obstacles that women entrepreneurs face.The
study concluded that women entrepreneurs face financial
pressures, contradictions between work and family
commitments, networking difficulties, a lack of experience, and
a lack of management skills. The least difficult challenge for
female entrepreneurs was sourcing raw material markets.

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 Problem Statement
A close inspection of the business world shows that it is dominated by
men. Despite accounting for 52 percent of the country's workforce,
women face a number of business challenges. Woman entrepreneurs
have not been able to realise their full potential in a male-dominated
business society due to the many obstacles they encounter in
developing successful business ventures.The majority of women
entrepreneurs mostly engage in cross-border trading, though some
engage in informal trade as well. It is hoped that the findings of this
study would shed light on the barriers to the development of female-
owned companies, attracting international interest and aiding in the
resolution of the issues.
CONSTRAINTS FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

Literature cites a variety of barriers that women encounter while trying to start and grow their
businesses, and these obstacles are invariably gender-related.

I. CULTURAL CONSTRAINTS
Women's ability to do business efficiently is hampered by cultural limitations. Most countries'
traditional values dictate that the man or husband is the breadwinner. A woman exhibiting
entrepreneurial excellence is assumed to want to take on a husband's leadership
position.According to a survey on female entrepreneurs, women face additional disadvantages
as a result of prevailing socioeconomic and cultural gender differences and prejudices. While
women have made considerable progress in sexual equality in fields such as education and the
workplace, their position as the family mainstay in terms of childcare and homemaking has
remained largely unchanged.
II. LACK OF CAPITAL
The difficulties that women entrepreneurs face in obtaining credit from formal institutions are
compounded by their inadequate access to formal schooling, property ownership, and social
mobility. According to a survey, the most common challenges encountered by woman
entrepreneurs are financial problems, with inadequate financing ranked first.According to
reports, women are far more likely to quit their businesses due to financial constraints rather
than business loss.

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 Women face difficulties securing loans due to their lack of experience dealing with banks and
their lack of financial confidence to argue about what they are entitled to.Despite reports that
women have higher loan repayment rates than men, women continue to experience greater
difficulty in accessing loans, mostly due to discriminatory practises of banks and lending classes.
Women in developed countries have little access to funds and they are concentrated in poor
rural areas with little opportunities to borrow money.
Women entrepreneurs often face a lack of external financing due to their failure to supply
tangible securities, forcing them to rely on their investments and loans from relatives and
associates. Banks tend to exaggerate the risk of female entrepreneurs defaulting and, as a
result, impose unrealistically high collateral conditions, resulting in credit rationing.
III. LACK OF ACCESS TO INFORMATION
The availability of business information is also critical for the plan to start a new business.
According to studies on entrepreneurship in India, eagerness in knowledge seeking is one of the
main entrepreneurial characteristics. The frequency at which a person contacts different sources
of information is referred to as information seeking.The outcome of this activity is often based
on access to information, either through individual activities and human resources or as part of
a social capital and networking. Access to new information is critical for the establishment,
sustainability, and expansion of businesses.
IV. NETWORKING
Many of the issues that women face tend to be related to their lack of exposure to the business
world. It has been observed that women's business networks are underdeveloped as social
assets, despite the fact that successful networking can offer major benefits for female
entrepreneurs by assisting in providing a strategic edge in business.Women have less confidence
than men in travelling at all hours of the day and night, as well as through diverse areas and
nations. This demonstrates the woman entrepreneurs' lack of freedom of expression and
mobility.
Exclusion from male-dominated networks has been cited as a significant obstacle to women's
progress in corporate ranks. Females avoid male networks due to a lack of self-confidence, while
others say that since women are new to business ownership, they are only now establishing
their networks.
V. WORK- FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES
Family members' support for women in the business process and management is critical to their
progress. Family members' interests are a determining factor in the realisation of women's
business goals. According to research, family life has a significant effect on the development of
female executives with young children.Many women's energy is devoted by multiple demands,
limiting the amount of time they will commit to business. Few women will dedicate all of their
time and energy to their business while caring for children, the home, and elderly dependent
family members. The biggest stumbling block for females is work-home conflict, which is caused
by the dual burden of managing a business and maintaining a family.Due to pressures on
women to balance family commitments with an entrepreneurial career, women's businesses
were at a commercial disadvantage: failure to achieve an acceptable balance caused high levels
of stress and slowed the enterprise's economic development.

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VI. LIMITED ACCESS TO FORMAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMMES
Entrepreneurship education creates self-sufficient enterprising people, competitive business and
market executives, graduates with increased potential to build capital, and champions of
creativity.Women entrepreneurs in rural areas face a shortage of training and advisory
resources that would allow them to improve their managerial and technological skills and solve
urgent production problems, thus increasing competitiveness and profitability. Women
businesses have a lack of operational and managerial expertise, which leads to poor productivity
and competition.Women, on the other hand, are often unable to establish and sustain
successful businesses due to a lack of professional expertise, trust, high individual interest, and a
desire to take risks. According to a survey of female entrepreneurs, many women entrepreneurs
believe they lack talents, experience, and knowledge in such business matters.
VII. LOW LEVEL RISK TAKING
Another factor influencing women's decision to start a company is a low risk-taking mindset.
Risk taking is an important factor that affects an entrepreneur's willingness to access the human,
material, financial, and intangible capital required for firm development.Women with low levels
of education have low levels of trust and self-reliance, making it difficult for them to engage in
industry, which requires constant risk taking. Investing capital, running the company, and
reinvesting profits necessitates a strong risk-taking approach, courage, and trust. Women can
also be more risk averse and less concerned about financial benefit on average.As a result, it is
thought that women's companies do not flourish because they are not risk takers, a necessary
trait for good entrepreneurship.

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COLLECTED
DATA
&
REVIEWS

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 Demographics of respondents in Zimbabwe case study

Variable Class Frequency Percentage

Age below 25 5 10
26-40 20 40
41-55 15 30
above 55 10 20
Marital status Single 4 8
Married 17 34
Divorced 18 36
Widowed 11 22
Number of 1 to 3 9 18
dependents
4 to 6 31 62
more than 6 10 20
Level of No O' levels 15 30
Education
O' level 21 42
A' level 6 12
Diploma 4 8
Graduate 3 6
Post Graduate 1 2

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State wise distribution of women ownership in small scale industrial sector

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 No. Name of state/ Union Territory No. of women enterprises (%)
1 Jammu and Kashmir 5,742 0.54
2 Himachal Pradesh 3,722 0.35
3 Punjab 29,068 2.73
4 Chandighar 2,243 0.21
5 Uttaranchal 8,804 0.83
6 Haryana 9,620 0.9
7 Delhi 14,383 1.35
8 Rajasthan 36,371 3.42
9 Uttar Pradesh 72,667 6.83
10 Bihar 49,443 4.65
11 Sikkim 98 0.01
12 Arunachal Pradesh 150 0.01
13 Nagaland 179 0.02
14 Manipur 10,745 1.01
15 Mizoram 3,700 0.35
16 Tripura 863 0.08
17 Meghalaya 3,580 0.34
18 Assam 11,757 1.11
19 West Bengal 69,625 6.55
20 Jharkhand 7,865 0.74
21 Orissa 8,233 3.59
22 Chhatitisgarh 10,034 0.94
23 Madhya Pradesh 68,823 6.47
24 Gujarat 53,703 5.05
25 Dman and Diu and Nagar Haveli 213 0.02
26 Maharashtra 1,00,670 9.46
27 Andhra Pradesh 77,166 7.25
28 Karnataka 1,03,169 9.7
29 Goa 810 0.08
30 Lakshadweep 67 0.01
31 Kerala 1,39,225 13.09
32 Tamil Nadu 1,29,808 12.2
33 Pondicherry 1,065 0.1
34 Andaman and Nicobar 110 0.01
all India 10,63,721 100
Development Commissioner of the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

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 SUMMARY OF
“Challenges faced by women entrepreneurs: A case study of
Mashonaland Central Province”
By
International Journal of Development and Sustainability

1. This research show gender related challenges they face in the competitive
business world with their male counterparts. The main objective of this research
was to show the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in Mashonaland
Central Province of Zimbabwe.
2. They choose randomly 70 women entrepreneurs age between 22-55 for data
collection as first stage.
3. In second stage they call them for in-depth interview out of 70 only 50 give
response of 71.4% response rate .
4. Of the 50 respondents, 10% were below 25 years of age, 40% were between 26
and 40 whilst 30% were aged between 41 and 55. Respondents above the age of
55 were 20%.Of the total respondents 34% were married, 36% were divorced
whilst 22% were widows and 8% of the respondents were single. Findings also
revealed that 62% of the respondents had 4-6 dependents whilst 20% of the
respondents had more than 6 dependents, and 18% had 1-3 dependents. 30% did
not have Ordinary level passes, 42% had Ordinary levels, 12% had Advanced
levels, 8% had diplomas and the remaining 6% and 2% were graduates and post
graduates respectively.
5. most women entrepreneurs were involved in professions such as hairdressing
(20%), Retailing (16%), Catering, Livestock and Poultry, Cross boarder (10%) and
Transport (6%). Of the respondents 68% had been in business for less than 3
years, 24% between 3 and 5 years whilst 8% had been in business for 6 to 10
years.
6. The research concluded that women entrepreneurs face constraints related to
access to finance, conflicts between work and family responsibilities, networking
challenges, lack of education and management skills.

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 SUMMARY OF
“An exploratory study in the development of women
entrepreneurships: India cases”
By
Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship

1. This ia case study which an exploratary research which focus on the factor
affecting the women entreprenuership. They do a qualitative research on the 3
women of UP whome are the entreprenuer by tatking the in-depth interview to
know the factors.
2. They also show some data of world entrepreneur ratio of male and female .They
show through graph women entrepreneur is more than men in united state,
asia(developed), mid asia and women are equal to men in europe, men
entreprenuer more in sub-saharan Africa, latin america, asia (developing), israel.
This is the data of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2012.
3. One more survey is shown from Development Commissioner of the Ministry of
MSMEs in which they shows the women entrepreneur deistribution among the
india in which these state show high number of women entrepreneur in india
Tamil Nadu 12%, Kerela 13%, karnatka 9%, Andhra Pradesh 7%, MP 6%, West
Bengal 6% UP 6% etc these are the major cities.
4. So they pick the 3 women from UP and done the qualitative research ecplore the
3 major factors Psychosocial supportive factor , support organisation and
competetiveness .
5. They do indepth interview by analysing these factor in their life and than observe
from the cases.
6. They observe that all the 3 have some abilities and skills for start and growth of
entreprises . these competencies they achive fo trainig and past experience. All
the women are support by the family and friends and become the advantage for
growth .1st women don’t aware about the promotional schemes, 2nd get
benefited grom the suportive organisations and 3rd also know about promotional
scheme and ready to use in future.
7. After this whole analysis they conclude if women get support then women can
handel all entreprenuer activities like leader,innovator,creator or a risktaker.

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 SUMMARY OF
“Gender Issue in Entrepreneurship”

By
Maria Minniti
1. In this book the author start with the history of the entrepreneurship and
its issue which is start from the 1970 to 1990 and from 1990 yo 2009 and
than its show the ecidence of the female entrepreneurship.
2. Than its show the activities and work done by the female during that time .
next stage to determine objectively measurable variables like age ,
eductaion,work status , income and wealth,
3. In the second level they tells about perceptions and subjective variables :
opportunity recognition , self efficacy and Locus of control, fear of faliur. In
the 3rd level they tells about the social environment : networks and role
models , social capital and ethnicity and migratio status.
4. After that author talk about the female entreprenuers problems and life in
which they talk about the child rearing , marital status, job satisfaction and
quality of life of the women.
5. Than the authnor talk about the gender gap in self employment how men
and women ratio difference in self employe section.
6. Than author talk about the women’s ventures in which author talk about
the performance, growth, management style, sectoral distribution.
7. Than author talk about the femal entreprenuership and finance they talk
about the relation between them how they face problem in raising funds
and talk about the external financing, venture capital,.

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 SUMMARY
OF
“Impact of gender in small scale enterprises: A
study of women enterprises in India”
1. This research shows impact of gender in small scale enterprises.
2. The objectives of this study are.
 To identify the role of women in the SSI and SSSBE sectors in India
 To identify the characteristics of SI and SSSBE units managed by women.
 To evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of these units managed by women.
 To identify areas where women managed units perform better
3. The methodology adopted for the study involves analysis of about 1.4 million SSI
and SSSBE units across the country. Data was collected on various aspects of these
units including assets, revenue, employment and profits. These units are categorized
into those managed by women.
4. The sample consisted of 1,348,451 small scale units. 879,936 are SSI units and the
remaining 468,515 are SSSBE units.
5. The data is analyzed with respect to various characteristics of the Small Scale Units such
as loans and borrowings, growth of revenue, productivity of employees, profit margins
and value of exports.
6. This paper analyses the differences between Women Enterprises and other enterprises.
It uses a large database of SSIs and SSSBEs to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of
the units owned by women and also identifies areas where women owned
units perform better based on selected performance criteria.
7. It was found that the average value of revenue as well as the value of exports is smaller
in the Women Enterprises. In general, Women Enterprises appear to be smaller in size
as compared to Other Enterprise.
8. The growth of the SSI Women enterprises over the past 3 years is significantly higher
than that of the Other Enterprises.
9. The export values are in general much higher with respect in SSIs as compared to
SSSBEs. Marketing appears to be the main problem area for Women
Enterprises.

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 SUMMARY
OF
The Impact of Entrepreneurial Skills Development Program on the
Performance of Women Entrepreneurs in Kaduna State, Nigeria
1. the paper investigates and evaluates the impact of ESDPs on the
2. performance of women entrepreneurship and the development of their businesses;
that is
3. how far the programmes have succeeded in achieving their objectives of
empowering and
4. developing women entrepreneurs in Kaduna State, Nigeria.
5. the paper investigates and evaluates the impact of ESDPs on the
6. performance of women entrepreneurship and the development of their businesses;
that is
7. how far the programmes have succeeded in achieving their objectives of
empowering and
8. developing women entrepreneurs in Kaduna State, Nigeria.
1. The paper investigates and evaluates the impact of ESDPs on the
performance of women entrepreneurship and the development of their
businesses; that is how far the programs have succeeded in achieving
their objectives of empowering and developing women entrepreneurs in
Kaduna State, Nigeria.
2. The population for this study is made up of two hundred and eighty
(280) women entrepreneurs, comprising of two hundred and fifty nine
(259) Private Schools proprietors in Kaduna.
3. The paper among other looked at five parameters namely; turnover,
capital, market availability, number of employees and profit before tax
to assessed the pre and pro analysis and evaluates the impact of
the ESDPs on the development and performance of women
entrepreneurs in Kaduna state using the five parameters.Data
collected were analyzed using the student t-test.
4. Based on the study findings, it is concluded that at turnover,
employee number, market availability and profit before tax, there is a
significant difference between the pre and the post experience and
performance of women entrepreneurs. It means that post ESDP’s
program is better than the pre period in all the five variables that were
evaluated.
5. ESDPs have impacted significantly on women entrepreneurship
development and performance. Results obtained were encouraging
because the women entrepreneurs have improved their skills and
abilities, turnover, market availability and profit before tax.
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 6. Itis recommended that government should sponsor and encourage
women participation in entrepreneurial skills acquisition at all levels.
7. ESDPs should be redesigned to meet up with changes in the global
business environment. Women entrepreneurs should be taught and
encouraged to develop new entrepreneurial lifestyles and capacities.
Finally, business/industry networks for women should be encourage for
access to information technology, raw materials and markets relevant
to the sustainability, development and expansion of their businesses.

SUMMARY OF
“Factors that influence women to be involved in Entrepreneurship:
A case study in Malaysia”
1. This study aims to find out how the push and pull factors influence women
entrepreneurship in the district of Malaysia. Five successful female entrepreneurs
areinterviewed on the basis of theprerequisites- business owner for three 3 years and
above; married; own a business in Hulu Langat, Selangor; aged between 25 to 55; and
women.
2. Unemployment, redundancy, socioeconomic situation, loss of family financial income,
dissatisfaction with current career, and the desire to satisfy accommodation of work and
home responsibilities are among the push factors identified. Pull factors are family
support, family economic status, self-independence and the desire to own a business.
3. The data from the interviews were analysed using a thematic approach. Cohen's Kappa
was also used to examine the individual variables. The Kappa outcome can be
interpreted as follows: 0 indicates no agreement, 0.01 - 0.20 indicates zero to mild
agreement, 0.21 - 0.40 indicates good agreement, 041 - 0.60 indicates modest
agreement, 0.61 - 0.80 indicates significant agreement, and 0.81 - 1.00 indicates almost
perfect agreement. The kappa coefficient that they got was 0.8. This significance means
that the informants have positive substantial agreement on the pull variables.
4. The main factors which influence women to start their own business are family support,
family level of income and self-independence.
5. Family support: With their husband's encouragement and support, women will feel
secure in their ability to be a good entrepreneur. In certain families, the father's interest
in business is a huge motivator. 
6. Family Level of Income: Many female entrepreneurs feel obligated to change their
lifestyle, increase their income, and improve their quality of living.

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7. Self-Independence: Women want to be independent and do not want under anybody.
This is because they are idealistic, imaginative, and want total freedom. Female
entrepreneurs perceive that they do not have equal opportunity at their former
workplace, so they prefer to work for themselves.
8. Conclusion: In shaping women's entrepreneurship, the finding is that push factors are
more important than pull factors. This demonstrates that women, as men, play an
important role in society and provide service to the community. Their participation in
entrepreneur will benefit Malaysia's economy.

SUMMARY OF
“GENDER ISSUES IN ENTREPRENEUR DEVELOPMENT”
1. This paper focuses on the characteristics of women’s behaviour and factors that
affect that characteristics of women entrepreneurial activity.Also, the role of gender
as a development tool and policy approaches to women's entrepreneurial
development will be covered.
2. The portrait painted under the idea of female subordination still shows men as rulers
and women as slaves. Women are often assigned to family positions that they
perceive to be oppressive.In a nutshell, it refers to man's dominance over women.
Women's subordination is, in reality, the prototype of discrimination.
3. Gender issues that need attention:
 Women at risk: Around 80% of transnational trafficking victims are women
and children, with up to 50% being minors.
 Violence against Women: It is estimated that one in every five women might
be a survivor of rape or attempted rape during her lifetime.
 Women and Education: Women account for about two-thirds of the total 776
million people who lack basic literacy skills.
 Poverty: It is estimated that almost 70% of the world's 1.3 billion
impoverished people are women. Their poverty level is higher than men's and
there are clear gender inequalities in education, job opportunities, and
decision-making capacity.
 Economic and Income-generating Activities: The majority of women earn
about one-third of what men do for the same job. In most nations, women
work about twice as much unpaid time as men.
 Women roles in the society: Gender inequalities in education, job prospects,
and decision-making authority have limited women's roles in families and
societies to those of breadwinners, unpaid family members, community
support providers, and mothers/caretakers.

4. Women's companies are lower in size than men's businesses, and they operate in a
limited variety of industries, mostly with low capital intensity.Women produce
smaller earnings than men and gain less money from entrepreneurial work.

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 5. Maintaining and growing a business after it has been established is a significant
challenge for all female entrepreneurs, especially in developing countries. Despite
the fact that the exit rate of new companies is high elsewhere (40 – 50%), the exit
rate of women-owned businesses is even higher.
6. Factors that affect the characteristics of women entrepreneurial activity are access to
financial resources, inadequate training and access to information, work- family
interference, women’s safety and gender-based violence, inadequate of societal
support and legal barriers and procedures.

The important areas that must be given attention for the formulation of policy approaches
to women entrepreneurship development are education and training, counselling, policy
catering for work- family interference and increasing women’s access to finance.

SUMMARY OF
“THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP
AND GENDER EQUALITY”
By

: Journal of Global Entrepreneurial Research

1. This paper focuses on how gender based economic development and female
entrepreneurial activity are related. The relationship between gender related
development indices and different stages of women entrepreneurial activity are
characterized through a correlation analysis.
2. In this respect, correlation analysis would be used to assess the following hypotheses: –
Women's early stage entrepreneurship participation is positively correlated with gender
empowerment.
Women who have developed themselves as entrepreneurs have a positive relationship
with gender equality.
Women's early stage entrepreneurship participation correlates favourably with the
gender-related growth index.
Gender-related growth index is positively correlated with women's established
entrepreneurial activity.
Women's overall entrepreneurship participation correlates favourably with the gender-
related growth index.
3. women's early-stage entrepreneurship, established entrepreneurial activity, and overall
entrepreneurial activity will be obtained for the 41 GEM member countries.
4. The derived p-value from non-parametric analysis was less than the specified error level
(calculated as p-value = 0.048 0.05 and Kendall correlation coefficient = 0.571).It

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 denotes a negative relationship between existing female business owners/managers
and GDI.
5. The relationship between various levels of entrepreneurial activity and the Gender
Development Index reveals that there is no major relationship between early-stage
entrepreneurial activity and the Gender Development Index in the high income country
group and the low/middle-income country group.
6. Across these two groups of nations, early-stage entrepreneurship activity continues to
be independent of gender equity. However, as compared to the other two categories,
the effect of gender inequality on early-stage entrepreneurial development in Latin
American and Caribbean low/middle-income countries could be important.
7. Regardless of income level, there seems to be an inverse relationship between the
tendency to establish a business and gender development equality.

SUMMARY OF
“An Investigation of the Challenges Faced by Women
Entrepreneurs in Developing Countries: A Case of King
Williams’ Town, South Africa.”
1. This research examines the challenges that are faced by women
entrepreneurs in King Williams Town, South Africa, which can be
generalized to developing countries as well.

2. Some purposes of the study were to determine whether lack of education

is a barrier to the success of women entrepreneurs.

3. Also, whether being unexposed to marketplaces hinder the success of

women entrepreneurs and women entrepreneurs are discriminated against
in a male-dominated society among other objectives.

4. In-depth interviews were used to gather primary information from thirty

respondents.

5. The results indicate that family pressures hinder the success of women
entrepreneurs, lack of education is a barrier to the success of women
entrepreneurs, being unexposed to markets hinders the success of women
entrepreneurs, and women entrepreneurs are discriminated against in a
male-dominated society.

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6. The researcher recommends that governments of developing nations must
offer financial support and mentorship programs to women entrepreneurs.

7. Furthermore, measures to recover access to finance by women

entrepreneurs need to be undertaken, for example, government
intervention in reducing discrimination from the financial institutions and
help them gain access to international markets.

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 SUMMARY OF
“Case Studies of Successful Women Entrepreneurs in the
ICT Industry in 21 APEC Economies”

1. This report grantsresults of case studies of successful women

entrepreneurs engaged in ICT business or actively integrating ICTs into their
business. A total of 24 women businesspersons from 21 APEC Economies
participated in the research study.

2. This study is part of an APEC-funded project titled ‘Women’s Economic

Empowerment and ICT: Capacity Building for APEC Women Entrepreneurs
in the Age of the 4th Industrial Revolution’ undertaken by Asia Pacific
Women’s Information Network Centre (APWINC) of Sookmyung Women’s
University under the supervision of the Ministry of Gender Equality and
Family of the Republic of Korea.

3. The purposes of the current study are 1) to identify success factors that
contributed to the business success of the women entrepreneurs, 2) to
understand the main challenges or obstacles that these women
businesspersons faced, 3) to highlight policy recommendations that the
successful women entrepreneurs offered as enablers for facilitating
women’s free enterprise, and 4) to identify advice that the women
entrepreneurs would like to give to other women businesspersons or
women who wish to start up their business in the future.

4. 21 researchers from the APEC Economies showed their case study of one or
two women entrepreneurs. The researchers composed data through face-
to-face interviews or skype interviews with the selected women
entrepreneurs one to four times.

5. They analysed the data and, based on the analysis results, finished a case
study report. APWINC then conducted cross-case analyses and identified
recurrent and salient themes across cases about the four aspects – success

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 factors, challenges, policy recommendations, and advice for other women
entrepreneurs.

6. As regards success factors, the cross-case analysis identified multiple

factors including government ICT policies, government initiatives for
women entrepreneurship, support from entrepreneur networks and
ecosystem, active use of ICTs, customer-cantered approach, and passion for
entrepreneurship.

7. The women entrepreneur’saccessible advice, including ‘seek for mentoring

and networking opportunities,’ ‘take risks and learn from failures,’ ‘form a
solid team,’ and ‘do not let gender biases overwhelm you.’

8. It is expected that the findings of this research project focused on best

practices of women entrepreneurs in the ICT sector will help to inform
women in the APEC region of key structures of the current ICT business
environments and to promote their economic empowerment.

9. To promote women entrepreneurship in the ICT industry or to lead more

women entrepreneurs to actively leverage ICTs for their current business, it
is necessary to keep exploring best practices of women entrepreneurs in
the relevant fields and disseminate their success stories around the APEC
region and also the whole world in many possible ways.

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 Summary
“A study of Women Entrepreneurship and its
promotion in Uttarakhand State”
1. The research helps to find out that why does the barrier of gender inequality
exists in entrepreneurship and how to bridge the gap between the male and
female growth and development which is being practiced over the period of
time with our research we will be finding out what are the suggestions about
the best possible ways to promote women's entrepreneurship in the state of
Uttarakhand.

2. To see the facts author covered and provided us the info that Women
entrepreneurs comprise about 10% of the total number of entrepreneurs in
India and it is expected to cross 20% in next 5 years. Moreover, describing a
point that women own about 10% of the total enterprises in the small sector,
the gross output of these units is just 3.5% of the total output of SSI (small
scale industries) sector.

3. The author tries to show that women are much more likely to be driven by
necessity than men when starting a business, In developing countries, the
vast majority of women are engaged in entrepreneurial activity driven by
pure survival - out of necessity rather than opportunity, where 2/3 of women
start a business because they see opportunities or want to be independent.

4. With further study we are able to find out; Women are not only less likely
than men to start a business, apparently their businesses also tend to be
smaller, have fewer staff and less growth expectations. Furthermore, women
generate relatively lower revenues than men, and earn less income from
entrepreneurial activity, maintaining and growing the business beyond
startup is a serious challenge for all women entrepreneurs. The reason for
such high exit rates and low business maintenance rate are:

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 Access to financial resources
 Insufficient training and access to information
 Work-family interface
 Women’s safety and gender based violence
 Lack of societal support
 Legal barriers and procedures

5. Author mentioned how the Efforts have been made by the Central
Government and the Government of Uttarakhand to overcome the problem
by introducing various schemes/ programmes declared by the different
departments including all the departments like: Agricultural department,
Department of rural development, Horticulture department, Dairy
department, Social welfare department, Education department, the
department of women empowerment and children welfare.

6. To further improve and work on the growth, take note to the voice of women
entrepreneurs; Concerned offices could have programme responsibilities
such as providing women’s business centers, organizing information
seminars and meetings and/or providing web based information to women
who are already entrepreneurs and who have important insights into the
changes needed to improve women’s entrepreneurship.

7. At the end author describes that how the efforts of public and private
institutions to promote or develop women’s entrepreneurship in Uttarakhand
will definitely continue to benefit individual women entrepreneurs. But, as
long as the gender bias in the context in which entrepreneurship is embedded
is left intact, their efforts may remain in vain and without any significant
macroeconomic and social impact.

8. Because like poverty, the gender bias in entrepreneurship is not inevitable:

people have created it, and thus can be overcome, and it is not the only
responsibility of the government to take initiative but all of us who can bring
the change.

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 Summary
“Gender Inequality: Entrepreneurship Development in
the MENA Region”
1. In the present paper, we know by scrutinizing how the country measures
gender inequality in the MENA Region and therefore, shapes the goals of
business and women, which are portrayed in the books as excellent
predictions for the establishment of new businesses. We analyze the
direct outcomes and manage the gender inequalities of key contradictions
for each level of business objective.

2. The study discusses an agreement between business professionals from

countries from the business, economic and development sectors that
improve the status of women entrepreneurs and increase the number of
women-led businesses that play a key role in achieving national
"sustainable development".

3. We want to understand the effects of gender inequality as an important

environmental factor in the business objective in the MENA region. To
date, research has come to various conclusions about the impact of
gender inequality on business practices, and they argue that dynamics do
not adequately address gender inequalities between men and women.

4. Referring to the MENA region, the authors refer to an area that includes
Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait,
Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia,
United Arab Emirates (UAE), West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen. Along
with the Palestinian territories, it covers 22 countries, 10 of which border
on the southern and eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea.

5. Research continues to highlight the fact that in the MENA region,

however, the level of women's entrepreneurship is among the lowest in

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 all regions of the world, with only 4% of business activities involving
women. In many MENA countries, men have the greatest potential for
entrepreneurship, accounting for two thirds of all women's businesses.
Women-led businesses are more likely to hire one person than
employees. In addition, women have shown less prominence in terms of
the development and growth of their companies compared to men

6. High gender inequality in developmental settings is often accompanied

by significant differences in girls' access to education. The Arab region,
in particular, has the highest number of girls who do not get an education.
Previous research has shown that the link between education and self-
employment is very strong because it affects people's perceptions of their
skills and abilities and whether they consider it a business start-up.

7. Research continues to show that the notions of skills shortages have a

greater impact on women's business behavior than those of men. Women
often value their skills and abilities less than men with sets of similar
skills, and this skeptical view of their skills often leads women to avoid
business activities. Unbelief in their weakness is evident in the early
days, when such consequences are already far greater for girls who
develop a future business objective compared to boys

8. Finally, however, our research paper highlights how gender inequality

appears to be an important obstacle for men as well. It appears that
business activities in the MENA region deviate from pre-existing
masculine norms and the views of traditional breadwinners in the family.
The image from this study is the most difficult climate for business. As a
result, we can say that, in the MENA region, further academic research
needs to consider business development as a multi-level process,
including actors at the global, regional, state, organizational, and
individual levels.

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 Conclusion
So this research concludes that two men businesses are one of the
fastest growing entrepreneurial populations in the world. They make
significant contributions to employment, innovation and money
creation in all economies. In many countries there has been the
realization that women entrepreneurs contribute significantly towards
GDP and employment. Despite the benefits of women entrepreneurs to
an economy, the full potential of the women entrepreneurs sector has
not been unleashed. growth of women owned businesses have
remained slow for three decades in many economies. Most of them
had low level qualifications and little resources available to them and
the result is that they are more likely to go into industries such as retail
or personality services as the cost of entry and growth potential is low.
women entrepreneurs face problems related to access to money,
conflicts between office work and family responsibilities, lack of
education and management skills, networking challenges. Arranging
raw materials and finding markets places were cited are the challenges
for women entrepreneurs. New incentives and support to women
entrepreneurs has to be given by governments to help them build
capabilities and to stay ahead of competition, both locally and in global
markets.

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