TYPES OF BATTERIES

Presented By :-
Yash Aggarwal
Yash Grewal
Wasim Rouf Choudhury
INTRODUCTION :-

What is a Battery?

A Battery is a device consisting of one or more electrical cells that convert chemical
energy
into electrical energy. Every battery is basically a galvanic cell where redox reactions
take
place between two electrodes which act as the source of the chemical energy.
Further , we have discussed about three types of batteries :-

1.Primary cell
2.Secondary cell
3.Fuel cell
PRIMARY CELL

By :-
YASH AGGARWAL
Primary Cell :-

These are batteries where the

redox reactions proceed in only
one direction. The reactants in
these batteries are consumed after
a certain period of time, rendering
them dead. A primary battery
cannot be used once the chemicals
inside it are exhausted.
An example of a primary battery is the dry cell – the household battery
that commonly used to power TV remotes, clocks, and other devices. In
such cells, a zinc container acts as the anode and a carbon rod acts as the
cathode. A powdered mixture of manganese dioxide and carbon is placed
around the cathode. The space left in between the container and the rod are
filled with a moist paste of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride.
The redox reaction that takes place in these cells is:

1. At Anode

● Zn(s) –> Zn2+ (aq) + 2e–

2.At Cathode

● 2e– + 2 NH4+ (aq) –> 2 NH3 (g) + H2 (g)

● 2 NH3 (g) +Zn2+ (aq) –> [Zn (NH3)2] 2+ (aq)

● H2 (g) + 2 MnO2 (S) –> Mn2O3 (S) + H2O (l)

Thus, the overall cell equation is :-

● Zn(s) + 2 NH4+ (aq) + 2 MnO2 (S) –> [Zn(NH3)2] 2+ (aq) + Mn2O3 (S) + H2O (l)
SECONDARY CELL

By :-
YASH GREWAL
ABOUT
➢ A rechargeable battery is a type of electrical battery that is comprised of one or more
electrochemical cells. It is known as a secondary cell because its electrochemical
reactions are electrically reversible. In other words, after the stored charge has been
drained, the battery’s chemical reactions can occur again, in reverse, to store a new
charge. The demand for rechargeable batteries is growing twice as fast as the demand
for non-rechargeable batteries, in part because rechargeable batteries have lower
environmental impact and total cost of use than do disposable batteries.

➢ They store energy through a reversible chemical reaction, which allows charge to be
stored again after the battery has been drained. They are produced in many different
shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected to stabilize
an electrical distribution network. Several different combinations of electrode materials
and electrolytes are used, including lead–acid, zinc-air, nickel–cadmium (NiCd),
nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4),
and lithium-ion polymer (Li-ion polymer).
 TYPES:-
1. Lead-Acid Batteries
They were invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté, are
the oldest type of rechargeable battery. Their ability to supply
high-surge currents means that the cells maintain a relatively large
power-to-weight ratio. These features, along with their low cost,
make them attractive for use in motor vehicles, which require high
currents.
2. Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries
It is abbreviated NiMH or Ni-MH, is very similar to the
nickel-cadmium cell (NiCd). NiMH batteries use positive electrodes
of nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH), as does the NiCd, but the negative
electrodes use a hydrogen-absorbing alloy instead of cadmium. A
NiMH battery can have two to three times the capacity of a NiCd
battery of equivalent size, and its energy density approaches that of
a lithium-ion cell.
3. Alkaline Batteries
There are also rechargeable forms of alkaline batteries, which are a
type of primary battery dependent upon the reaction between zinc
(Zn) and manganese dioxide (MnO2). They are manufactured fully
charged and have the ability to carry their charge for years, longer
than most NiCd and NiMH batteries, which self-discharge. They can
also have a high recharging efficiency and have less environmental
impact than disposable cells.
4. Lithium-Ion Batteries
It is a family of rechargeable batteries in which lithium ions move
from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during
discharge, and back when charging. The negative electrode of a
conventional lithium-ion cell is made from carbon. The positive
electrode is a metal oxide, and the electrolyte is a lithium salt in an
organic solvent. They are one of the most popular types of
rechargeable battery for portable electronics, with one of the best
energy densities and only a slow loss of charge when not in use.
 WORKING CONSTRUCTION

As with all batteries, they consist of an anode, a cathode, and an

electrolyte. During charging, the anode material is oxidized,
producing electrons, and the cathode is reduced, consuming
electrons.The electrolyte may serve as a simple buffer for internal
ion flow between the electrodes, as in lithium-ion and
nickel-cadmium cells, or it may be an active participant in the
electrochemical reaction, as in lead-acid cells.

All batteries work this way: electrons travel from an anode to a

cathode until the anode is out of electrons. Thus, the battery is
considered empty or ‘dead’.

With primary batteries, that’s the end of it. With secondary or

rechargeable batteries, a charger can reverse the electron flow and
as such restore the initial excess of electrons in the anode - thus
creating what we call a charged battery.
FUEL CELL

By:-
WASIM ROUF CHOUDHURY
FUEL CELLS

A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a

fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) into electricity
through a pair of redox reactions. Fuel cells are different from most batteries
in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen (usually from air) to
sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemical energy
usually comes from metals and their ions or oxides that are commonly already
present in the battery, except in flow batteries. Fuel cells can produce
electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied.
WORKING PROCESS

The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen can be used to generate

electricity via a fuel cell. Such a cell was used in the Apollo space
program and it served two different purposes – It was used as a fuel
source as well as a source of drinking water (the water vapor produced
from the cell, when condensed, was fit for human consumption).
The working of this fuel cell involved the passing of hydrogen and
oxygen into a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide via carbon
electrodes.
Cell reaction and diagram
The cell reaction can be written as follows:

● Cathode Reaction: O2 + 2H2O + 4e– → 4OH–

● Anode Reaction: 2H2 + 4OH– → 4H2O + 4e–

● Net Cell Reaction: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

However, the reaction rate of this electrochemical

reaction is quite low. This issue is overcome with
the help of a catalyst such as platinum or
palladium. In order to increase the effective
surface area, the catalyst is finely divided before
being incorporated into the electrodes.
Types of fuel cell :-

● The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell

-:These cells are also known as proton exchange
membrane fuel cells (or PEMFCs).
● Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell -:These fuel cells involve the
use of phosphoric acid as an electrolyte in order to
channel the H+.
● Solid Acid Fuel Cell -:A solid acid material is used as
the electrolyte in these fuel cells.