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التبريد التجاري و.غرف التبريد
التبريد التجاري و.غرف التبريد
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אאאאWאא
Preservation of Foodstuffs
Introduction
אא Kא
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אאאאאWאא
אאאאאאאאאאאedible
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KאאאאאאאאאWאא
Wאא
Wאא
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א •
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א •
אאאאאאאאאא •
Wאאא
٪٩٠אא
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Wאא
Kאאאאא
Wאא
Kאאאא
-٢-
אא ٢٥٤ א
אאאאא אאא אאא
אאאא
Preservation of Foodstuffs
Wאאאאא אאאא
Natural DryingWאא J١
א אאאא
א ،אאאא
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SaltingWא J٢
אK אא אא
אאאאאKא
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PicklingWא J٣
א אא،א،א א אאא
אאK אאאא،אאא،א
Kאאאאא
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אאKאאאאאא
، אאאאאאא
Kאאאאאא
אאאאאאא
אKאאאאאא
Kאא،א،אWאK אאאא
Drying א J١
אאאאאאאאא
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KDrying or Dehydration
KFreeze-Drying אאאאאא
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-٣-
אא ٢٥٤ א
אאאאא אאא אאא
אאא אאא
Kאא
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאא،אא
KאאE١ J١FאK
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אאאאא
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Kאאאאא
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אאאאאאא J
אאאאאאא J
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K אאאאא
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אאאאאאאאאKא
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Kאא
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אא ٢٥٤ א
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Cold StorageWאא
אאאPerishable Foodsאא
אאא،א
אאKאאא
Kא
K אאאאאא
א،
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אאאאKאא
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א אאאאאא
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Wאאא
א K١
א K٢
K٣
-٦-
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Kאאא
Storage Conditions א
، אאאאא
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אאאE٤ J١F،E٣ J١F،E٢ J١FאאKא
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א (ASHRAE-Handbook 1994) א
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א אא אאאאK
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Storage Temperature Wאא
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אאKאא
-٧-
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Kאא
Relative Humidity and Air Motionאאאא
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאKא
אאא א אאא
אאאאאאאאאKDesiccation
אאאאאאאKא
Kאאאאאא
אאאאאא
K אאאאאאאאKא
K אאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאא
אK אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאא
100%אK אאאאאא
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אאאאאKא
Kאא א
Storage Requirements א
אאאאאאא
Kאאא،אKא
Wא
-٨-
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אאאאא אאא אאא
Pre-Storage RequirementsWא K١
אא אא، אאא• א
Kאא
אאאא •
Kא
(blanching) אאK אא •
K
אאאאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
Kאאאא •
KאEאFאא •
Pre-Coolingא אK٢
אאאאאא
אאאאאאאK
אאאאK
אאא
Kאאא
Packing and Handling אא K٣
Kאאאאאאא• א
Kאאאאא •
אאאאאאאא •
Kא
KאCarcass אאאא •
אאK אאאא •
Kאא
Post-Storage Requirements א K٤
Wאאאאא
אאאאאאאא• א
K
-٩-
אא ٢٥٤ א
אאאאא אאא אאא
אאאאאא •
Kא
Kאאאאא •
Kאאאא •
زﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺤﻔﻆ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ
o o
C % C
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- ١٠ -
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o o
C % C
אאWE٣ J١F
- ١١ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אאאאא אאא אאא
زﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺤﻔﻆ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ
o o
C % C
אאWE٤ J١F
Wאאאאאאא
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אאאאא אWא
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אא KKא
- ١٢ -
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אאאאא אאא אאא
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אK אאאאאאאאא
אאא
K אאאאאאא
אא אאאאא
K
Wאאא
Kאאאאא א K١
Kאא K٢
Kאאא K٣
Kאאא K٤
Kאאאאא K٥
Kא K٦
K אאא
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Kאאאא K١
Kאאאאא אK٢
Kא K٣
Kאאאאאא אK٤
Kאאא K٥
א K٦
Wא
אKאKא1.5 °Cאא
אאE HFאK-3.5 °Cא
אEא١٨ J٨FK-23 °Cא
K-9 °CאאאאאאאK-18 °C
KאE٦ J١Fא
- ١٤ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אאאאא אאא אאא
EFא
(°C ) אא א
-23 -18 -12
12-24 6-18 4-12
12-18 6-16 3-8
4-6 3-4
8 4-14 3-4
אWE٦ J١F
אאא
KE١ J١Fא
אאאאWE١ J١F
- ١٥ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אאאאא אאא אאא
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Wאאא• א
א אK١
א J
א J
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אא אK٢
אK٣
אאאW• א
Freezing Methods : א
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Slow Freezingאא K١
Quick Freezingאא K٢
אאאאאא
E٢ J١FאKאאאאKא
0 CאאK אאאאאא
אאאאאאK0 C20 Cאאאאא
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Deep Freezingאאאאא
- ١٦ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אאאאא אאא אאא
אאאאאאWE٢ J١F
Slow FreezingWאא
אאאאא
אאK- 40 °C- 18 °Cאא אKFree Convection
אאאKאא،
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Quick FreezingWאא
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Air-Blast Freezing אאאאא •
Contact Freezingאא •
Immersion Freezing א •
Air-Blast FreezingWאאאאא
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KאאאאKאאאאא
- ١٧ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אאאאא אאא אאא
אאאאWE٣ J١F
אאאאWE٤ J١F
- ١٨ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אאאאא אאא אאא
EFאאאאWE٥ J١F
EFאאאאWE٦ J١F
- ١٩ -
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Contact FreezingWאאא
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- ٢٠ -
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אאאאאאWEF
אWE٨ J١F
Immersion Freezingא
אאאאאאאאאא
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Kאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאא
א
KאאאאCryogenic Freezersאא
K א(CFC,s)אאא
( -79 °C )א(-196 °C )אא
אא אאאKאא
א אאK אאאא
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KE٩ J١F،E٩ J١Fאאאא
- ٢١ -
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אWEF
אWEF
אWE٩ J١F
- ٢٢ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אאאאא אאא אאא
- ٢٣ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אאאאא אאא אאא
Summary W
אאאא J١
Kאאא
אאאאאאאאאא J٢
Kאא
Kאאאאאאאאאאאאא J٣
אאאאאאאאא،אאאאא J٤
K
א،אאאאא אאאא J٥
Kאאאאא
א، אאאאאאאאא J٦
Kאאאאאאאאא
- ٢٤ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אאאאא אאא אאא
W
Kאאאאאאאא אK١
Kאאאאא K٢
Kאאאאא אK٣
Kאאאאאאאאא K٤
Kאאאאאא אK٥
Kא אK٦
Kאאאא אK٧
KCryogenic FreezingKאאא K٨
אאאאאאאא K٩
K،א
Kאאאא אK١٠
- ٢٥ -
אאא
א
א
٢
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
אWאא
Construction of Cold Stores
Introduction
אאK אאא
אא אא
אאאאאאא
אאאאאK אאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
אאWאא
Kאאאאאאא
- ٢٦ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
KאאאאWאא
Wאא
Wאא
Kאאא •
Kאאאאא• א
Kאאאא• א
Kאאאא• א
Kאאאאא• א
Kאא• א
Kאאאאאאאא• א
Kאאאא• א
Kאאא •
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K٪١٠٠אאאאא
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K٦
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Kאאאאא
Wאא
Kאאאאאאאא
- ٢٧ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
אWאא
Construction of Cold Stores
Cold StoreWא
אאאא אא א
אאK אא
אאאאאאא
Kאא
אאאאא
אאאאKאאאא
Kאאאאאא
אאא אא
K
Wא
Coolersאא K١
Kאאאאאאאא
low-Temperature Rooms אא K٢
אK
אאאאא אא
אאE١ J٢FאK -29 °C -18 °C אאא
Kא
Initial Building Considerations Wאאאא
Wא
KEFאאאא •
Kאאאאאאא
Kאאאאא •
אאK אאאאאא •
Kאאאא
- ٢٨ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
WE١ J٢F
Wאאאאא
אאאאאאא •
Kאאא
אאאא אאא •
Kאאאא،אאא
Kאאאאא •
Kאאאא •
Kאא •
Kאאא •
Kאאאא •
Kאאא •
אאאאא• א
Kא
- ٢٩ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
Wא
Cold Store Size Determination
Wאאאא
אאאאאאא •
Kא
אאאאאWאאאאאאא •
אאאא
Kא
K אאאאאאאא •
Kאאאאאאא
Kאאאאא •
Kאא• א
Building Planning and Design Wא
אאאאאא
Kא
אאאאאאאא
אאKאאאאא
אא Corridors אאאאא
Kאאאא
KאE٢ J٢FאKא
אאא
K אאאאא אאאא
Wא
- ٣٠ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
אWE٢ J٢F
Primary CostWאא K١
אאאאאאא
E٣ J٢Fא K אאאאאאאאא
Kאאאא
א אאאאאאאא
אאK אא 50% א
Kאא
אא אאאא
Kאאא
- ٣١ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
אאאאWE٣ J٢F
Running or Operating Cost Wא K٢
א
א א
אאאא
אאאאE٤ J٢Fא،אא
Kאאא
אאאאWE٤ J٢F
- ٣٢ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
אאאא
אא
אאאאאאאא
K אאאאאאאא
KClosed Shipping and Receiving Docks אאאאאא
Air Circulation in a Cold StoreWאאאא K٣
، אאאאאאאאא
Kאאא
אאא Kאאאאאא
אאאאא אK אאאא
אK
אאאאאא
٦٠ J٤٠א אאא٢٠ J١٥אא١٠ J٥
אאK אאאאאאאא
Kאא אאאאא
KאאאאאE٥ J٢Fא
אאאWE٥ J٢F
- ٣٣ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
אאאא אא
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאא אKא
אאאאאKא
אאאא
KE٦ J١FE٥ J١F،E٤ J١F،E٣ J١FאKאא
אאא K٤
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאKאא
אE٦ J٢FאKאאאא
Kאא
אאאWE٦ J٢F
אאאאא
Kאא
- ٣٤ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
א א
א
Kאא
אאאא אאאאא
אאאK 30% אא
K ٨٣אא
K אאאאאאא
אאאאאאאE١ J٢Fא
Kא
א
אאא א א א
א אא
3.6 4-6 3 1 100
6×6 3.6 6-12 4 1 250
6×6 4.8 6-18 4 1 500
6×6 4.8 6-18 5 1 1000
6×6 4.8 12-18 6 1 1500
6×126×6 4.8 12-18 7 1 3000
6×126×6 4.8 12-24 9 1 5000
6×12 4.8 12-24 12 1 10000
אWE١ J٢F
Wא
Single-Deep RacksWאא J
אאאאאDouble-Deep racksW אא J
א،אאאאאאאאKא
Kאא
Double-Deep Drive-in RacksWא J
אאא
،אא א
Kאאאאא،
- ٣٥ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
KאאאאE٧ J٢Fא
Double RacksWEFSingle RacksWEF
Wאאאא K٥
אאאאאא
، אאאאא
KE٨ J٢Fאאאאאאא
- ٣٦ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
אWEF אWEF
אאאאWE٨ J٢F
Refrigeration System Wא K٦
אאאאKאא
Kאאאא
אKא
אאאאאאאא
Kאאאאאא
Safety PrecautionsWאא K٧
אא،אאא
אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאKאאאאא
אK(Temperature Pulldown)EFאאאאא
אא 2 °C אאאא
KאאאאKאאאאא
- ٣٧ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
WEF WEF
אWE٩ J٢F
- ٣٨ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
- ٣٩ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
Wאאאאא
W אאאאאאאאא
Kאאאא J١
Kאאאאא J٢
Kאאאא J٣
אאאאאאא J٤
Kאא
Kאאאא J٥
Wאאא
W אאאא
אאא،אאW אאאא J
Kא
Kאאאא،אW אאא J
،אא،אאא W אאאא J
Kאאאא
אאאאאאW אאא J
Wאאא
אאאא J
Kאאא
אאאאאאאא J
Kאאא
Kאאאא J
Wאאאאא
אאWא ١
אאאאאא
Kא
- ٤٠ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
אW אא ٢
אא א
K
K א אWא ٣
אאאאK٤
Kא
אאאאאאאE١٠ J٢Fא
אאWEF אאWEF
Rigid Polyurethane foam Glass mineral wool
אאאאאWE١٠ J٢F
Wאאאא
،אאאאא
KאKKאאאאאאא
Wאאא
אאאאאאאא
אאKאאאא
אאאאא Kאאאאא
אאאאאאאא
אKKאאאאאאאא
אאאא، אא
Kאאאא
- ٤١ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
אאאאאא
E٢ J٢FאKאאא
Kאאאאאאאאאא
אאא
א Thermal Conductivity
Material W
( )
mK
Mineral or Glass fiber Blanketאאא 0.039
Boards or Slabs אאאא
Cellular glassאא 0.058
Cork Boardא 0.043
Glass Fiberאא 0.036
Expanded Polystyrene (smooth) – Thermocole 0.029
Expanded Polystyrene (cut Cell) – Thermocole 0.036
Expanded Polyurethane 0.017
Phenotherm (Trade Name) 0.018
Loose Fill אא
Paper or Wood Pulpאא 0.039
Sawdust or Shavingsא 0.065
Minerals Wood (Rock, Glass, Slag)אא 0.039
Wood Fiber (soft)אא 0.043
אאאאאWE٢ J٢F
Wאא
אא אKאאאא
אאKאאאאאא
KאKKאאא
Wא١
אאאאאא
K א،אאא
،אאאאא
- ٤٢ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
אאאKאKKאאאאאאא
Kאאא
Wאא
אאאאאאא
،א،אאאא
אאאאאאא
KאאאKאאא
Wא
אאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאא
Kא
אאאאא
אאאאאא
אKאKK אאאאא
Kאאא،אאאאאא
Wאאא
Calcium SilicateWא١
Silicaא limeאא
K 648.9 °C ← 37.8 °C אאאאאKK
Kאאאאאא
GlassW–א٢
Fibrous
KK
BlanketsRigid Board
אאKKK 40 °C ← − 37.8 °C אאאאאא
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- ٤٣ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
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KCellularאא
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Refractory Fiber Wאאא٦
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K BlanketKKSilicaא AluminaKא
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Expanded Polystyrene (Eps)Wאא٧
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- ٤٤ -
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א 15 cm Polyurethane 4 cm K א J
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- ٤٧ -
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אאאאאאWE١٣ J٢F
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אאאאאWE١٤ J٢F
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Aluminum Foil א J
Oil-base paints א J
- ٤٨ -
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.(warm insulant side)
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- ٥٠ -
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KGlycol אאא
- ٥١ -
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אאאאאאאאAttic Ceilings אא
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- ٥٢ -
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- ٥٣ -
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- ٥٤ -
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אWE٢٠ J٢F
- ٥٥ -
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Cold Stores Refrigeration Systems
Classical Refrigeration SysyemsWאאא
אאאאאKא אא
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- ٥٧ -
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אאאאא − 78 °C אא
- ٥٨ -
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- ٥٩ -
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- ٦١ -
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- ٦٢ -
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- ٦٣ -
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- ٦٤ -
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- ٦٦ -
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Cooling Loads Estimation For Cold Stores
Introduction
Wאא אאא
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- ٧٠ -
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24 × 3600
Qw = U × A × ( T o−Ti ) ×
1000
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W
Qw אאאאאא J
( )
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(m 2 ) A א J
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- ٧١ -
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א
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J 6 inch concrete floor
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אאאאאאאWE١ J٣F
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- ٧٢ -
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- ٧٣ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
sec
Wאא
Qinf = 1000 × V × N × ∆h ( kJ / 24 hr )
OR
10 6 × V × N × ∆h
Qinf = W
24 × 3600
W
Qinf ⎛⎜ kJ ⎞⎟
⎝ day ⎠ א J
Qinf (W )
V (m3 ) אאא J
N 24 hr אא J
KE٥ J٣F،E٤ J٣Fאאאאא
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- ٧٤ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
א א
24hr Lאא 24hr Lאא
m 3 ( ft 3) m 3 ( ft 3)
- ٧٥ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
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א א
24hr Lאא 24hr Lאא
m 3 ( ft 3) m 3 ( ft 3)
- ٧٦ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
( °C ) אאאא
א 5 5 10 10 25 25 25 30 30 30 35 35 40 40
א
( % ) אא
( °C ) 70 80 70 80 50 60 70 50 60 70 50 60 50 60
15 - - - - 0.0128 0.0186 0.0246 0.0.281 0.375 0.0441 0.500 0.0563 0.0663 0.0795
10 - - - - 0.0266 0.0323 0.0382 0.319 0.0491 0.0574 0.591 0.0694 0.0792 0.0992
5 - - - - 0.0388 0.0445 0.0502 0.536 0.0610 0.693 0.0708 0.0810 00.906 0.1036
0 -- - - - 0.0493 0.0550 0.0606 0.0639 0.0713 0.0794 0.0808 0.091 0.1003 0.1141
-5 0.0193 0.021 0.0235 0.0247 0.0592 0.0649 - 0.0736 0.0809 - 0.903 0.1004 - -
-10 0.0271 0.0288 0.0309 0.0321 0.0662 0.0719 - 0.0805 0.0877 - 0.097 0.1071 - -
-15 0.035 0.0367 0.0383 0.0395 0.0732 0.0788 - 0.0873 0.945 - 0.1037 0.1137 - -
-20 0.0427 0.0444 0.0456 0.0468 0.0801 0.057 - 0.0941 0.1013 - 0.1102 0.1203 - -
-25 0.0501 0.0523 0.0525 0.0537 0.0866 0.0922 - 0.0998 0.1077 - 0.1165 0.1265 - -
-30 0.0571 0.0588 0.0591 0.0604 0.0929 0.0985 - 0.1067 0.1138 - 0.1225 0.1325 - -
-35 0.064 0.0657 0.0656 0.0668 0.0989 0.1045 - 0.1126 0.1197 - 0.1283 0.1382 - -
-40 0.0708 0.0725 0.072 0.0732 0105 0.1106 - 0.1185 0.1256 - 0.1341 0.1440 - -
- ٧٧ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
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- ٧٨ -
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5 × 20 = 100 kg = #####אא
100 kg = #####אא
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mtotal
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N loading
Pulldown א
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 # # # # #
2 # # # # #
3 # # # # #
.א
4 # # # # #
5 # # # # #
6 # # # # #
7 # # # # #
8 # # # # #
E٢F
5000 kg אא
5 hr א
10 hr א
5000 = 1000 kg / א
5
1000 =100 kg / hr =# אאאאא
10
Wאא
100 kg =# אא
EאF
- ٧٩ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
Pulldown א
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 # # # # # # # # # #
א
2 # # # # # # # # # #
3 # # # # # # # # # #
4 # # # # # # # # # #
5 # # # # # # # # # #
Entering & Leaving Temperatures Wא J٣
אאאאאאאאאא
E٢ J١FאאWא
Wאאא
א (∆T )
א אאא
Kא
- ٨٠ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
Wא
Qabove = meqivalent × C p above
× ∆T × 24 hr ( kJ / day )
m × C pabove × ∆T × 1000
Qabove = W
3600 × N
( Latent Heat of Freezing)Wאאא
Wאאאא،אאא
Wא
Q freezing = m equivlant × Latent Heat × 24 hr ( kJ / day )
א
1000
Q freezing = m× L× W
3600 × N
kJ
kg K
אאא L
Frozen Product אא
אאFאאאא
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Qbelow = mequivalent × C p below
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m × C pbelow × ∆T × 1000
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W
Qabove (W ) אאא J
Q freezing ( W ) אאא J
Qbelow ( W ) אאא J
kg אא J
pulldown ( hr ) (pulldown )א J
- ٨١ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
Cp avove
( kJ
kg C
) אא אא J J
C p below ( kJ kg C ) אאאא J
LatentHeat ( kJ kg ) אאא J
אאאאE٩ J٣F،E٨ J٣F،E٧ J٣Fאאאא
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Product TypeWא J٤
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Kאאא(Heat of Respiration )אא
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Wאאא
Q resp = m × qresp kJ day
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Q resp = W
24 × 3600
W
Qresp א J
m אאאא J
q resp אאאא J
K q resp E٨ J٣F،E٧ J٣Fאאאא
- ٨٢ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ
kJ/kg/day
درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ
زﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ kJ/kg K اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ
اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ
ﺑﺎرد ﺣﺎر o
C ﻓﻮق اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ
kJ/kg o
C
%
8.98 33.35 10-7 -0.7 297 1.95 3.82 95 to 100 7 to10
3.97 16.97 6-4 -1.4 294 1.94 3.78 98 to 100 0
5.53 87.35 4-2 -0.8 307 1.99 3.92 95 to 100 0
1.73 14.69 2-1 -0.5 314 2.02 3.98 95 to 100 0
10.88 73.87 8-4 -0.6 247 1.76 3.31 95 to 100 0
7.43 12.36 14-10 -0.5 320 2.04 4.05 95 to 100 10
7 -0.8 310 2 3.95 90 to 95 7 to 10
2.76 4.67 7-6 -0.8 203 1.6 2.88 65 to 70 0 -
3.46 14.69 4-3 -0.5 290 1.93 3.75 95 0
4.23 29.98 3-1 -0.7 284 1.9 3.68 95 0 א
4.32 15.38 3-2 -0.2 317 2.03 4.02 95 to 100 0
11.23 81.13 4-3 -0.9 304 1.98 3.88 95 0
0.78 4.32 8-1 -0.8 294 1.94 3.78 65 to 70 0
11.84 65.4 2-1 -1.1 284 1.9 3.68 95 to 100 0
8-6 0.99 1.24 70 10 -
3.71 11.23 3-2 -0.7 307 1.99 3.92 90 to 95 7 to 13 -
1.73 4.06 -0.7 260 1.81 3.45 90 to 95 7
6-4 -1.3 230 1.7 3.15 85 to 90 13 to 16
3-2 -0.8 304 1.98 3.88 85 to 90 31
1.56 12.61 4-3 -0.7 317 2.03 4.02 90 to 95 0
11.75 58.92 2-1 -0.3 310 2 3.95 90 to 98 0
3-1 -0.5 314 2.02 3.98 95 to 100 0
1.38 9.94 7-3 -0.5 313 2.02 3.98 90 to 95 5 to 7
אאWE٧ J٣F
- ٨٣ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ
kJ/kg/day
درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ
زﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ kJ/kg K اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ
اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ
ﺑﺎرد ﺣﺎر o
C ﻓﻮق اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ
kJ/kg o
C
%
0.864 8.21 8-3 -1.1 280 1.89 3.65 90 to 95 -1to 4 א
2.25 8.29 2-1 -1.1 284 1.9 3.68 90 to 95 0 א
-0.8 250 1.78 3.35 95 to 85 א
5.88 33.52 3-2 -0.8 284 1.9 3.68 90 to 100 0 א
2 -1.6 274 1.86 3.58 90 to 95 0 אא
1.9 6.39 6-4 -1.1 310 2 3.95 85 to 95 7 to 10 א
2-1 -0.9 157 1.43 2.41 80 to 85 0 to 2
1.38 7.17 3-2 -1.8 267 1.84 3.51 95 -1 to 0 א
4-2 -0.9 290 1.93 3.75 90 to 95 2 to 4 א
14-10 -1 284 1.9 3.68 90 to 95 -0.5 to 0 א
12-6 -16 67 1.09 1.5 75or -18 to 0 א
below
12-9 77 1.12 1.61 50 to 60 0 to 4 אא
3.37 24.36 10-7 -2.4 260 1.81 3.45 85 to 90 -1 to 0 אא
0.6 2.68 6-3 -2 274 1.86 3.58 95 to 100 -1 to 0 א
4-3 -0.9 310 2 3.95 90 7 to 10 א
4.06 5.79 6-1 -1.4 297 1.95 3.82 85 to 90 15 to 81 א
11.04 38.79 2 -0.9 270 1.85 3.55 85 to 90 31 א
10.02 12.53 6-4 -1.4 250 1.78 3.35 85 to 90 7 to 10 א
1.13 7.77 12-3 -0.8 290 1.93 3.75 85 to 90 5 א
6-2 -1.6 277 1.88 3.61 90 to 95 -1.6 to 0 א
2 -0.8 310 2 3.95 90 to 95 7 to 10 א
0.6 9.1 4-1 -1 284 1.9 3.68 85 to 90 20 א
0.69 6.65 4-1 -0.8 287 1.92 3.72 90 to 95 -0.5 to 0 א
1.47 13.39 4-1 -0.8 287 1.92 3.72 90 to 95 -0.5 to 0 א
4-2 -3 274 1.86 3.58 90 0 א
3-2 -1.1 270 1.85 3.55 90 to 100 0 א
7-5 -0.8 300 1.97 3.85 90 to 100 0 אא
4-2 -1.1 290 1.93 3.75 90 to 95 0 א
אאWE٨ J٣F
- ٨٤ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ
درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة kJ/kg K
زﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ
اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ
o
C
اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ
kJ/kg o
% C
6-1 -2.7 257 1.8 3.4 88 to 92 0 to 1 -
5 -1.7 233 1.71 3.18 90 0 -
7-1 -2.7 220 1.66 3.05 90 0 to 1
12-6 -2.7 90 to 95 -23 to -18 -
12-5 -2.2 233 1.7 3.2 90 85 0 -
12-8 -2.2 90 to 95 -23 to -18 -
1 -2.8 247 1.76 3.31 85 to 90 -2 to 0 - א
12-8 -2.8 95 א90 -23 to -18 - א
5 -1 -2.8 227 1.69 3.11 90 to 95 0 to 1 א
14-5 -2.2 270 1.85 3.55 5 9 to 100 -1 to 1 -
12-6 -2.2 90 to 95 -29 to -18 -
12 -2.2 267 1.84 3.51 90 to 95 0 to 1 אא
א
14-12 -2.2 270 1.85 3.55 5 9 to 100 -1 to 1 א
8-3 -2.2 90 to 95 -29 to -18 א
א
אאWE٩ J٣F
Miscellaneous LoadsW J٤
אאאאאאאא
Wאא
Kא K
KאאK
Kאא K
K K
WאE
א אאאא
אאאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאא
- ٨٥ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
- ٨٦ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאא،אא
אאאאאF 40 → 50 W2 א
m
KEא
CLF = 1 אאאא
WאE
אאאאאאא
(fork-trucks)אאא K (20.88 kWh / Hp / day) 0.87 kW / Hp )
אאאאK 4 → 5 Hp א
אאא K (20.88 kWh / Hp / day = 75000 kJ / Hp / day)
אא،EF 15 min 20 Hp
K 20 Hp ( 15 × 20 = 5) 5 Hp
60
אאאאאאאא
EאFאאאאאא
אאאאאאא
א 1 → 1 אא
15 Hp אא،
7 6
5
(15 × = 12.5) 12.5 Hpequivalent א
6
Wא
Qmotors = Hpequivalent × ( 75000 kJ / Hp / day ) = kJ
day
א
Qmotors = F × ∑ Pmotors W
אאאא F
- ٨٧ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
WE
אאא
א
אKKאאאאאאא
،אK אאא
KאE10% אF،אאאא
- ٨٨ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
System BalanceWאא
אאאאא
אאא Kאאא
אא אא
אאאא،אאא
K אאאאאאא
א ،אאא
אK אאא
Kא
אאאאא
(Equilibrium or Balance Point)אא،אא،א
אאאאאאא
אאא
אאאK
אאא
אאאאא
אאKא
אאאאא،א
Kאאאא،א
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאא
אאאאאKא
(RuntimeFאא
אאאאאאא
١٣אאא١٦א
אאאאאאK
K
- ٨٩ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאאאאE١ J٣Fא
(UC − 105) אK A אאא
אא (UC − 180) אאK ⎛⎜1 1 hp ⎞⎟ א
⎝ 2 ⎠
אאאאK B
אאאא
אאאאWE١_٣F
- ٩٠ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
E١F
12m× 8m × 3.5m 40 °C אאא 7°C ,80 RH
Wאא
100mm ، 200mm אאא J
K 100mm
K 100mm 250mm א J
Kאאא J
Kאאאא
Wא
אאאאאא
1
U=
1 ∆x 1
+∑ +
hi k ho
1 W
U= = 0.312 2
1 0 .2 0 .1 0 .1 1 m K
+ + + +
10 1.23 0.036 0.72 34.1
אאאא
1
U = = 0.264
W
1 0.25 0 .1 1 m2 K
+ + +
10 1.23 0.029 34.1
- ٩١ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאאא
1
U = W
= 0.375 2
1 0 .3 0 .1 m K
+ +
10 1.23 0.043
Q ∆T U A
W
W K m2 K m2
= 1 × 8000 × 8 = 2667W
24
(Q prod ) א
W، (T freezing = 0.7 °C ) אא
אא
m& × C p × ∆T
Q prod =
(3600 × n)
- ٩٢ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
10000 × 3.45 × ( 30 − 7 )
Q prod = = 9184W
3600 × 24
Wא
( m × q resp ) × 1000
Q resp = W
24 × 3600
10000 × 4.06 × 1000
= = 469 W
24 × 3600
אא
106 × V × N × ∆h
Qinf = W
24 × 3600
= 10 × 336 × 3.9 × 0.0992 =1505 W
6
24 × 3600
Wאאאאאאא
Qcooling = 2499 + 33 + 388 + 2676 + 9184 + 469 + 1505 =16848W
אאא 10% א
QT = 1.1 × 16848 = 18533W
18hrs אא
W ( QG ) א
24
QG = 18533 × = 24710 W = 7.06 TR
18
- ٩٣ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
Refrigeration Load Estimate Survey Form
Customer :……………………………………………….
City, State :………………………………………………
Job name : ……………………………………………….
City, State : ……………………………………………...
o
Room Temperature (R.H.)… C.DB ( …. %R.H.)
o
Ambient Temperature……... C.DB Date (…/.…/.….)
Estimator ……………………………………………..
Insulation:
Thickness Insulation Temp. surface area U Conversion
mm Type Diff m2 W/m2K Factor
Ceiling: …… …………… ..…… × ………… × ............. × .................... =
Floor: …… .................... .......... × ………… × ……… × .................... =
Wall #1: …… .................... .......... × ………… × ……… × .................... =
Wall #2: …… .................... .......... × ………… × ……… × .................... =
Wall #3: …… .................... .......... × ………… × ……… × .................... =
Wall #4: …… .................... .......... × ………… × ……… × .................... =
o
Infiltrating Air: C.DB ( %R.H.)
Air Inflit: 1000 × m3 × use × N× KJ/L =
o o
Product: Type ent@ C Lvg. @ C
Cool : cp above×24
…. Kg/hr/ … Pulldown × … LN × …. TD …. =
product
…. kJ/kg heat of fusion×24
freeze :
…. Kg/hr/ … Pulldown × … LN × =
product
…. TD …. cp above×24 =
Cool
… Kg/hr/ … Pulldown × … LN ×
frozen
Respiration: ………. Kg × ……………… kJ/kg/Day kJ/Day =
Occupancy: ………. People × ……………… kJ/person/Day kJ/Day =
Lights: …………………… Watts × 86.4 kJ/Day =
Motors: …………………… Equivalent HP× 75000 kJ/HP/Day kJ/Day =
Miscellaneous: ……………………×……………………×…… kJ/Day =
Equipment selection: Total Dailey Load (kJ/Day) =
(Voltage : …../……/…….) ÷ (16 – 18 -20 hr) Runtime =
÷ (5% - 10%) Safety Factor =
Grand Total kJ/hr Required =
Grand Total kW Required (peak) =
Peak Refrigeration Capacity (TR) =
- ٩٤ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאאא
Refrigeration Load Estimate Survey Form
………………………………………………א.
א،………………………………………………א
א……………………………………………… א.
א،………………………………………………א
o
אא (R.H.)… C.DB ( …. %R.H.)
o
אאא……... C.DB Date (…/.…/.….)
…………………………………………… א..
א
Thickness Insulation Temp. surface area U Conversion
mm Type Diff m2 W/m2K Factor
2
א …… ……………. ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
א …… .................... ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
E١Fאא …… .................... ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
E٢Fאא …… .................... ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
E٣Fאא …… .................... ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
E٤Fאא …… .................... ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
אאא o
C.DB ( %R.H.)
Air Inflit: 1000 × m3 × use × N× KJ/L =
- ٩٥ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
WE٢F
Wאאאאאאא–١
35 °C (db) , RH = 50% אאא J
8 3600 kg א J
8 hr א J
10 °C אא J
− 30 °C אא J
0.5 hr א J
10 °C (db) , RH = 80% אאאא J
12 m × 9 m × 4.5 m א J
200 mm polystyrene א J
100 mm polyurethane א J
100 mm polyurethane אאא J
1200W א Wא J
15 HP 1 Wא J
18 hr / day Wא J
10 % Wא J
Wא
Wאא
Qw = U × A × ( T o −Ti ) W א J
Q = 0.228 × 108 × 80 = 1970 W
Qw = U × A × ( T o−Ti ) W א J
- ٩٦ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
Qw = U × A × ( T o−Ti ) W ٢אא
Q = 0.222 × 54 × 40 = 493W
Qw = U × A × ( T o−Ti ) W ٣אא
Q = 0.228 × 40.5 × 32 = 295W
Qw = U × A × ( T o−Ti ) W ٤אא
Q = 0.228 × 40.5 × 65 = 600W
Qinf = V& × ∆h × 1000 א
= 15.75 × 0.0604 × 1000 × ( 2 ) = 1900W
Wא
Qabove = m × cp above × ∆T × 1000 א
3600 × N
= 3600 × 3.23 × 11 × 1000 = 4440W
3600 × 8
Q freezing = m × L × 1000 א
3600 × N
3600 × 230 × 1000
Q freezing = = 28750W
3600 × 8
Qbelow = m × cpbelowe × ∆T × 1000 א
3600 × N
3600 × 1.6 × 29 × 1000
Qbelow = = 5800W
3600 × 8
א
QL =# lamps × Plamp
QL = 1 × 1200 = 1200W
א
Qmotor = F × ∑ P motor
- ٩٧ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
- ٩٨ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
- ٩٩ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
WE٣F
Wאאאאאאא–١
35 °C (db) , RH = 50% אאא J
8 900 kg א J
8 hr א J
2 °C אא J
− 1°C אא J
8 hr א J
9 m × 6 m × 3.5 m א J
150 mm א J
75 mm polyurethane א J
100 mm styro אאא J
600W א Wא J
18 hr / day Wא J
10 % Wא J
- ١٠٠ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
- ١٠١ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
WE٤F
Wאאאאאאאא
30°C (db) , RH = 50% אאאא J
(300000 kg Apple) א J
Eא 100000 kg F 3 א J
21°C אאא J
− 1°C אא J
2 א J
15 m × 15 m × 4.5 m א J
75 mm polyurethane א J
75 mm polyurethane א
75 mm polyurethane אאאא
2400W א Wא J
2 Wא J
3 HP א אא J
37000 kJ / day א 2 J J
- ١٠٢ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
- ١٠٣ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
W Summary
Kא 24 hr ،אאאאא١
Kאאאאאאא٢
K (kW ) אא
אאא ٣
Kאאאאאא
אאאאא ٤
אEאאF − 2 °C ← 0 אא
אאא،אא
Fאאאאאאאאא
E 24hr
אא אא Runtime (hr)א
> 0 °C אא
22 → 24 hr
20 hr
18 hr
Forced Defrost(Elect or Hot gas )
16 hr
אאאאWE١١ J٣F
א10% ← 5% א ٥
אאאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
אאאאאאא J٦
K
- ١٠٤ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
W
Wאאאאאאאאא J١
40 °C (db) , RH = 50% אאא
(24000 kg / day) 3 days א J
15 °C אא J
− 20 °C אא J
2 hr א J
R.H . = 60 % אא J
40 m × 30 m × 4 m א J
100 mm polystyrene א J
150 mm polystyrene א J
100 mm polystyrene אאא
8 hr / day 60W א 52 Wא J
8 hr / day 2 Wא J
8 hr / day 10 kW א 1 Wא J
500W ،אא J
18 hr / day Wא J
10 % Wא J
אאאאאאאאאא J
אא
אאאEאF
אאאא J٢
Wא
40 °C (db) , RH = 50% אאאאא J
8 2400 kg א J
8 hr א J
10 °C אאא J
0 °C אא J
- ١٠٥ -
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
1 hr א J
8 m × 6 m × 3.5 m א J
150 mm concrete א J
100 mm polyurethane א J
50 mm polyurethane אאא
250W א Wא J
א Wא J
80W א J W J
Wאאאאאאאא J٣
35°C (db) , RH = 50% אאאאא J
(400000 kg potato) 40 kg 10000 א
2 .5 m
2
K
א אאאא J
W
500W 6 Wא J
4 Wא J
EאאF 5 HP א אא J
3000W א 4 J W J
- ١٠٦ -
אאא
אא
אא
- ١٠٦
-
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאאאאWאא
Kאא
Wאא
Wאא
Kאאאאא •
Kאאאאא •
Kאאאאא •
Kאאאא •
Wאאא
٪٩٠אא
אא
٦
Wאא
Kאאאאא •
אאאא •
Wאא
Kאאאא
- ١٠٧
-
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אא
Industrial Refrigeration
אK אאאא
אאK
אאא
אאKאאאאאא
אאא
אאKא
אאאKאאא
אא אאאאאא
K אאאאאאא
אאאאאא
אאאא
Kא
- ١٠٨
-
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
Ice manufacturingWאE١F
אאאאאאאא
אאאאKopacityאאא
Kאאאאא
אKvapor compression cycle אאא
K אאא
אE٣אE٢אLאE١Wאאא
Ecubes אflakes אאWא
אFtubular
אאאאאKblock אא
Kא
Flake Ice MakerWאא
אא K אאאאאא
אאאאאאא KKא
אspiral auger אאKאאא
אאאאאK
אאא KKאאא
אKאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאK1-3mm
אאאאאאKbatchesא
אאאK אאאאKא
אאאאK
אאאאא
Kאא
אא אאאאאאא
אאאאKאא
Kאאא
- ١٠٩
-
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאאא
אK א אא א
אKאrelay
K450 psig אאא
K4 psig אאא
ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﺰول
اﻟﻤﺒﺨﺮ
ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺜﻠﺞ
ﻋﻀﻮ دوار
اﻟﻌﺎزل
אאאE١ J٤F
- ١١٠
-
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאE٢ J٤F
tubular Ice Makerא
אאאאאאא
K
אאאE٣_٤FאKאא
א
אא אאא
אאאאKאאאא
אאאK13mm א5mmא15א8
אאאאאאKאאtimer
- ١١١
-
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאאKאאאא
אKאאאאK1.1 MPaא
אאאאאא
Kא
אאKR-22R-12 אאא
אאא9000 kg אאאא
אאאKאאK
אא17500 kgא21 oCא
אאא37200 kgאK126 kW265kPa
K282 kW144 kPaא
- ١١٢
-
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ
اﻟﺴﺤﺐ
ﻣﻮزﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺎء
ﺣﺎﺟﺰ داﺧﻠﻲ
ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ
ﻧﺰف
ﻣﻀﺨﺔ
אאE٣ J٤F
- ١١٣
-
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
Wאאא
אאאK אאאאא K١
אאאאKאאאא
K אאאאKא
K אאאאאאא א אא
אאאbleed-off
אK
אאאאאאKE٣ J٤F
Kא
א
אא K٢
אאאאאKאא
אאK א אאאא
אKאאאאא
אאא K א אאא
אאאאאאאא
אאאKאאKא
אאKאאא
Kא
אאאאאאא K٣
אאאאאא
אאאאאא אK
Kאא
- ١١٤
-
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאאאאאא
WאאאKא
K65.5 oCא •
K71.1 oCא •
K79.5 oCא •
- ١١٥
-
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
ﻣﺰج وﺧﻠﻂ
هﻮاء داﺧﻞ
ﺗﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ
ﺗﻌﺘﻴﻖ
ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻒ
E J٤ J٤Fאא
- ١١٦
-
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ
ﺧﺰان اﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﺧﺰان اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺒﺎرد
ﺳﺨﺎن ﻣﺎء
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horizontal or vertical batch freezers א •
continueous freezers א •
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هﻮاء ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﺑﺎرد ﺟﺪا
ﺧﺮوج اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ
اﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﻨﺎت
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REFERENCESאא
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Roy J.Dossat,1997"Principles of Refrigeration",4th Edition, .٢
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Columbus, Ohio
Whitman. Johnson & Tomczyk, 2000 "Refrigeration And Air .٣
Conditioning Technology" 4th Edition, Delmar.
Althouse. Turnquist. Bracciano, 1996 "Modern Refrigeration And .٤
Air Conditioning" The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
BOHN Heat Transfer Division "Application Manual" .٥
ASHRAE Handbook, 1990 "Refrigeration Systems & .٦
Applications"
Yunus, A.Cengel, 1998 Heat Transfer – A Practical Approach, .٧
"McGrawhill"
C.P.Arora, 2001-Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, International .٨
Edition, "McGrawhill"
Personal Internet Connections .٩
Industrial Refrigeration Handbook,W. F. Stoecker, 1998 .١٠
א ٢٥٤ א
אאא אאא
א
Glossary
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Accumulators
Air א
Air blast belt freezers אאאא
Air blast freezing אאא
Air blast room אאא
Auger
Aluminuim foil א
Alumina EאFא
Ambient temperature אאאא
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ASHRAE handbook אא
Attic אא
B
Balance point אא
Barrier
Batch
Batch freezing א
Belly-mount
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Blanching
Blanket
Block
Block Ice א
Board
Bohn
Brine
Browning א
Building
א ٢٥٤ א
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C
Calcuim silicate א
Canning
Carcas
Carrier
Ceiling
Ceiling insulation א
Cellular glass
Cement
Ceramic א
Characteristics
Chilling injury א
Circulation
City
Classical refrigeration systems
Classification
Closed
Cold plates א
Cold storage
Combined effect
Consideration א
Construction
Contact freezing
Containers
Continuos א
Conversion factor
Cool frozen
Cool product
Corridors א
Cost
Cranes א
א ٢٥٤ א
אאא אאא
Criteria
Cryogenic freezers אא
Customer
D
Daily load אא
Dark
Day
Deep
Deep freezing
Defrost א
Dehydration אא
Desiccation
Design
Determination
Distillation
Dew point א
Docks
Double
Double glass
Drive
Dry ice
Drying
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Energy index
Epoxy adhesive
Equilibrium א
Estimator א
Euipment selection אאא
Eutectic solution אא
Excellent
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Expanded
Extension אא
F
Fabrics gains א
Facilities
Fiber
Flakes א
Floor insulation א
Fluidized bed freezers אאא
Foam
Foam insulation materials א
Forced defrost אא
Form
Free convection
Freeze product א
Freeze-drying
Freezer
Freezing
Motors
N
Name א
Nose-mount
O
Occupancy
Off-cycle
Oil-base paints א
Opacity
Operating cost א
P
Packing & handling אא
Panels א
Paper
Peak refrigeration capacity אא
People
Perishable foods
Perlite
Person
Phenotherm אאא
Pickling
Planning
Plastic
Polyethylene א
Polystyrene א
Polyurethane
Post-storage requirements א
Precaution א
Pre-cooling
Preservatiopn of foodstuffs אאאא
Pre-storage requirements א
א ٢٥٤ א
אאא אאא
Primary
Product load א
Product type א
Pulldown-time א
Pulp
Q
Quick freezing
R
Rack
Radiation
Railways
Rate of product entry א
Receiving א
Refractory
Refrigerant
Refrigeration & freezing אא
Relative humidity & air motion אאאא
Resistance
Respiration א
Rigid
Ring pitting א
Rock
Room temerature אא
Rooms
Running cost א
Run-time א
S
Safety
Safety factor א
Salting
Sawdust
א ٢٥٤ א
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Shipping
Ships
Short-term cold storage א
Side
Silica א
Single
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Size
Slow freezing
Smooth
Soil
Spiral
State
Storage conditions אא
Storage requirements א
Store
Styrofoam א
Sub-zero א
Summary
Surge drum
Survey
System balance אא
T
Temperature אא
Thermal א
Thermal conductivity אאא
Thickness
Timber
Trade
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Trane
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mass kg m א
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Specific heat below kJ / kg K C pbelow אאאא
freezing
Ton of Refrigeration TR TR א
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