EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY OF LEFKE

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

5V DC TO 48V DC CONVERTER FOR PHANTOM

POWER SUPPLIES

By

ABDUR REHMAN

154311

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

degree of

Bachelor of Science
in

Electrical and Electronic Engineering

August 2021

Supervisor:

Asst. Prof. Dr. SAMET BIRICIK

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To my parents,

Bakht Razaq and Bakht

Shida
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Abstract

The need of modern world in advancement of audio equipment compel to focus on phantom
power supplies. Phantom power supplies are consider as the best power source for certain
equipment. Such technology supply the power and communication signals in the same wire.
The operation of phantom power supplies need 48volt of input voltage so for this reason the
study will focus on dc to dc voltage convertor in order to generate 48volt output voltage from
5volt input voltage. The main objective of the study is to convert 5 volt input voltage to 48
volt output voltage through using IC (MC34063A). The focus on operation and advancement
of IC (MC34063A) in convertors is consider as the objective of the study. The basic aim of the
study is to provide a low cost of power supplies for phantom appreciation. Such objectives
will be achieved in upcoming chapter of methodology. The equipment will place and results
will be discuss in methodology section of the study and will prove the objectives. At the end
of the project the special qualities of IC(MC34063A) in dc to dc convertors will be prove to
the audience and 48 volt of output will be achieved from 5 volt input and will use in phantom
power supplies. The details about the project will be discuss in upcoming chapters of the
study.

KEYWORDS: Phantom Power Supplies, IC (MC34063A), DC to DC Convertors

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Declaration
I understand the nature of plagiarism, and I am aware of the University’s policy on this.

I certify that this dissertation reports original work by me during my University project except
the figures mentioned in chapter 2 of the project.

Signature: ABDUR REHMAN Date: August 2021

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Acknowledgements

I would like to thank my supervisor Asst.prof Dr Samet Biricik for giving me plenty
of encouragement, support and guidance and help me to complete this project. I
appreciate the Electrical and Electronics Department of European University of Lefke
and in last but not least I would like to thank my family and friends to support and
encourage me for completion of this project.
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Table of Contents
Abstract…………………………………………………………….................……….03

Declaration…………………………………………………………………………….04

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………05

Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………...06

List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………07

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………08

1.1. Background and Context………………………………………………………08

1.2. Scope and Objectives………………………………………………………….09

1.3. Achievements………………………………………………………………….09

1.4. Overview of Dissertation……………………………………………………...09

Chapter 2………………………………………………………………………………10

2. DC to DC Convertors for Phantom Power Supplies………………………………..10

2.1. List of Components Used in Project………………………………………......10

2.1.1. Integrated Circuit IC (MC34063A)………………………………….……..10

2.1.2. Rectifier Diode…………………………………………………………......11

2.1.3. Schotty Diode (SR1100)……………………………………………………12

2.1.4. LEDs ……………………………………………...…………………....…..13

2.1.5. Inductors……………………………..………………………………….….14

2.1.6. Fuse……………………………………...…………………………….……15

2.1.7. Resistors…………………………………………………………….………16

2.1.8. Capacitors…………………………………………………….…………….16

2.1.9. Mathematical Equation for Adjusting Input Current and output Voltage for
Dc to DC Convertor………………………………………………………………..

2.1.10. Final design view of DC to DC Convertor………………………………….

2.1.11. Block Diagram of the Project………………………………………………

Chapter 3………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Social Effect of the Project…………………………………………………………….

3.1. Economical Factor……………………………………………………………….

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3.2. Construction of Project and Time Management……………………………………..

3.3. Environmental and Sustainability Constraints……………………………………….

3.4. The Analysis of Project related to Health and Safety………………………………...

3.5. The Perspective of Project related to Engineering Ethics…………………………….

Chapter 4………………………………………………………………………………………..

Results…………………………………………………………………………………………..

4.1. Computer Simulated Results………………………………………………………….

4.2. Academic Honesty and Plagiarism…………………………………………………….

Chapter 5…………………………………………………………………………………………

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….

5.1. Summary……………………………………………………………………………….

5.2. Evaluation……………………………………………………………………………….

5.3. Future Work……………………………………………………………………………..

5.3.1. Problem Achieved during Project………………………………………………...

5.3.2. Solution of Problem Achieved during Project……………………………………

References………………………………………………………………………………………..
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Schematic view of IC (MC34063A)…………………………………………..11

Figure 2. Pinout diagram of Rectifier Diode 1N4007…………………………………...12

Figure 3. External view of Schotty Diode (SR1100)…………………………………….13

Figure 4. External view of Light Emitted Diode LEDs………………………………….14

Figure 5. External view of Classical Inductor…………………………………………....15

Figure 6. Fuse…………………………………………………………………………….15

Figure 7. External view of Simple Resistor………………………………………………16

Figure 8. Construction of Capacitor………………..…………………………………….17

Figure 9. Block Diagram of the Project……………………………………….…………

Figure 10. List of Price and Quantity of Components……………………………………

Figure 11. Proteus Simulation of DC to DC convertor using IC…………………………

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1. Introduction
The use of audio equipment in modern world compel to focus on phantom power supplies.
The phantom power is basically a DC electric power that are transmitted through wire to
operate microphone [1]. Such DC electric power are considering as the best power source for
the audio equipment’s. The phantom power technology gives a positive result while
supplying the power and communication signal in the same wire [2].
Regarding to the decade, the first phantom power microphone was built in 1964. The
capacity of the first phantom power was 912 v DC and the positive pole of the supply was
grounded [3].
Later in 1966 a modern microphone with a transistor and phantom power was introduced in
Norwegian Radio (NRK) [4]. The studio of Norwegian Radio already had 48 v power
mainly used for lighting purposes. Due to phantom powered operation and introducing of
new microphones 48v of voltage was supplied. The powering of new microphones with
phantom technology with a voltage of 48 v invented a new phantom power known as 48-volt
phantom power [5].
Regarding to the project, an IC (MC34063A) will be used as DC to DC converter in order to
obtain 48volt of output voltage and use it for the phantom power supplies. The input voltage
for the circuit of the project will be 5volt DC that will be converted to 48volt DC. The
reason of selecting such project is the 5volt DC power supplies have low cost as compare to
other 24 volt and 48volt power supplies and by giving 5volt of input gives 48v output
increases the efficiency and scope of the project.

1.1 Background and Context

Regarding to the background of the project, firstly all the equipment used in the project will
be tested. The circuit design will be printed on the circuit board and all the equipment will be
place on the circuit board according to the circuit diagram. The main equipment of the
project is IC (34063A) that is a pre-programmed integrated circuit. The rectifiers and diodes
used in the project will be specially examine and inductors and capacitors will be tested in
order to gain a proper filtration of output voltage. The project will be completed from the
beginning till end under a proper closed environment and all the lab precautions will be
obeyed during the project completion.
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1.2 Scope and Objectives

The basic aim of the study is to introduce a low cost and simple DC to DC convertor that
have high efficiency and can provide 48volt of output voltage from 5volt of DC input
through IC (34063A) and use it for phantom power operations. The following are the three
basic objectives of the study:

i. To use IC (MV34063A) and convert 5volt of DC input into 48volt of DC output for
phantom power supplies.
ii. To observe the Qualities and performance of IC (MV34063A) and to improve and
renovate IC (MV34063A) for DC to DC converters.
iii. To generate a low cost and simple method for phantom power supplies.

1.3 Achievements

The achievements of the project are all the equipment used in the project are proper studied
and are tested. The project shows a good results of IC (MC34063A) used in DC to DC
convertor. The output 1 and output 2 of the project can be use separately or collectively. The
voltage at output 1 will be 48 volt that will be used for phantom power supplies while the
voltage at output 2 can be used for other equipment. Due to LC filtration the total current of
the project can be maintain under 60MA and due to this the risk of damaging equipment can
be reduced.

1.4 Overview of Dissertation

The project will indicate that before implementing all the equipment used in the project are
observed and tested. The brief introduction of the phantom power supplies and their
significance will be mentioned in the introduction and technical chapter of the study. The
operation and performance of IC (MC34063A) will be carefully observed and discuss in the
methodology chapter of the study. In the results and discussion section of the study all the
results obtained from the project will be examine and discuss and objectives of the study will
be prove. The other aspects of the project like sustainability, environmental effects, economic
effects and ethical effects will be discuss separately in upcoming chapter of the project. All
the detail information about the project will be discuss in the results chapter of the study.
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Chapter 2
DC TO DC CONVERTER FOR PHANTOM POWER
SUPPLIES
This section of the study will explain the components used for converting 5volt dc to 48 volt
dc for phantom power technology. All the components will be explain stepwise and their
feature will be discuss. The characteristic of each component will be carefully explain and
also will describe their role in dc to dc convertors. The main components of the project that
are used are 8 components. All the components have main role in the operation of project.

2.1 List of Components Used in Project

In this section of the study all the main components will be listed and will be sub divided. The
components used in the project will discuss separately and will prove their role in operating dc
to dc convertors. The following is the list of components used in the dc to dc convertor for
phantom power supplies:

NO COMPONENTS USED IN PROJECT

1 Integrated Circuit IC (MC34063A)

2 Rectifier Diode (1N4007)

3 Schotty Diode (SR1100)

4 LEDs(5mm)

5 Inductors (33u & 100u)

6 Fuse (1A)

7 Resistors

8 Capacitors

The components will be explained in the following sub headings:

2.1.1 Integrated circuit IC (MC34063A)

The IC (MC34063A) is a monolithic control circuit that have multiple functions in order to
convert dc to dc voltages. The cross section of the IC (MC34063A) shows that it have
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oscillators, temperature regulators, comparator, drivers and output switch. The following
figure shows the cross section view of IC (MC34063A):

Figure 1. Schematic view of IC (MC34063A) (Saha, 2011) [6]

Such IC (MC34063A) contain 51 active transistors. The input voltage start from 3 volt and
varies up to 40 volt of dc voltage. The current achieved inside the IC have low standby. The
IC have another special feature that is the limitation of current. The current achieved at output
switch is approximately 1.5A. According to the internal structure of IC (MC34063A) the
voltage gain at output is adjustable. The operation frequency varies up to 100 kHz. Regarding
to the precision 2 percent of reference are shown by the IC. The design of the IC(MC34063A)
prove that without using much external components it’s possible to convert dc to dc voltages.
The IC is design in such a way that it can be you use in step up and step down voltage as well
as voltage inverting applications [6].

2.1.2 Rectifier Diode (1N4007)

Such type of rectifier diode is PN junction diode that allow the current to flow in just one
direction and this is the main reason that such rectifier diodes are used in power converters.
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Generally such rectifier diode use for the purpose of power supplies rectification and having
freewheeling characteristic that is the reason of preferring such rectifier diode in convertors
and invertors.

Figure 2. Pin out diagram of 1N4007 Rectifier Diode (Hedlund, 2011)

[7]

The feature of such rectifier diode shows that how such rectifiers are efficient for other
devices. The low leakage of current, low drop in forward voltage and high forward surge
capability are some of the beneficial features of 1N4007 rectifier diode. Such diodes operate in
both state of forward and reverse biased states and due to such unique characteristics such
rectifier diode are prefer to use in convertors [7].

2.1.3 Schotty Diode (SR1100)

Schotty diode are the diode that have junction between semiconductor and metal. Such N
type semiconductor act as cathode while metal act as anode. Such diode have unique features
like rapid switching and low forward voltage drop. Dealing with high frequencies such diode
proves low energy loss. Such diode are also known as barrier diodes and due to this reason
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they are used as a rectifiers in certain power convertors. Such diode have less noise and better
performance as compare to other junction diodes. Such diodes provide a best results in
convertors where the frequencies are high and there are huge chances of voltage loss. But due
to Schotty diodes the drop in output voltage of convertors become minimum [8].

Figure 3. External View of Schotty diode (SR1100) (Costa et.al, 2012)

[8]

2.1.4 LEDs (5mm)

The light emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductors and used as a light source. As the current
flows through these semiconductors it release photons that causes light emission. The cross
section of simple LEDs shows two lead semiconductor. The reason of emission of light is due
to p-n junction diode. After applying a suitable voltage to these semiconductors the electrons
created during the current passage combine with electronic holes and causes to release photons
in the form of light energy [9]. In the project two LEDs of 5mm will be used in order to
indicate the operation of current pass through the circuit.
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Figure 4. External view of 5mm Light Emitted Diodes (LEDS)

(Kaygusuz et.al, 2013) [9]

2.1.5 Inductors (33u and 100u)

Inductor are basically a passive component that store electric energy in the form of magnetic
energy. Normally a conductor are coiled around and when electric passes through these coil
from left to right it causes magnetic field in clock wise direction. Such magnetic field causes
electromotive force and control the fluctuation of current flow by converting electrical energy
to magnetic energy and store such magnetic energy inside it [10].
The inductors are mainly used in dc to dc convertors because during switching mode the
energy store inside it produce dc current. During the switch off mode such store energy of
inductor compel the current to flow inside the circuit. Such phenomena cause topographies in
the circuit that means output voltage increase as compare to the input voltage [11].
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Figure 5. External view of Classical Inductors (Chung et.al, 1999)

[11]

2.1.6 Fuse (1A)

Fuse is basically a thin wire with low melting point. During the overflow of current such thin
wire start melting and the circuit break and current stop flowing. Fuses are used to safe the
circuit and components from damage from overflowing current. The fuses have two types
that are AC fuses and DC fuses. Such AC fuses divided into two more types that are high
voltage fuse and low voltage fuse. High voltage fuse are used with the voltage above
1000volt while low voltage fuse are used with the voltage below 1000 volt [12].
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Figure 6. External and Internal view of Simple Fuse (Fingus, 2015)

[12]
2.1.7 Resistors

Resistor are passive two terminals that restricts the flow of current, divide the voltage, adjust
the signals and disconnect the transmission lines. Resistors are basically a controller of
current and voltage in a circuit. If the components of the circuit need less voltage then
resistors are assemble in the circuit in order to reduce the voltage and get ride the components
from damage.

Figure 7. External View of Simple Resistor (Ioinovici, 2001) [13]

2.1.8 Capacitors
Capacitors are the component that store energy inside their plates. Capacitors act like small
batteries in the circuit. Such plates of capacitors are placed parallel and insulated with good
insulating materials. Such insulation between the two plates of the capacitors are known as
dielectric [13].

The insulating layers have key role in the capacitors’ operation. Such layer do not allow DC
current to enter inside the plate of capacitors and thus allow voltage to enter the plates and
produce electric charge.
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Figure 8. Construction of Capacitor (Ioinovici, 2001) [13]

2.1.9 Mathematical Equation for Adjusting Input Current and

Output Voltage for DC to DC Convertor

In order to provide 1.5A of current to the IC (MC34063A), the resistor R2 in the circuit have
to reduce the maximum current with relationship mention below:

Ipeakmax = 0.3V/R2

Such equation reduce the current up to 1.5A and provide it to IC (MC34063A). In the same
context the resistor R3 also reduce current and provide such limited current to driver transistor
part of IC (MC34063A). The main role of such resistors are to maintain the current below
100mA. Such equation help to maintain the input current in limit.

The output voltage achieved from IC (MC34063A) can be adjusted through resistor R4 of the
circuit with a relationship mentioned below:

Vout = 1.25Vx (1+R4/R5)

Such equation is used to adjust the output voltage of IC (MC34063A) that is 48volt with the
approximate calculation. In the above mentioned equation 1.25V is the internal voltage of pin
5 of IC (MC34063A) which should be keep as 1.25V.

2.1.10 Final Design view of 5v DC to 48v DC Convertor

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2.1.11 Block Diagram of the Project

The figure 9 mentioned below shows the block diagram of the project in the form of flow
chart. The figure shows input linked with switch network that include the capacitors and
resistors that keep the current in a limit and connect it to IC. The output from the IC are
control by the rectifier diode and delivered it to perform proper LC filtration for the purpose to
keep the total current below 60 m A.

Figure 9. Block Diagram of the Project (Author)

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Chapter 3

Social Effect of the Project

3.1 Economical Factor
The project have very good economical factor. Such project is low cost project with simple
design. The total cost of the project after completion is about 25$. As mentioned in the past
normally the project expenses were very low but due to extra components it become 25 US
dollar. The multiple component are order for the purpose of backup component. During testing
some of the components were not working for that reason backup component help to complete
the project without any delay. The extra components were order for demo Purposes. In the
starting phase of the project all the components were arrange and tested. In first phase of the
project the PCB board become short circuited due to which IC got damage but due to backup
plan and extra components it did not affect the completion time of the project.

COMPONENT NAME QUANTITY REQUIRED TOTAL PRICE($)

IC(MC34063A) 10PCS 5$

Rectifier Diode (1N4007) 10PCS 3$

Schotty Diode 20PCS 1.30$

LEDs (5mm) 50PCS 1.43$

Inductors 10PCS 2.50$

Fuse 10PCS 1$

Resistors 50PCS 3$
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Capacitors 20PCS 2.20$

PCBs 5PCS 5$

Solder wire 1pcs 0.57$

Figure 10. List of Price and Quantity of the Components (Author)

3.2 Construction of Project and Time Management

Regarding to the first phase of the project, a giant chart was introduce. This giant chart play a
key role in completion of the project. The reason is the giant chart provided a proper time
management and a proper path to follow and complete the project study. The time
management is very important to fulfill a project properly. Giant chart distributed the project
work with a proper time plan. In the beginning it was difficult to decide from where to start
the project but due to giant chart it become very easy to follow the steps toward completion of
project. For any project discipline with proper time management shows a great results for this
reason the project was fully followed by the giant chart and there was no delay in dates
mentioned in giant chart of the project. Due to giant chart, it become easy to decide when to
do the practical part and when to do the theoretical part of the project. The giant chart helped
the researcher to avoid the mix up of the project study. So it is possible to say that for proper
project completion you have to manage the time properly and for proper time management a
proper giant chart should be develop before starting the project.

3.3 Environmental and Sustainability Constraints

The project proved that it has positive impact toward the environment and surrounding living
beings. According to the definition of sustainability, sustainability is to introduce such projects
that can save the material for the future generation without harming the environment.
Regarding to this definition the project proved that it is sustainable and environmental friendly
project. As the energy is the basic need of modern world and certain energy sources affect the
environment badly but this project focus on producing more energy as an output with low
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energy input without any bad influence related to environment. In the same context the project
help to consume less energy with greater output and specially the component used in the
project manufacturing are highly sustainable.

3.4 The Analysis of the Project related to Health and Safety

Regarding to the health and safety, this project shows a positive influences for the human and
other living being in the world. There is not a single evidence about the project that can affect
the human health. The project also prove the safety parameters related to human activities of
daily life. According to the project there is no harm radiation component used and also the
components selected for the project are approved by human health care authorities. The
project produce the energy but such energy have no effect to health like pollutions. The project
used less energy source with high energy output with safe environment and without any
drawbacks related to human health. The project help to consume the high energy source of
materials that bring harm to human health. In short the project has positive impact related to
health and safety.

3.5 The perspective of the project related to Engineering Ethics

Regarding to the code of ethics the inventor of the concept that the project is based on should
be appreciated and should include in the acknowledgement. For this reason the author would
like to thank Mr. Robert David Middlebrook. He is the founder of solid state electronics that
can control and convert electric power [14]. The project based on his ideas so it is necessary to
appreciate him and follow the rule of engineering ethics. This section of the study mention our
professional duties and by following the code of ethics will be example for the upcoming
generation.

Regarding to the section A, No.9 of NSPE code of ethics, the individual or a group related to
the context of the project should be credited and appreciated otherwise it will be consider as a
violation of professional rules and regulation [15].
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Chapter 4: Results
4.1 Computer Simulated Results
The simulated and readymade components used in the project are ordered from the Ali
express. The components of the project as a whole are not simulated by the author due to
unavailability of simulated software. Due to COVID 19 pandemic situation all the readymade
stimulated component with preprogramed IC were ordered from on line site of Ali express and
used in the project.

In order to perform the simulation of DC to DC Convertor using IC (MC34063A), Proteus

simulation program was used. All the components were draw on the Proteus simulation
program and were linked and tested. The figure 14 mentioned below shows the schematic
sketch of the component and their graphical representation on Proteus simulation program.
The starting point of the Proteus graph shows the input of 5 volt that start increasing up to
48volt of output and after that become stable and give a straight line.
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Figure.11 Proteus Simulation of DC to DC Convertor using

IC (MC 34063A) (Author)

4.2 Academic Honesty and Plagiarism

Cheating is copying from others or providing information, written or oral, to others.

Plagiarism is copying without acknowledgement from other people’s work. According to the
University by laws cheating and plagiarism are serious offences punishable with disciplinary
action ranging from simple failure from the exam or project, to more serious action, such as a
letter of official warning suspension from the University for up to One Semester. Disciplinary
action is written in student records and may appear in student transcripts.
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Chapter 5: Conclusion

5.1 Summary
This section of the study shows the summarize form of the completed project. In the first
chapter of the project, a brief introduction of the phantom power supplies and their advantages
in modern audio equipment were discussed. The first chapter of the study also mentioned the
achievement and the basic aim and objectives of the project. The second chapter of the project
is theoretical part that shows the significance of the DC to DC convertors used for the
phantom power supplies. In second chapter all the components used in the project were
discuss briefly and what are the role of these components in the circuit were discussed. The
mathematical equation and the final image of the project were also mentioned in the second
chapter of the project. The third chapter of the study shows the social effects of the project that
include the Economical factor, Project management, Environmental factor, Health and safety
factor and Ethical factor. All these factors related to the project were discussed carefully in
chapter 3 of the study. All the project component were tested and arranged on the circuit board
and the operation of IC (MC34063A) were observed. The conversion of 5 v dc input voltage
to 48v dc output voltage were achieved in the result section of the project. The Proteus
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simulation and their graphical representation were also mentioned in the chapter 4 of the
project. The final chapter of the project is the conclusion in which the summary of the project,
the evaluation of the final results and future scope of the study were discuss and explained
briefly. Finally the project were summarized by achieving a 48 volt of dc output voltage from
IC (MC34063A) through performing step up boost phenomena with 5v dc input voltage.

5.2 Evaluation
In this section the objectives of the project and the achievement will be compare in order to
get a successful evaluation of the project. The achievement of the project concluded that the
IC (MC34063A) was the best solution to convert 5vDC to 48v DC. The project also proved a
low cost of 5vDC power supplies. The filtering performed by diodes and capacitors in the
circuit proved to maintain the current below 60mA and such current was enough to operate
phantom power supplies. The project proved that due to two output, the circuit did not need
any adjustment and required voltage was achieved from any of the output separately or even at
same time.
The achievement of the project showed that the frequency for the integrated circuit IC (MC
34063A) was in the range of 40 kHz to 60 kHz While the output voltage of the circuit was
48v dc with an output current of 50mA. Such output was enough to manipulate certain
appliances like microphone amplifiers and other phantom power operations. The
components were assembled on the bread board and 5volt of input voltage was given to the
circuit. After applying the 5v of power input to circuit of DC to DC converter, the IC
(MV34063A) converted the voltage to 48v DC. Which was approximately 50mA. Such
output was enough for the phantom power operation. The capacitors and inductors used in
the project were acted as filters. As the output achieved from IC was too high for this Reason
two outputs were assembled in the circuit. The load of output 1 achieved from IC was about
50mv. So for this reason output2 was placed on the circuit. The total current was kept under
60mA in order to use both output 1 and output2 at the same time. Such limit of 60mA current
was achieved after proper LC filtration.

All the operation mentioned in the achievement of the project proved the objectives and aim
of the project. This is the reason that the project give a successful evaluation.

5.3 Future Work

The project has a good scope for the future. The features of the IC (MC34063A) especially in
DC to DC convertors are very significant. The IC have good programming capability for this
reason in order to get a best results in the future, the IC (MC34063A) can be program through
pic programming and can use for different other useful purposes. In the near future such
project can be used in modern electric cars that can boost up the voltage gain from the
 19

batteries and distribute to other parts for the vehicle. In the near future such IC (MC34063A)
can be modify with giving the voltage input up to 2 volt and also the output voltage can be
increase and will use for running other equipment. As the efficiency of the project is very high
for this reason in the near future the author plan to upgrade this project and use it in electric
vehicle.

5.3.1 Problem Achieved during the Project

During performing the project there were certain problems that were achieved. The first
problem that author faced was most of the components that was order online was not working
properly. Such problem effect the time manage on the giant chart of the project. The second
problem that achieved during the project is sensitivity of IC (MC34063A). Such IC is consider
as very sensitive like a single mistake can easily burn or become the reason of malfunction of
the IC. The third and the main problem that are face during the project is the two outputs. Such
outputs can be used if the total current in output become less than 60 mA. Such 60 mA current
can be achieved if there are proper filtration. Most of the time the author exceeded the current
in output that lead to effect the results of the project.

5.3.2 Solution of the Problem Achieved during the Project

Regarding to the first problem faced during performing the project can be solved by ordering
the extra number of the components. Extra components can lead to get rid of stress due to
malfunctioning problem of the ordered component. This will reduce the time consumption
and the project will be run according to the plan mention on the giant chart. The second
problem that was faced by author can be solve by programming the IC through pic programing
by your own. Such self-made programming can reduce the sensitivity of the IC and can reduce
the damages. The third problem faced during the project can be solve by improving the LC
filtrations. The proper use of inductors, capacitors and rectifier diodes will lead to improve the
filtration. Such proper filtration will not allow the current to exceed from 60 mA and thus can
improve the result of the output of the project.
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References
[1] Petre Tzv Petrov. (March, 2021).5v DC to 48v DC Converter for Phantom Power Supplies.
Retrieved from
https://www.electronics foru.com/electronic-projects
[2] Hingorani N. High-voltage DC transmission: a power electronics workhorse. IEEE
Spectrum 1996; 33: 63 -72. Retrieved from
https://www.spectrum.ieee.org/

[3] J fingus. (April, 2015). Norway will lead the effort to switch off FM radio. Retrieved from
https://www.engadget.com/2015-04-19-norway-drops-fm-radio-in-2017.html

[4] Saha SS. Efficient soft-switched boost converter for fuel cell applications. Int J Hydrogen
Energy 2011; 36: 1710-1719. Retrieved from
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[5] Ioinovici A. Switched-capacitor power electronics circuits. IEEE Circuits Syst Mag 2001;
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