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Hvac CH 2
Hvac CH 2
Hvac CH 2
Applications Temperature
Fish Cleaning processing and freezing
Meat and poultry: -25
Dairy Products 10 to 15ºC, 4 – 5 ºC
–30 to –25oC
Beverages: 8 to12C
. Candy 5-10oC
Processing and distribution of –25 to -20
frozen food
Recovery of Solvents
Refrigerants
In general, refrigerants are well known as the fluids
absorbing heat during evaporation. These refrigerants, which
provide a cooling effect during the phase change from liquid
to vapor, are commonly used in refrigeration, air
conditioning, and heat pump systems, as well as process
systems.
1. The first designers of refrigeration machines, Jacob
Perkins in 1834, and others later in the nineteenth century,
used ethyl ether (R-610) as the first commercial
refrigerant
2. In the early 1930s, the introduction of hlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs)
Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC
Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department
Examples :
– CFC’s : R11, R12, R113, R114, R115
– HCFC’s : R22, R123
– HFC’s : R134a, R404a, R407C, R410a
Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department
Ammonia (NH3)
Water (H2O)
Air (0.21O2 + 0.78N2 + 0.01Ar)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Zeotropic Refrigerants
• A zeotropic mixture is one whose composition in
liquid phase differs to that in vapour phase.
Zeotropic refrigerants therefore do not boil at
constant temperatures unlike azeotropic refrigerants.
• Examples :R404a : R125/143a/134a (44%,52%,4%)
R407c : R32/125/134a (23%, 25%, 52%)
R410a : R32/125 (50%, 50%)
R413a : R600a/218/134a (3%, 9%, 88%)
Prefixes
Refrigerants coding
Secondary refrigerants play a role in carrying heat from an object or a space being cooled to
the primary refrigerant or the evaporator of a refrigeration system. During this process, the
secondary refrigerant has no phase change. In the past, the most common secondary
refrigerants were brines, which are water–salt (e.g., sodium chloride and calcium chloride)
solutions, and even today they are still used in spite of their corrosive effects. Also, the
antifreezes, which are solutions of water and ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, or calcium
chloride, are widely used as secondary refrigerants.
1. Refrigerant–Absorbent Combinations
wavelength of light
wavelength of light
The ozone layer protects the earth against most UVB coming from the
sun. Wearing hats, sunglasses, and sunscreen. However, these
precautions will become more important as ozone depletion worsens.
Ozone is a gas composed of three atoms of oxygen, known as a bluish gas that is harmful to
breathe. Nearly 90% of the earth’s ozone is situated in the stratosphere and is referred to as
the ozone layer. Ozone absorbs a band of UVB that is particularly harmful to living
organisms. The ozone layer prevents most UVB from reaching the ground.
The GWP values for HFC refrigerants can be seen in Table 3.1 , for example,
R134a has a GWP of 1300, which means that the emission of 1 kg of
R134a is equivalent to 1300 kg of CO2 .
The choice of refrigerant affects the lifetime warming impact of a system and the term
total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) is used to describe the overall impact.
It includes the effects of refrigerant leakage, refrigerant recovery losses and energy
consumption. TEWI should be calculated when comparing system design options for
specific applications. Comprehensive method details with calculation examples are
given in the Guidelines. Figures 3.3 and 3.4 show the equation used and an example
for a medium temperature R134a installation.
Leakage Rate
Recuperation Rate
Indirect Emissions
The emission factor is the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere
when fuel is burned to produce one kWh of electricity. The emission factor
for electricity varies from country to country and according to the primary
source of energy.
Calculation of TEWI
• Leakage Rate = 4 x 1610 x 25 = 128 800 kg CO2
• Recuperation rate = 1610 x 426 x (1 – 0.5) = 342 930 kg CO2
• Indirect contribution due to energy consumption =
= 25 x (298.3 x 20 x 365) x 0.6 = 32 663 850 kg CO2
{Emission factor is assumed to be 0.9 for Mauritius}
TEWI factor for the chiller unit calculated over its lifetime of 25 years :
128 800 + 342 930 + 32 663 850 = 33 135 580 kg CO2
This implies that the chiller will contribute to the equivalent of 33 135 580 kg of CO2
over its useful life of 25 years.
• Direct emissions = 1.4 % of the indirect emissions
1. Alternative Refrigerants
New, alternative substances are required to replace the fully halogenated refrigerants
that are believed to contribute to atmospheric ozone depletion. In the past decade,
many research and development studies on the synthesis and characterization of
alternative refrigerants were undertaken. The replacement of restricted ODSs by any
alternative may involve substantial
Flammability