1.

a) Find the molecular mass of water (H2O): (1 mark)

● 18g
● 8g
● 33g
● 39g
Ans: 18g

b) What is meant by the term “chemical formula”? Give an example. (3 marks)

Ans: A chemical formula is the representation of elements present in the compound with
help of symbols and also the number of atoms of each element with those numbers only. For
example: The chemical formula of water is H2O,as it has 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.

c) 1 mole of CO 2gas in equal to: (1 mark)

● 700 molecules of CO 2gas
● 6.02x1023molecules of CO 2gas
● 9.5 molecules of CO 2gas
● 12molecules of CO 2gas
Ans: 6.02x1023 molecules of CO 2gas

2.

a) State why the student should draw the starting line in pencil. (2 mark)
Ans: Because if a pen is used, it's ink might move up the chromatography paper with the
solvent. So, using a pencil is safest.

b) i) Which drink contains only one colouring? (1 mark)

● A
● B
● C
● D
 Ans: D

ii) Explain which drink contains the most soluble colouring. (2 marks)
Ans: C contains the most soluble colouring as it has moved up the farthest from the
pencil line.

iii) Explain which drinks contain the same colouring. (2 marks)

Ans: A and C contain asimilar dye as they both have a point on the same line as each
other on the chromatography paper.

3. Copper (II) Sulfate crystals, CuSO4.5H2O, can be made by heating copper(II) oxide with dilute
sulfuric acid and then crystallising the solutions formed. (6 marks)
a) Calculate the maximum mass of crystals that could be made from 4.00g of copper(II)
oxide using an excess of sulfuric acid.
CuO(s) + H2S4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
CuSO4(aq) + 5H2O(l) → CuSO4. 5H2O(s)
Ans: Mr of CuO = 63.5 + 16
= 79.5
Mr of CuSO4. 5H2O = 63.5 + 32+ 4(16) + 5(18)
= 249.5
Moles of CuO = 4/79.5
=0.05
1 mol. CuO gives 1 mol. CuSO4. 5H2O
∴ CuSO4. 5H2O= 0.05 mol.

∴Mass= Mole (Mr)

= 0.05 (249.5)
=12.55g

b) If the actual mass of Copper (II) Sulfate collected at the end of the experiment was
11.25g, calculate the percentage yield. (2 marks)
Ans: Percentage Yield = (actual mass/ theoretical mass) x 100
= (11.25/12.55) x 100
=89.64 %

c) Why did he get less crystal than expected? Give 3 possible reasons. (3 marks)
Ans: All CuSO4 might not be crystallised or some CuSO4 might have remained in the
solution. The student might have overwashed so some crystals may have dissolved away. Another reason
could be that the CuO was impure. For all these reasons, he might have got less crystal than expected.

d) The units used for concentration of a substrate in a solution is: (1 mark)

● g/dm 3
● mol/ cm3
 ● None of the above
● Both of the above
Ans: Both of the above

4. A is an orange solid, which dissolves in water to give an orange solution. When sodium hydroxide
solution is added to a solution of A, an orange- brown precipitate B, is formed. Adding dilute
Nitric Acid and silver nitrate solution to a solution of A gives a white precipitate C.
a) State the names of A,B and C. (3 mark)
Ans: A- Iron (III) Chloride
B- Iron (III) Hydroxide
C- Silver Chloride
b) Write equations (full or iconic) for the reactions producing B and C.
(4 marks)
Ans: FeCl3(aq) + 3NaCl(aq) → Fe(OH)3(s) + NaCl(aq)
FeCl3(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgCl(s) + Fe(NO3) (aq)

5. a) An universal indicator turns red when: (1 mark)

● The solution is acidic
● The solution in alkaline
● The solution is neutral
Ans: When the solution is acidic.

b) The chemical test for Hydrogen Gas is known as: (1 mark)

● Lighting Split
● Glowing Splint
● Litmus Paper
● Lime Water
Ans: Lighting Splint

c) When Phenolphthalein is added to an alkali solution, it turns: (1 mark)

● Pink
● Blue
● Yellow
● Green
Ans: Pink

d) Mention the observation we get from carrying out a Hydrogen Gas test.
(2 marks)
Ans: Hydrogen Gas explodes with a squeaky pop-up sound. It combines explosively with
Oxygen in the air and makes water.
 6. a) What is this process known as? (1 mark)
● Distillation
● Chromatography
● Crystallisation
● Filtration
Ans: Crystallisation

b) What is crystallisation? Describe the process with an example. (5 marks)

Ans: Crystallization is the process in which crystals are formed either from something
that has been melted or from a solution. It can be used to separate a solute from a solvent. For example: it
could be used to separate sodium chloride from a sodium chloride solution.
The solution is heated in an evaporating basin to boil off some of the water until an almost
saturated solution is formed. This can be tested by dipping a glass rd into the solution and seeing if
crystals form quickly on its surface when it is removed.
The heating Bunsen Burner is turned off and the crystals are allowed to form as more water
evaporates and the solution cools. The crystals can now be removed from the mixture by filtration.

b) Suppose you had a valuable collection of small diamonds, which you kept safe by mixing
them with white sugar crystals. You store them in a jar labelled “sugar”. Now you want to sell the
diamonds. Describe how you would separate all the diamonds from the sugar.
(3 marks)
Ans: Sugar is soluble while the diamonds aren't. So we will crush the sugar and mix it with hot
water. The sugar will dissolve but certain impurities might be left behind. The impurities can be filtered
off by using filter paper. The solid that is left behind on the filter paper are the diamonds while the filtrate
is a sugar solution.

7. a) In a pH scale, the range 4-6 identifies: (1 mark)

● Strongly acidic
● Strongly Alkaline
● Weakly Acidic
● Weakly Alkaline
Ans: Weakly Acidic

b) What is meant by an indicator? Name two indicators as examples. (2 marks)

 Ans: An indicator is a substance that helps in identifying whether a solution is acidic or alkaline,
by showing its colour change. For example: Litmus paper and Universal Indicator.

c) What is titration? What apparatus and reagent is needed to carry out this process?
(4 marks)
Ans: Titration is a volumetric process which helps to identify how much acid/alkali is needed to
neutralise a particular amount of alkali/acid respectively.
The basic apparatus needed for this process are: pipette, conical flask, burette.
The reagents needed for this are: an acid, an alkali, an indicator etc.

8. a) What is an acid? Give an example of a strong acid and a weak acid. (2 marks)
Ans: Acid is a substance which donates hydrogen ion (H+), in an aqueous solution.
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid while ethanoic acid is a weak acid.

b) What is a base? Give an example of a strong base and a weak base. (2 marks)
Ans: Base is a substance which donates hydroxide ion (OH-), in an aqueous solution.
Sodium Hydroxide is a strong base while Ammonia is a weak base.

c) Pyridine (C5H5N) is a weak base. Identify where it lies on the universal pH scale.
(1 mark)
● 0-3
● 8-10
● 7
● 11-14
Ans: 8-10

e) Write equations for the reactions between: (4 marks)

-sodium oxide and nitric acid
- potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid
Ans: Sodium oxide and nitric acid:
Na2O(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → 2NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)

Potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid:

2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)

f) Explain what type of reactions are occurring in the above question. (2 marks)
Ans: Both reactions are neutralisation reactions because Na 2O is a base which neutralises HNO 3
(an acid). Similarly, KOH is an alkali which neutralises H 2SO4 (an acid).

9. Describe the preparation of salts by neutralisation, when there is an acid with excess insoluble
oxide. (8 marks)
Ans: First, place dilute acid in a beaker and warm it gently without letting it boil (reactions are faster
at higher temperatures). Then, remove the heat. Carefully and slowly add small amounts of the
 solid while stirring (most reactions of this type are exothermic i.e. they give off energy - the
energy released would make the solution boil over). Continue adding the solid until no more
dissolves (this ensures all the acid has been used - it is easier to filter off excess solid than extract
excess acid).
Next, filter the solution into an evaporating dish to remove excess solid. Transfer the dish to a tripod
and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any
water of crystallisation. When some of the water has evaporated, let the solution cool, as this
allows crystallisation to take place.
When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little cold water and transfer them
to a filter paper. Place another filter paper over the top and press gently to help remove some of
the water. Allow the crystals to dry naturally in air, as heat can cause the crystals to decompose
and lose their water of crystallisation.

10. a) Identify which of these are elements: (1 mark)

● A and B
● C and D
● D and A
● B and C
Ans: C and D

b) State which separation method you would use to carry out the following separations:
(5 marks)
● Potassium iodide from a potassium iodide solution
Ans: Crystallisation
● Water from a potassium iodide solution
Ans: Simple Distillation
● Ethanol from a mixture of ethanol and water
Ans: Fractional Distillation
● Red Dye from a mixture of red and blue eyes
Ans: Chromatography
● Calcium Carbonate (insoluble in water) from a mixture of calcium carbonate and water
Ans: Filtration
11. a) Explain the concept of mole and its relationship with the Avagadro’s constant, with example.
(5 marks)
23
Ans: One mole of a substance is equal to 6.02x10 units of that substance. The number (6.02x
1023 ) is known as the Avagadro’s Constant. The concept of mole can be used to convert between
the mass and number of particles.
E.g: 1 mol. of Oxygen ( 6.02x1023of Oxygen atoms) will combine with two molecules of
Hydrogen (6.02x1023of Hydrogen atoms) to make one mole of H2O. These relations help in
larger calculations and conversions.

b) A conical flask contains 68.4g of C8H18. ( 3 marks)

Ans: no. of moles= (68.4/114)
=0.6 mol.
23
1 mol= 6.02x10
∴ 0.6 mol= 0.6 (6.02x1023)
= 3.612 x1023 atoms

12. A student finds a bottle containing a colourless liquid in a laboratory. He tests it and finds out the
liquid was impure. He then carried out some more tests to try to identify the solution. The
following results were obtained: (6 marks)

Test Result

Add sodium hydroxide solution No visible reaction but test tube became warm

Add dilute HCl No reaction

Add dilute HCl followed by barium chloride No reaction

solution

Add nitric acid followed by silver nitrate White precipitate

solution
Explain what could be present in the bottle and how the student could confirm this.
Ans: The test tube becoming warm indicates that an exothermic reaction has occurred.
An exothermic reaction with sodium hydroxide solution could mean that the colourless liquid is an
acid- neutralisation reactions are exothermic.
The fact that there is no visual reaction indicates that there is no metal present that has an insoluble
hydroxide. The second test indicates that the solution does not contain carbonate ions (as that
would fizz with dilute HCl).
The third test indicates that no sulfate ions are present- so the solution cant be sulfuric acid either.
And the last test indicates the presence of chloride ions.
With the results of the other tests, this suggests that the solution is dilute HCl.
The student could confirm this by adding an indicator to the solution, to see whether the liquid is
acidic.
13.a) During a halide test, a white precipitate means: (1 mark)
−¿¿
● Cl ion is present
−¿¿
● Br ion is present
−¿¿
● I ion is present
−¿ ¿
● At ion is present
−¿¿
Ans: Cl ion is present

b) Describe in detail the preparation of a pure, dry sample of magnesium nitrate. Write the
equation for the reaction you use. (8 marks)
3
Ans: Taking 50 cm of dilute nitric acid in a beaker and heating it in a tripod and gauze using a bunsen
burner.
Now add Magnesium ribbon by filtration in the acid until it remains. Then stir properly to ensure all
acids are used up. Remove unreacted Mg by filtration and transfer the solution in an evaporating
basin to make it saturated.
Mg (s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Keep heating until crystallisation state is reached. Test the solution with a glass rod. After dipping it
into the solution, if crystals appear, the solution is saturated. Stop heating and leave it to cool and
crystallise.
Few hours later, filter the crystals formed. Wash them with distilled water and dry them with a paper
towel/ low-heat oven.
∴ We got pure Magnesium Nitrate crystal.
Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + 7H2O (l) → Mg(NO3)2 .7H2O(s)