English: RC: ADAPTIVE: Topic Level SWOT

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ENS-3
ENGLISH: RC (Title & Theme)
ADAPTIVE: Topic Level SWOT _________________
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CLASS:
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in Class
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Please tick your final level in this topic below and update it on the ADAPTIVE CARD provided to you. If you are a serious
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Score (+10 for right, -3 for wrong) 2: 66 >45 to 65 >23 to 45 Upto 23

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LEADER IN ADAPTIVE PREPARATION
FOR CAT
English-RC
(Title & Theme)
CLASS SHEET L 1
Time: 15 minutes
ALL questions in CLASS SHEET are to be discussed in the class; no solutions will be provided for the same.
You may discuss the doubts etc. of the Home Sheet in the next session.
Passage 1
Here is a press note from the Union Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), taken from its website.
"The Government has decided to enlist the support of all concerned and mobilise extra budgetary resources to fill
in the gap between actual requirements and available budgetary support. It has, therefore, been decided to
constitute a 'Bharat Shiksha Kosh' to receive donations/contributions/endowments from individuals and
corporates, Central and State Governments, NRis (nonresident Indians) and PIOs (People of Indian origin) for
various educational purposes. Contributions to the Kosh can be both in cash and kind.
It would also permit sponsorship under which any organisation or individual can become sponsors of the
educational activities in a particular village, town, city, school, college or even a child through the payment of a
specified amount. A school or college or a building or block thereof may be named after the sponsor on payment
of a prescribed amount. Similarly, prizes, scholarships and chairs in the educational institutions could also be
instituted in the name of the sponsors. Contributions, donations etc. to the Kosh would qualify for hundred per
cent deduction under the Income Tax Act, 1961 and also exempted from the provisions of FCRA.
The Government has made an initial contribution of Rs. I crore to the Kosh. Government expects individuals and
corporates to generously contribute to the educational development of the country. Union Cabinet has approved
the above proposal in December last year. Ministry of HRD is currently taking necessary steps to operationalise
the Kosh including setting up the Society etc. and more details would be made available on this page soon."
Bharat Shiksha Kosh, or the "Indian Education Fund," is welcome at a time when government budgetary
allocations are inadequate. The Kosh is reported to have four industrialists and businessmen on its Board. These
are Mr. C. K. Birla, Mr. Keshub Mahindra, Mr. K. L. Chugh (former MD of ITC) and Mr. Mohan Pai (former
Director, Infosys). One hopes that each of these will contribute to the Kosh themselves, thereby setting personal
examples. (Each of them should also use their extensive contacts to collect money for the Kosh). The Kosh might
also consider inducting or contacting other industrial houses that have already set up their own scholarship and
research funds (such as the Tatas, Hindustan Lever and others), so as to enrich its corpus. Since the Minister for
HRD made mention of the Kosh at the last Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (Expatriate Indians Day) jamboree, these
Board members should also buttonhole their NRI and POI friends to contribute generously. Indeed, it is a surprise
that the Board does not have a single Pravasi Bharatiya in it; after all, several of these have given millions of
dollars to their alma-maters in India. Why this arm's length, I wonder!
It would be good to start the Kosh with an initial corpus of, say $200 million or Rs. I 000 crores in the next 1-2
years and build from there. For those who gasp at this figure, let me assure you that the Board members are
capable to doing so through personal contributions and professional contacts for such a lofty cause. And this
figure is just a bit more than the annual budget of the Universities Grant Commission. All in all, the idea of the
Bharat Shiksha Kosh, including the part about setting it up as a Society and all, seems a welcome move.
1. Select the most suitable title for the passage:

A] NRis to redeem education
B] Bharat Shiksha Kosh - take part, don't take over!
Roots Education 2 ENS3

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FOR CAT
C] Too little and too late

D] A step in the right direction
2. Select the most suitable central idea/theme for the passage:

A] The Board members for Bharat Shiksha Kosh should encourage their NRI friends and
industrialists to make significant contributions for the noble step taken by the government.
B] The setting up of the Bharat Shiksha Kosh is a positive step, and an impressive initial corpus can
be built through personal contributions and professional contacts of the board members, and
greater involvement of Indian expatriates.
C] The inadequate allocation of government budget to the education sector is a cause of concern and
less involvement of NRis in the Bharat Shiksha Kosh would be a hurdle in generating adequate
funds.
D] Education is a fundamental right that should be provided by the government, but it is still good to
see involvement of big industrialists and wealthy individuals in funding the gap between the
budgeted and the actual expenses for education.
Passage 2
In some ways it was a re-run of the August 6, 1945 horror. On August 6, we woke up to the news that many of our
favourite cold drinks were too dangerous to sip. The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), Delhi had found
residues of four 'highly toxic' pesticides in the 12 branded soft drinks it had tested. On its test list were Pepsi,
Coca Cola, Mirinda Lemon, Thums Up, Fanta, Mirinda Orange, Seven Up, Limca, Mountain Dew, Diet Pepsi and
Sprite. These drinks fizzed with DDT, lindane, malathion and chlorpyrifos. Like the WW II bomb, the effects of
these pesticides would last a long time and ruin the health of generations.
Scientists whose findings are taken seriously say (Toxic Link, November 2000) DDT, which is banned in
agriculture, could cause chronic liver damage and cancer and reduce the body's ability to fight diseases. Lindane
(banned again) causes cancer of the lungs and brain. Malathion causes (banned) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Chlorpyrifos attacks the nervous system and causes birth defects. The diseases show up after prolonged intake.
You see, pesticides are slow, agonising killers.
"The deadly pesticide cocktails" reportedly contained 11 to 70 times more toxins than what's allowed in Europe
and America. Countries there have strict rules over what is safe to drink and they are enforced. According to CSE,
presence of poison in everyday drinks is not a breach of law in our country. Indian laws on food standards are
"weak or non-existent." "You are legally allowed 50 times more arsenic (lead, copper and cadmium) in soft
drinks than in bottled water," said the CSE's director. But officials of the rivals Pepsi and Coke have defended
their products as being safe and world-class. "It is not about just pesticides in popular soft drinks," emphasises
Bharat Jeyraj of the Consumers Action Group. "It is about pesticides in bottled water, in juices, in the food we eat,
the vegetables we buy, and most importantly in the water we use every day. It is about pollution of our water
resources." Ninety per cent of any soft drink is water, he points out. And 6.6 billion 350-ml bottles are sold
annually in the country. "We have passed the stage of risk management (doing something to help after a tragedy).
We need to work on the precautionary principle (prevention is better than cure!)."
Who decides what is safe to sell? The Food Products Order (FPO) and the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act.
The FPO, charges the director, checks the sugar and the liquid glucose and not the water. "Who checks the water
used in the making of drinks (fruit juices, any food item)? Is the ground water that manufacturers use safe? Free
of pesticides? What are our maximum residual limits (permissible level of toxins)? Do we have the system and
equipment to inspect and analyse what is sold?" are some of the questions asked by consumer activists.
The results of the Government-ordered testing of cola samples are out. The health minister said: "All the 12
samples do not have the high amounts of pesticides found in the CSE report. They were well within the safety

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FOR CAT
limits." The minister denied the presence of the lethal chemical malathion in the drinks. "If the CSE report had
been correct on this point, we would have been dead," she said. The cola companies are celebrating. But CSE
points out that the pesticides found in the 18 samples are at levels higher than allowed by the European Union and
wants to know the testing method. It adds that levels of pesticides change with the seasons. It depends on the
rainfall. Its own samples were still available for testing.

A] Why soft drinks only?
B] Slow poisons
C] All that fizz!
D] Its Government vs. CSE

A] The government and the cold drink manufacturers are opposing the contention of CSE and some
other groups and activists on their claim about presence of toxic matter in soft drinks.
B] The views of the cola companies and CSE on the details of toxins present in drinking colas are
more opposite than similar.
C] The government is making light of the accusations made by CSE on illegal presence of toxins in
packed food, drinking water and soft drinks.
D] The presence of toxins in soft drinks is a tragedy that is comparable to the atomic bombing of
Japan in World War II, as both involve slow agonizing killers that impair several generations.

LEADER JN ADAPTIVE PREPARATION
FOR CAT
English-RC
(Title & Theme)
CLASS SHEET L2
Time: 35 minutes
ALL questions in CLASS SHEET are to be discussed in the class; no solutions will be provided for the same.
You may discuss the doubts etc. of the Home Sheet in the next session.
Passage 1
th
2013 would see the 50 anniversary of the March on Washington, when Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous
"I have a dream" speech. Perhaps it's time to reflect - again - on what has become of that dream.
It's interesting how icons, when their time has passed, are commodified and appropriated (some voluntarily,
others involuntarily) to promote the prejudice, bigotry and inequity they battled against. But then in an age when
everything's up for sale, why not icons? In an era when all of humanity, when every creature on God's earth, is
trapped between the International Monetary Fund (IMF) cheque-book and the American cruise missile, can icons
stage a getaway?
Martin Luther King Jr. is part of a trinity. So it's hard to think of him without two others elbowing their way into
the picture: Mohandas Gandhi and Nelson Mandela. The three high priests of non-violent resistance. Together
they represent (to a greater or lesser extent) the 20 th Century's non-violent liberation struggles (or should we say
"negotiated settlements?"): Of the colonised against coloniser, former slave against slave owner.
Today the elites of the very societies and peoples in whose name the battles for freedom were waged use them as
mascots to entice new masters.
Mohandas, Mandela, Martin.

India, South Africa, the United States.
Broken dreams, betrayal, nightmares.
A quick snapshot of the supposedly "Free World" today:

Around a decade back in India, in Gujarat - Gandhi's Gujarat - right-wing Hindu mobs murdered 2,000 Muslims
in a chillingly efficient orgy of violence. Women were gang-raped and burned alive. Muslim tombs and shrines
were razed to the ground. More than a hundred and fifty thousand Muslims were driven from their homes. The
economic base of the community was destroyed. Eye-witness accounts and several fact-finding commissions have
accused the State Government and the police of collusion in the violence. I was present at a meeting where a
group of victims kept wailing, "Please save us from the police! That's all we ask. .. "
Twice since then, the same State Government was voted back to office. Narendra Modi, who was widely accused
of having orchestrated the riots, embarked on his second and third terms as Chief Minister of Gujarat. Every
August 15, Independence Day, he hoists the Indian flag before thousands of cheering people. And to cap it all, in
a gesture of menacing symbolism, he often wears the black Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) cap - which
proclaims him as a member of the Hindu nationalist guild that has not been shy of admiring even Hitler and his
methods.
I. Select the most suitable title for the passage:

A] Where to - my nation? B] See who lives thy dream!
C] Gandhi's Gujarat's Gross! D] The saints and the sinner

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FOR CAT

AJ Gujarat riots and Narendra Modi's political ascension in Gujarat are ironical considering that a
peace icon like Gandhi belonged to the same state.
BJ Icons around the world in countries like India, South Africa and the USA have been
commercialised after their time has passed.
CJ Today elites of societies and peoples in whose name the battles were fought use the icons to
propagate false values.
DJ The values that peace icons across the world stood for have been betrayed and their dreams stand
shattered as they have been used for purposes opposite to what they stood for.
Passage 2
For the first time since the construction of the Ganga Canal in 1847, water has stopped flowing in Har-ki-Pauri at
Haridwar and through the Ganga canal that nourishes the entire western U.P. region of the Doab. Even the British
colonisers did not stop the flow of Ganga at Har-ki-Pauri. Why has the Ganga disappeared at the peak of summer?
The argument that a bridge needs to be built for Ardh Kumbh does not wash. Hundreds of bridges have been built
since 184 7; the flow of water in the Canal system was never stopped. And there is no imperative for beginning
construction in the peak of summer when water requirement is greatest in agriculture and for domestic use. The
real reason seems to be engineer a water crisis - not a bridge - and use that to promote the idea of selling Ganga
to private corporations like Suez. It also seems to be an experiment to test the social resistance of people to
disappearing rivers - an inevitability if rivers have to be dammed and diverted for the grandiose $200 billion
River Linking Project.
The privatization of the Ganga by Suez is, in fact, an example of river linking - of bringing the Ganga waters to
the Y amuna. The Y amuna has already been killed by pollution and, in spite of millions spent on cleaning, it
continues to be unfit for drinking. Now, the powers that be want to make the poor rural communities of
Uttaranchal and U.P. give up their water rights so that Ganga water can be commodified and sold to those with
money- Delhi's elite. The Sonia Vihar plant of Suez was inaugurated on June 21, 2002. It is designed to treat 635
million liters of Ganga water a day. The contract is between Delhi Jal Board (the Water Supply Department of
Delhi Government) and the French Company Ondeo Degremont (a subsidiary of Suez Lyonnaise des Eaux - the
world's biggest water giant).
The water for the Suez-Degremont plant in Delhi will come from Tehri Dam through the Upper Ganga Canal upto
Muradnagar in Western Uttar Pradesh and then through the giant pipeline to Delhi. The Upper Ganga Canal,
which starts at Haridwar and carries the holy water of Ganga up to Kanpur via Muradnagar, is the main source of
irrigation for this region.
The plant at Sonia Vihar is being built at a cost of Rs.1.8 billion. However, the Tehri Dam - of which Suez will be
a primary beneficiary - has cost over Rs. I 00 billion, and the construction is far from complete. Further, the pipe
to be laid over 30 km to bring water from the Ganga Canal at Muradnagar to Sonia Vihar is being built at public
cost. Suez is not bringing in private foreign investment. It is appropriating public financial investment. Public-
private partnerships are in effect private appropriation of public investment. But the financial costs are not the
highest costs. The real costs are social and ecological.
The people of Tehri can never be compensated for the uprooting of their lives. The women are still on a dharna,
refusing to move, even though the contractors continue to break down the homes to force people to move. All
water schemes in the dam catchment have been cancelled, both on grounds that the government has no money and
on grounds that every drop of Ganga water must flow into the dam, not to sustain lives of local communities.

FOR CAT

A] Killing the Ganga B] Globalization and Ganga
C] Who stole my river? D] Behind the Public-Private partnerships

A] The argument of stopping the Ganga flow for building a bridge is both illogical and ill-timed.
B] For the first time since the construction of the Ganga Canal in 184 7, water has stopped flowing in
Har-ki-Pauri at Haridwar and through the Ganga canal - something that even the Britishers did
not do.
C] The real reason of stopping the flow of Ganga seems to be to force a water crisis and use that to
promote the idea of privatizing the Ganga.
D] Apart from financial costs, there are huge social and ecological costs of privatizing the Ganga;
which is essentially a part of the river linking project that may cause rivers to disappear.
Passage 3
"Which class are you in?"
"I am in Courage and she is in Perseverance!" If the answer is unusual, it is because it comes from an unusual
school!
Welcome to Mirambika, an alternative school located in and run by the Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Delhi.
It is a widely prevalent feeling that the existing school education in our country has innumerable drawbacks. The
chief of these is that the Mainstream education does not have any high objectives, other than preparing the child
for a lucrative career. During the process of learning, the child is meaninglessly burdened and deprived of the
experience of creative joy and inner growth. This discontent spurred a group of thinkers and teachers to create an
alternative form of education.
In 1981, Mirambika (Mira, from the name Mira Alfasa of the 'Mother,' the disciple of Sri Aurobindo, andAmbika
meaning "mother" in Sanskrit) was conceived, in an attempt to implement the educational agenda of Sri
Aurobindo and the Mother. It started with 57 children and today, after three decades it has managed to hold the
number at under 250.
Sri Aurobindo felt 'nothing can be taught'. His second principle was that, 'the mind has to be consulted on its
growth' and the third included, 'work from the near to the far'. This signifies that early learning must be from all
that the child can relate to before moving to abstract concepts. The main objective of education, he concluded
should be only to develop the faculties for learning. The atmosphere in the school is a proclamation of this
ideology. The splendid architecture, its symmetry, openness, its harmony with nature are overwhelming. There is
no school uniform. More importantly, there are no fixed classes for the children of the same age. In fact there are
no typical classes from nursery to Std. X but just 12 groups called Red, Blue, Equality, Aspiration and others. The
idea is that children should not be treated as objects of control in a hierarchical system of division and grading.
There are no structured practices and the children engage in activities as they choose. Significantly though, this
freedom does not degenerate into chaos. Instead, an alternative work culture has come to be where the children
respect time and develop their own rhythm, without experiencing alienation from studies. Even very young
children are seen to work on projects and bring out extensive material on the topic.
Getting admission into Mirambika is not easy. The school is very clear that the ethos of the family and that of the
school have to be similar. For, if parents do not fully comprehend the true meaning of the alternative education,
they are bound to create obstacles in the experimental pursuits. Hence the aspiring parents are screened in two
stages to make sure they are truly ready for the 'risk' inherent in the alternative format. Leaving the atmosphere of
this 'dream' school, the big question that inevitably arises, is about how these children eventually adjust would to

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the 'real' world. Parents and teachers concede that academically the children from Mirambika fare below their
counterparts in the mainstream schools.
The school is not affiliated to any board and the children take up the National Open School Exam. This in effect,
rules out the possibility of the children ever being able to compete with those from the mainstream in the
entrance-exams to professional colleges. One sure gain from the experiment is that it has sparked the process of
introspection among educationists and parents. This will in tum, surely bring about the much needed change and
improvement in the present school scene.

A] A novel experiment B] Away from the rat-race
C] A change much-needed D] Daring to differ

A] The alternative education methodology followed by Mirambika is a positive attempt that has
caused stakeholders to think of the much needed improvements in the mainstream education.
B] Mirambika, an alternative school, does away with the strict and hierarchical regimen of the
present school scene.
C] Mirambika has not become mainstream as not all parents are mentally equipped to handle the
risks inherent in alternative forms of schooling such as Mirambika.
D] Both normal schooling and alternative options have their positives and negatives, which can be
combined to address most issues in the current education system.
Passage 4
Yes, the privatisation of oil companies BPCL and HPCL is off, but don't despair. Now that we know the NDA
will not pursue these sell offs, one major uncertainty is off: private companies can stop agonising over whether to
buy into the privatising PSUs or build their own infrastructure. With the buy option dead, energy companies can
now concentrate on building networks. Companies like Reliance, Shell and Essar, which have rights to sell
refined oil in India, can begin to roll out their networks. RIL has already talked about building 1,000 gas stations
by the end of March 2004. Others are likely to move equally fast now. Overseas giants like BP-Amoco, Exxon
Mobil and Kuwait Petroleum, which were all in the race for BPCL and HPCL, should now change their strategy
and plan to build networks here. The oil ministry, which insists on 10-year non-marketing investments of
Rs.2,000 crore to enter marketing, should understand that this rule is a deterrent to entry and competition and
scrap it. Entrants will have one obvious handicap - they'll find it hard to expand in urban markets, where
incumbents already have a locational advantage. So, they'll have to focus on selling diesel, mostly along the main
long distance transport routes and suburbs. This is not as bad as it sounds - diesel is about 80% of transport fuel.
Once private players enter, competition will intensify and the biggest gainer will be the consumers. Private entry
will reduce, if not break, the oil ministry's stranglehold and control on retail prices of petrol and diesel. These
rates are revised fortnightly, but the ministry dampens price movements by holding rates down when global prices
spike and allowing prices to fall less than warranted when rates soften overseas. With the ministry out of the way,
volatility could increase but base prices of petrol and aviation fuel will fall dramatically.
That's because the government forces state owned companies to overprice these fuels to subsidise kerosene and
cooking gas. Private companies can't be told how to price their fuels, sops will have to be paid by the exchequer
and the resultant price competition in petrol and airline fuel markets will bring their prices closer to diesel.

A] The government interference B] Private versus Public Control
C] A blessing for fuel consumers D] Fuelling Decontrol - the way to go!

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AJ The ban on privatisation of these PSUs is not likely to do any serious damage to the
Government's disinvestment plans as the shortfall in targets is likely to be met by enhanced non-
Marketing investments by MNCs.
BJ The ban on privatisation of HPCL and BPCL is a boon in disguise as it will enhance investments
and lead to a more consumer-friendly and open market.
CJ Overseas companies will need to revise their entry-strategies into the Indian market in light of the
recent Supreme Court judgement, which may not necessarily be detrimental to their (and the
market's) interests.
DJ In wake of the recent judgement, one can expect a downward revision in prices of Petrol and
Diesel as Private entry is likely to reduce, if not break, the oil ministry's stranglehold on retail
prices.
Passage-5
What does a life of total dedication to the truth mean? It means, first of all, a life of continuous and never-ending
stringent self-examination. We know the world only through our relationship to it. Therefore, to know the world,
we must not only examine it but we must simultaneously examine the examiner. Psychiatrists are taught this in
their training and know that it is impossible to realistically understand the conflicts and transferences of their
patients without understanding their own transferences and conflicts. For this reason psychiatrists are encouraged
to receive their own psychotherapy or psychoanalysis as part of their training and development. Unfortunately,
not all psychiatrists respond to this encouragement. There are many, psychiatrists among them, who stringently
examine the world but not so stringently examine themselves. They may be competent individuals as the world
judges competence, but they are never wise. The life of wisdom must be a life of contemplation combined with
action. In the past in American culture, contemplation has not been held in high regard. In the 1950s people
labeled Adlai Stevenson an "egghead" and believed he would not make a good President precisely because he was
a contemplative man, given to deep thinking and self-doubts. I have heard parents tell their adolescent children in
all seriousness, 11 You think too much. 11 What an absurdity this is, given the fact that it is our frontal lobes, our
capacity to think and to examine ourselves that most makes us human. Fortunately, such attitudes seem to be
changing, and we are beginning to realize that the sources of danger to the world lie more within us than outside,
and that the process of constant self-examination and contemplation is essential for ultimate survival. Still, I am
talking of relatively small numbers of people who are changing their attitudes. Examination of the world without
is never as personally painful as examination of the world within, and it is certainly because of the pain involved
in a life of genuine self-examination that the majority steer away from it. Yet when one is dedicated to the truth
this pain seems relatively unimportant-and less and less important (and therefore less and less painful) the farther
one proceeds on the path of self-examination.
9. Which of the following best states the central idea?

AJ The painful but important process of stringent self-examination and contemplation is the essence
of a wise life totally dedicated to truth.
BJ People are not willing to follow the path of total dedication to truth, because it entails painfully
stringent self-examination and contemplation.
CJ It is ironic that psychiatrists, who must examine and correct the world without, are unwilling to
undergo psychoanalysis themselves.
DJ The best life is one of self-examination and contemplation
10. The writing can best be described as / identify the thematic blueprint of the passage
AJ A critique of people's attitude toward life
BJ Description of an ideal
CJ Exposition of a concept
DJ None

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FOR CAT
Passage-6
Autism primarily affects the areas of communication, social skills and behaviour. It can occur in all socio
economic and racial groups but is four times more common in boys than girls. A majority of autistic children are
intellectually challenged. They have intellectual limitations associated with seriously impaired adaptive behaviour
and cannot attain a level of social responsibility and personal independence appropriate to their age. Some autistic
individuals who are not mentally challenged may have unusual talents that appear at an early age either in the
form of exceptional rote memory, a capacity for lightening fast calculations, precocious musical gifts, painting
ability, or the ability to name the day of the week corresponding to any calendar date. These extraordinary
individuals are known as autistic savants.
Social difficulties are at the helm of autism. They need to be attended to as they impact teaching and learning.
Since education takes place in a social context, teaching social skills to these children is very important. There is
an exhaustive list of treatments, medicines and therapies to help individuals of all ages but it was the efforts of
Ramamoorthi who found that theatre/drama was best suited to them as therapy. The unique feature of his drama
therapy is use of masks. He was conscious of the fact that children with autism avoid eye contact because of the
difficulty with processing sensory information they receive through the eyes. They feel overwhelmed when they
are bombarded with visual stimuli. Therefore, in order to help them, he thought of giving them wearable masks.
These masks help in cutting off the peripheral vision so that the child does not feel distracted or overwhelmed.
This helped not only in making eye contact with another person but also improved attention span and their lack of
understanding emotions. It also reduced hyperactivity and encouraged children and adults to play creatively.
Often individuals with autism are verbal but do not have the skills to speak and interact socially. Sometimes they
repeat other people's words verbatim, recite speeches and dialogues in exactly the same way as the original. In the
drama therapy the narrative or the content of any story used during the process, allows the individual to take on
roles in order to learn from other characters. This makes it possible for them to connect with their own
problem/emotions indirectly, working and solving through the fictional work. They apply the experience to the
real people they encounter in everyday life and make adequate social adjustments.
Until recently, autism has been considered by many as hopeless, incurable and absolute condition. Now, however,
research suggests that intensive behaviour intervention, begun when the child is between 2 and 5 years old, can
have a significant and lasting positive impact. Typically children learn to understand how others feel, think,
believe and operate by the age of 4 to 5 years. This ability comes naturally for most children but Children with
ASD may never learn such skills. They need to be taught these skills. This is where drama therapy helps. Parents
with young children are encouraged to try it. It is very effective at helping children with ASD improve self-
confidence, work as a team and follow directions and instructions.
11. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
A] Till now, autism was thought incurable, with the affected children having great social difficulties,
but a promising cure has emerged of late, in the form of drama therapy.
B] Autistic children can learn to understand how others feel, think, believe and operate, if intensive
behavior intervention begins at the right age
C] Drama therapy has been found to be very effective in teaching some skills to autistic children.
D] Autistic children are intellectually challenged with seriously impaired adaptive behaviour and
cannot attain a level of social responsibility and personal independence appropriate to their age.
12. Which of the following titles would be most appropriate for the passage?
A] Autism- An Intellectually Challenging Disease
B] Finally, a promising cure to Autism!
C] Drama as Therapy
D] Autism - Disease and Cures

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FOR CAT
VOCAB EXERCISE (Association Techniques)
1. Annihilate 11. Modicum
2. Besmirch 12. Nemesis
3. Debonair 13. Nape
4. Discombobulated 14. Opulence
5. Filial 15. Quotidian
6. . Guffaw 16 . Rotund
7. Hortatory 17. Uxorious
8. Lassitude 18. Urchin
9. Limn 19. Vulpine
10. Mausoleum 20. Passe

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FOR CAT
English-RC
(Title & Theme)
HOME SHEET L 1
Time: 35 minutes
Passage 1
To be very frank, when I saw Manjil Virinja Pookkal back in 1980, I did not notice Mohanlal. To me he was just a
newcomer.
I started noticing Mohanlal when he, along with Srinivasan, began making some excellent comedies with director
Satyan Anthikad. They were memorable films. The combination of Mohanlal and Srinivasan became a rage in
Kerala. And they complemented each other amazingly. Also, Mohanlal displayed an excellent sense of timing.
Two faces of Mohanlal became popular at the time: the actor with amazing comic timing, and the actor of films
like T P Balagopalan MA, Varavelppu, and Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam.
The second genre had no comedy or action. In these, he was a very straightforward, simple, gullible and sensible
man, who took up the responsibility of his family. This face of Mohanlal won instant sympathy, especially from
the female audience. Men who faced similar circumstances also identified with him. This was the second phase of
Mohanlal 's career, after his roles as a villain.
The films that Mohanlal produced, like His Highness Abdullah and Kamaladhalam, showed his affinity to music
and the arts. They also showcased the third phase in his career: the physically strong, brave man. A sakala kala
vallabhan (master of all trades), outsmarting others in all fields. This phase reached its peak in films like Ravana
Prabhu and Narasimham, where Mohanlal was a super hero who twirled his moustache all the time. There were
also films like Vaanaprastham and, to an extent, Bharatham, where you saw a totally different Mohanlal. This
Mohanlal cannot be slotted in any category. Interestingly, the actor produced these movies too.
Mohanlal is a favourite of the masses and classes because of the ease with which he switches from one role to
another. Recently, over the last five-six years, he started concentrating only on one kind of films. He moved away
from roles where he was just an ordinary human being. That is when his fans started moving away from him.
It is not really his decline nor will I hold Mohanlal responsible for this. I hold the filmmakers at fault. Take, for
example, director Venu Nagavalli, a self-confessed Mohanlal fan. He raised Mohanlal to a level of divinity from
where he could just not come down.
But Kilichundan Mambazham heralded a deliberate attempt to move away from those superman roles. I hope we
get to see the Mohanlal we like and miss very much. It could be Mohanlal's second innings. He has such
enormous talent. And, at 53, it's the right time to branch out from the 'physical' Mohanlal to the 'thinking'
Mohanlal. Nobody can match him in comedy. Age is no barrier for comedians anyway.
If you take ten actors who have really made a difference to Malayalam cinema, Mohanlal will undoubtedly be in
the top five. I would not put him in the top slot, but he would definitely be at the third or fourth spot. But he could
reach the top if he manages his career well.
l. Select the most suitable title for the passage:

A] Why Mohanlal is such a rage! B] Career Graph : Mohanlal
C] On way to legendhood D] The different faces of Mohanlal

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A] At 53, it's the right time to branch out from the 'physical' Mohanlal to the 'thinking' Mohanlal.
B] If you take ten actors who have really made a difference to Malayalam cinema, Mohanlal will
undoubtedly be in the top five.
C] As evident over different time periods, Mohanlal's appeal has been in his ability to adapt to
different kinds of roles; for Mohanlal to reach the top, he has to move beyond similar roles which
he has been assaying over the past several years.
D] Mohanlal is a favourite of the masses and classes because of the ease with which he switches
from one role to another.
Passage 2
Here it is: the most comprehensive survey of Indian B-schools. The Cosmode-BW survey draws on feedback
from all major stakeholders (recruiters, students, faculty) to design the most rigorous and objective method for
evaluating management schools. And the data has been validated by regional teams to ensure that the ranking of
Top 100 B-schools in India is accurate. The survey was pioneered in 1998 and this year Cosmode revamped it to
make it even more powerful.
First, the parameters that do not really differentiate one B-school from another, like course curriculum and
teaching technology, have been eliminated.
Second, like earlier surveys, this one too takes note of feedback from students, faculty and recruiters in
developing the questionnaire. It polled 214 students and 108 recruiters. The survey does not let the perceptions of
any of these groups influence the results though as previous surveys showed that these tend to be biased.
Therefore, in the current survey, no weightage has been given to the qualitative evaluation by students, faculty
and recruiters. It has simply collected objective data on parameters like number of recruiters on campus and salary
levels. In other words, the research design has moved away from being an opinion survey to being a data survey.
Third, the current survey has shifted from absolute ranking to relative ranking. B-schools usually want to know
where they stand in relation to each other and also in relation to the top school in the country. So this survey has
used an ordinal scale to arrive at relative ranking. It has, however, used absolute standards on some of the
parameters such as built-up area. In order to ensure equitable ranking of B-Schools, data provided by them was
moderated with respect to the size of their student population.
Fourth, the survey now has a robust validation process that is extremely comprehensive. The first survey had
accepted the data provided by the B-Schools at face value. Subsequent feedback indicated that data was not
always consistent across B-schools - salary data is an example. Nearly 95% of the schools were covered by the
validation teams.
The validation teams were drawn from different parts of the country. They were headed by M.P. Sinha of Global
HRD Centre in the Delhi region; P.N. Singh of Grid Consultants in Mumbai; Biju Pillai of Institute of Cost
Management and Research in Pune; V.R. Mahesh from Om Consultants in Bangalore; Cosmode associates P.V.
Murthy in Chennai, S.K. Mukherjee in Calcutta and A.S. Prasad in Lucknow.
The responses, particularly on high-weightage parameters, were carefully crosschecked. These parameters were
(1) faculty-related data (their composition and qualification, their research, consulting); and (2) data related to
placement Uob offers and salary, number of recruiters, global placements). Where schools were unable to give
credible data, the numbers were moderated. The teams first met the director and those functionaries who had
provided data for the questionnaire.

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Later some members of each team interacted with the faculty and the students while the rest pored over
documents for substantiating the data. Each team member separately recorded his impressions from rneeting the
director, the faculty and the students. The overall learning environment at the B-school was also assessed.
This validation process ensured that the rankings are on the basis of some of the most credible data ever collected
on B-schools in India.

A] A Reliable Survey of B-Schools B] Robust & Objective Assessment
C] B-School Rankings D] The Most Credible B-School Rankings

A] The current Cosmode-BW B-School is a survey that's been further improved with elimination of
unwanted parameters and other adjustments.
B] The Cosmode-BW B-School survey is the most credible B-school survey ever done in India
because of the more broad-based and scientific nature of the study.
C] Due to the robust validation processes, quantitative rigour, careful sampling, and data-based
approach, it can be claimed that the current Cosmode-BW B-School survey is a reliable one.
D] The present Cosmode-BW B-School survey is likely to be welcomed alike by B-school faculty,
recruiters, and students as it gives reliable and comprehensive data on the relative rankings on
different parameters of the various schools.
Passage 3
In the Indian tradition there are seven immortals: Aswathama, Bali, Vyas, Hanuman, Vibhishana, Kripacharya
and Parashuram. They symbolise certain higher ideals.
Aswathama, son of Guru Dronacharya, was a mighty warrior. He had even learnt the art of invoking the
Brahmastra, the ultimate weapon of destruction. One day, after the Mahabharata war was over, and when the
Pandavas were away, he and a posse of men entered the camp of the Pandavas by stealth and killed all the male
members in complete disregard of the prevailing ethics of warfare. He was later overpowered and arrested by
the Pandavas. His life was spared but his crown jewel - a gem - was prised out of his head. He was condemned
to live for ever, the wound festering, never to heal. It was a warning to future generations that a great warrior's
life, bereft of good conduct, is a life given to eternal suffering. That is karmic retribution. Ashwathama's flawed
immortality is a grim reminder of the consequences of unethical behaviour. King Bali is immortalised because
even Vishnu had to humble himself as Yamana to conquer him. He stands out for his valour and charity - two
great eternal qualities. Bali knew fully well who Yamana was. Yet, he prepared to surrender all he had, to his
Lord. So this man of grace is still revered. Vyas, the great scholar and writer, the author of Mahabharata and the
Srimad Bhagavatam, is another immortal, a shining beacon of erudition. A katha-wachak reading from the holy
texts, is said to ascend the Vyaspeeth - blessed by the immortal Vyas. He comes to represent the continuity of
erudition, scholarship and the apotheosis of the writer as the ultimate visionary. Hanuman exemplifies
selflessness, courage, devotion, energy, strength and righteousness. He stands for the potential that is inherent
in all of us. He also represents the air, the atmosphere and thus the life-breath - the prana. Sita is believed to
have bestowed on him the boon which made him ever-youthful, energetic and immortal.
Vibhisana had unshakable faith in what he believed. He was a fearless counsellor of righteousness even when
all around him were given to sycophancy and peer pressure. As a follower of right conduct, Vibhisana survived
unscathed while tragedy befell the unrighteous king and his followers. Kripacharya was an extraordinary
teacher. To him, all pupils were equal. A guru like Dronacharya favoured Arjuna and sacrificed an equally if
not more promising student - he asked Ekalavya for his right thumb. Kripacharya, on the other hand, upheld the
highest standards expected of a teacher: He was impartial. Parashuram was master of martial arts. No one could
beat him - whether the tools were astras, sastras or divine weapons. He had no temporal ambition. Had he so

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wished, he would have been the greatest Chakravarti Samrat India had ever known. But he lived a hermit's life.
He was also one who never hesitated to admit a mistake. During Sita's swayamvar, after Ram had broken the
divine bow of Shiva, Parashuram asked both Ram and Lakshman for forgiveness. Despite his excellent
qualifications, he did not hesitate to apologise in all humility that he had lost his reason in anger. Parashuram
symbolises excellence and strength, tempered by humility.
These seven immortals exemplify certain basic truths, laws and standards of ethical behaviour which transcend
time, locale and generation. They are universal and immutable. Their immortality is therefore not mere
deathlessness - it is more the immortalising of each divine principle they stood for and upheld even in the face
of adversity and pressure.

AJ The Seven Immortals BJ The Immortal Indian Tradition
CJ Immortality in Indian Tradition DJ Indian Mythology

AJ Each of the seven immortals may not be an epitome of righteous conduct, but all of them depict,
in their own way, what remains perennially untouched in this world.
BJ The immortality of each of the seven lies as much, if not more, in their adherence to their
principles in face of severe adversity as in their recognition of these principles.
CJ Indian mythology uses characters to symbolize certain higher values and truths that are brought
out through the respective lives of these characters.
DJ Immortality refers to the qualities that transcend time, locale and generation; these qualities are
brought out through the stories of seven characters in the Indian tradition.
Passage-4
As women who came of age in the campuses of the Sixties, many of us avidly read the first ever ( 1974) national
report on the state oflndia's women, Towards Equality, cover to cover. It revealed, in no uncertain terms, that the
rural agricultural sector was the biggest employer in India. However, unlike male farmers and cultivators, their
female counterparts remained doubly burdened during their peak productive period with their reproductive role
seen as fundamental to their gender while the duties it entailed were socially created.
Cut to the the 21st century. The latest census figures list only 32.8 per cent women formally as primary workers in
the agricultural sector, in contrast to 81.1 per cent men. But the undeniable fact remains that India's agricultural
industry, which employs 80 to 100 million women, cannot survive without their labour. From preparing the land,
selecting seeds, preparing and sowing to transplanting the seedlings, applying manure/fertilisers/pesticides and
then harvesting, winnowing and threshing, women work harder and longer than male farmers.
Maintaining the ancillary branches in this sector, like animal husbandry, fisheries and vegetable cultivation,
depends almost solely on women. So where are these women while the male farmers and their kakas furiously
debate the future of farming, loans, subsidies and irrigation matters? Men get more than their share of visibility on
TV, in governmental publicity material and within the banking sectors but millions of women farmers have no
spokesperson from their ranks.
The primary reason for this is that they are usually not listed as primary earners and owners of land assets within
their families. So getting loans, participating in mandipanchayats, assessing and deciding the crop patterns,
liaising with the district officials, bank managers and political representatives and bargaining for MSPs (minimum
support prices), loans and subsidies, remain male activities.

FOR CAT
Over the last decade, as farming became less and less profitable and small and marginal farmers began migrating
to cities, rural jobs for full-time women daily-wage labourers (those who do not own land but work at least 183
days in a year in someone's farm) in the agricultural sector have shrunk alarmingly. The Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employee Guarantee Act, that employed many of them in the interim period, has been curtailed
sharply by the government that proclaims "sabkasaathsabkavikas" as its basic mantra. According to a recent study
by the Evidence for Policy Design at Harvard University's Kennedy School, there has been a drop of almost 11
per cent in women's participation in the workforce.
When confronted with these facts, the usual laconic response has been: "Most of our educated young women do
not wish to work in farms. They can now be teachers, nurses, Ashadidis". If only it were so. The same study also
reveals that with so many well-educated men also competing for these white collar jobs, rural girls in urban
homes, armed with a mere school certificate cannot find jobs. They must also have a college degree. So the vast
sea of farmers' faces on our TV sets shows no female leaders. If they appear, they do so as sobbing widows and
mothers of farmers who killed themselves or were killed by police bullets.
At a time when fundamentalism and neo-fascism are on the rise and unfettered consumerism and trade treaties are
eroding old communities and threatening the environment, when measures like the ban on animal slaughter are
impacting the dairy industry and destroying jobs, diseases due to the contamination of earth and water are
erupting everywhere can we afford to sustain gender barriers between human beings unquestioningly? When not
just the politicians and media persons but also the farmers regard the impoverished sea of women farmers as a
faceless void, they deny them their humanity while diminishing their own.
7. Select the most suitable title for the central idea for the passage:
AJ The farming sector is in poor shape because of poor governmental policies and rising
consumensm.
BJ Women farmers, once a significant workforce, have now been reduced to an inconsequential
ancillary resource.
CJ Women employed in agriculture sector, despite forming a considerable workforce, are not
adequately represented in censuses, media and society in general.
DJ The number of women daily-wage workers employed in agriculture has reduced because of
misrepresentation of them by government and media.

AJ The invisible women farmers
BJ Male dominance in agricultural sector
CJ The miserable and forgotten agricultural sector
DJ Women's plight
Passage-5
This year, the world's largest democracy, India, and the biggest country by area, Russia, are celebrating the 70th
anniversary of establishment of diplomatic relations between them. Russia continues to be among India's major
politico-diplomatic and defence partner nations. While India has inked separate strategic partnership pacts with
more than two dozen countries, the Indian and Russian governments in December 20 IO elevated their bilateral
'Strategic Partnership' to what they termed a "Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership."
The New Delhi-based think tank 'Foundation for National Security Research', which did a comparative
assessment of India's strategic partnerships - meaning, 'political-diplomatic, defence and economic cooperation'
(during the IO-year period prior to November 2011), had said, "Russia emerges as the most important strategic
partner of India (followed by the U.S., France, the U.K., Germany and Japan in that order)." The November 2011
report had found that Russia had provided strong political and diplomatic support to India and helped enormously

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in building India's defence capability. However, it warned that the "economic content of the (India-Russia)
partnership is extremely weak," and recommended that "urgent and vigorous steps need to be taken to improve
economic relations if this (India-Russia) partnership is to be sustained and made durable."
New Delhi and Moscow are renewing efforts to bolster their seven-decade-old relationship regardless of the
perception of India's increasing closeness to the U.S., Russia's growing friendship with China and even with
Pakistan especially in the context of defence and strategic partnership, as well as criticism that India and Russia
are neglecting the glory of their past ties due to their preoccupation with other parts of the world. In June this
year, Indian Prime Minister NarendraModi is slated to take part as the Chief Guest in the St. Petersburg
International Economic Forum - also known as the 'Russian Davos' after the World Economic Forum, which is
an international organisation whose flagship annual meeting is held in Davos, Switzerland.
Until 1990-91, India and Russia - the main constituent of (the erstwhile) Soviet Union - had enjoyed robust
trade ties. In 1990, the Soviet Union was India's top goods exports destination with shipments to the tune of $2.9
billion, according to data from the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) software. In the list of nations from
where India imported goods, Soviet Union figured seventh in value terms with $922 million. Then in 1991, two
watershed moments happened - economic liberalisation was introduced in India, and the Soviet Union was
dissolved. In the following two-and-a-half decades, Russia remained India's strong politico-diplomatic and
defence partner like the erstwhile Soviet Union used to be. However, since 1990-91, India's trade underwent
further diversification and Russia is now not anywhere near the top in the list oflndia's trade partners. WITS data
showed that in 2015, India exported goods worth $1.6 billion to Russia, but had shipped more items in value
terms to 37 other countries. In 2015, India's imports from Russia were valued at $4.5 billion, but had imported
goods worth more than that from 23 other nations.
This slippage in trade is a huge demotion for Russia, considering that the erstwhile Soviet Union was among
India's leading trade partners. Worse still, India's goods exports in 2015 to Russia were worth just $1.6 billion as
against $40.3 billion during that year to the U.S. - which was India's leading export destination. Also, in 2015,
India's goods imports from Russia were worth only $4.5 billion as against $61.6 billion from China - which was
India's leading source of imports that year.
If one takes into account India's GDP of about $2 trillion and Russia's GDP of $1.3 trillion, it becomes clear that
their bilateral trade and investment ties are far below potential. Pointing out that India-Russia trade in 2015-16
amounted to about $6.7 billion, a concept note by the New Delhi-based think-tank Research and Information
System for developing countries (RIS) said while Russia comprised just I% of India's total trade, India accounts
for a minuscule 1.2% of Russia's overall trade.
India-Russia trade ties have been below-potential and lopsided (in favour of Russia) as it is primarily a buyer-
seller relationship and not one based on collaborations through investments, according to Pranav Kumar, Head
(trade and international policy), Confederation of Indian Industry. Besides, if the emphasis continues to be on
sectors such as defence, hydrocarbons and nuclear power, it would result in Russia gaining more, he added.
Therefore, he said, to ensure a balance, sectors such as IT/ITeS, pharmaceuticals and healthcare - where India
has considerable strength - should also be encouraged, apart from seeking Russian investments in India in areas
including defence manufacturing to push the 'Make In India' programme and in infrastructure and space
technology to take forward the Smart City and Digital India initiatives respectively.
What would also help in boosting bilateral ties is trading in local currencies, setting up pipelines for direct gas
delivery from Russia to India as well as operationalisation of the proposed $I-billion fund through India's
National Investment & Infrastructure Fund and the Russian Direct Investment Fund for investment in
infrastructure and technology projects.

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9. Select the most suitable central idea for the passage:

A] India- Russia friendship has been put at stake because of the increasing camaraderie of both the
nations with other countries.
B] The Inda-Russia partnership is at an all-time low in the seven decades of their bilateral relations,
and some concrete steps can and should urgently be taken to boost the same.
C] India- Russia trade ties have sunk below potential over all these years, and strategic steps need to
be taken to ensure perpetuation of bilaterally beneficial trade relationship
D] Trade ties form the content of bilateral ties in the modem world, and on that front India-Russia
need to do a lot.

A] India-Russia: a friendship lost
B] Russia: a forgotten trade partner?
C] India-Russia: an ill-fated story
D] None of these!
Please DO NOT ATTEMPT HOME SHEET-L2 unless you have got ~55 marks within the stipulated time.
lncase you have got less than 55 marks, please go to the topic in the concept-book, do the solved examples
again, practice the exercise and review the class-sheets before attempting HOME SHEET-L2.
This is important for you to find out your level in this topic and will help you immensely later in cracking the
CAT!

FOR CAT
English-RC
(Title & Theme)
HOME SHEET L2
Time: 30 minutes
This sheet will help you determine your final level in this topic.
Please ensure you are fresh and will have no distractions during the period of this exercise.
Please ensure you attempt this exercise in one go & within the time-limit.
At the end of the time-limit, please evaluate using the solutions provided & put your score and mark your
level accordingly on the cover page of this booklet & on the ADAPTIVE CARD given to you. This will ensure
you have taken another step towards cracking the CAT!
Passage 1
To the 17,000 passengers who choose to fly Jet Airways every day, there's very little evidence that there is
anything amiss. Ten years after it was set up, the airline still operates with clockwork precision. The planes arrive
on the dot, the ground staff is as efficient and chirpy as ever, and service on board is as impeccable as it has
always been. So it is not surprising that Jet rules the Indian skies with a 43.4% marketshare.
But unknown to most, India's favourite airline, the Rs 2,875.68-crore Jet Airways, is facing turbulence. During
the past 18 months, around 50% of its ground staff has quit. And Jet is regularly losing both cabin crew and
ground staff to better paying foreign airlines like Gulf Air. And as many as six senior expatriate heads of critical
functions have been terminated as a cost-cutting measure.
But this is just half the story. After 9/11, airlines all over the world saw a fall in the number of passengers and Jet
was no exception. Its problems were compounded by the fact that it had added 10 Boeing aeroplanes to its fleet
some time before that. As a result its passenger load factor (the percentage of capacity being utilised) fell below
60% in 2002-03, before gradually recovering to 63%. But even that was well below the break-even point of 75%
targeted for 2002-03. Earlier, an increase in fuel prices in 2001 had put margins under pressure and Jet had
incurred a loss of Rs. I 71 crore in 2001-02. In 2002, helped by a 10% growth in passenger traffic, sources say the
airline declared a cash profit. (Jet declined comment on its financials).
But that has not really taken the pressure off it. Sahara Airlines, promoted by Subrata Roy, has been extremely
aggressive. It has trebled its capacity in the last three years in a market facing a glut. What's more, it has taken on
Jet in its own game - service - with a series of innovations like on-board auctions (Bid and Win) and a new
airport-city bus service for all passengers. Sahara's marketshare today has gone up to 13% from a negligible 5-6%
three years ago.
So, can Jet's controversial founder and chairman Naresh Goyal keep Jet ahead? He was a successful general sales
agent (GSA) in the travel business when, in 1993, he patched together a deal with Kuwait Airlines and Gulf Air to
start an airline. In 10 short years he has turned it into a world-class carrier. To do so he acquired a fleet of modern
Boeing 737 aircraft and hired expatriate managers. A stickler for perfection, he instilled an obsession for it in the
fledgling airline. By 2000, Jet had ousted Indian Airlines (IA) from the number one slot and had achieved record
profits in 2000-01.
Goyal means different things to different people. His critics allege that he is merely a front man for several
prominent politicians - something Goyal has hotly denied. Former and current managers that BW spoke to
maintain that Goyal is the omnipresent boss. From stepping in to solve personal problems of the cabin crew to
buying aircraft - Goyal does it all. They describe him as an energetic and impatient man with a somewhat rustic
style of management. Says a Jet insider: "He is always on the phone, getting information, talking to people and

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taking charge. He is absolutely and completely involved in every aspect of the airline. Jet is a world-class airline,
thanks to his bold leadership."
The paradox is that this very leadership style that made Jet what it is today is now causing problems for the
airline. When the airline was smaller, it was possible for Goyal to manage most of business on his own. But now,
as Jet has grown, it is becoming difficult to do so. And Jet seems to be headed for a founder's trap: the leader who
created the business is now unable to let professional managers take over. And that's beginning to stifle growth. It
is not as if Goyal has not been able to bring in competent managers. His problem is retaining them. Jet is on its
third CEO in 10 years. The current chief, Wolfgang Prock-Schauer, joined in June 2003. His predecessor, Steve
Forte, left in December 2002 citing personal reasons. Executive director (commercial) Bram Stellar is on his way
out. Sources say neither of them could cope with Goyal's style of management.
So can Jet fly through the turbulence unscathed? That will depend a lot on whether it can find ways of competing
with the likes of Sahara and the crop of low-cost airlines waiting to take to the air. That, in turn, will partly
depend on whether Jet's 51-year-old chairman can change his leadership style.
In 1967, Goyal, then a fresh graduate, joined Lebanon International Airlines. In 1973, he became a GSA and a
successful one too. That business earned him his millions but no real recognition. That began to change in May
1993, when he set up Jet Airways. He announced his arrival with a banquet he hosted at the annual convention of
the Travel Agents Association of India. He was the perfect host as he went around making sure that all the plates
and glasses were full. Says a travel industry professional who attended that banquet: "That was Goyal' s finest
moment; you could see it on his face."
The GSA stint was crucial for Goyal for two reasons - it helped him acquire a native understanding of industry
and build a legendary network of contacts. Claims a former senior manager at Jet: "Naresh knows just about
everyone." Right through his career as a GSA, Goyal made sure he attended every IATA (International Air Travel
Association) meeting, no matter where in the world it was held. IA TA represented the airline interests in
international air fares. So its meetings were attended by those who mattered in the airline world. Says someone
who knows Goyal from that time: "After the day's work was done, Naresh would begin working the room. He
would identify the people he needed to know and then find some way to wiggle himself into that group."
Many of those relationships helped when he set up Jet. A long-time confidant is Ali Ghandour, former chairman
of the Royal Jordanian Airlines and an adviser to King Hussein of Jordan, now on the Jet board. Then there is Vic
Dungca, the executive vice-president of Philippine Airlines. In fact, unlike most Indian boards, the Jet board is
very involved in the company and Goyal often gets their opinion even on operational issues like route planning.
One of Goyal's best decisions was to hire expatriates for critical functions like flight operations, flight
engineering and service quality since he knew the kind of expertise he wanted was not available in India. At one
point, there were 20 expats working at Jet Airways. Even current CEO Prock Schauer, is from the Austrian
Airways and used to be the chairman of Star Alliance, one of the biggest airline groupings in the world. Says
Pradip Madhavji, former chairman of Thomas Cook: "Naresh gave people the airline they needed; not just what
they wanted."
In 1998, Goyal took an audacious decision. He bought 10 new Boeing aircraft - with the option to buy 10 more. It
was a gamble that paid off. From 1996 to 2001, Jet raced ahead, adding new routes. At 4 7 destinations, its
network is not as big as IA's (60-plus), but Jet covers most of the viable routes. Things would have surely gone on
to be nice, but for 9/11.

A] Jet: A winner airline B] Can Jet fly through?
C] Leading through transition D] Secret of Successful Leadership

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A] It's time for Naresh Goyal, in wake of the post 9/11 developments, to make more room for
enterprising new managers to stay and function in Jet.
B] Jet has been a signature success-story in the past ten years and with some planning and structural
adjustments, Naresh Goyal is likely to win against the competition and win over his employees.
C] The real acumen of Jet as an organisation and Goyal as an entrepreneur will be tested now, when
the competition has been heating up, traffic has dwindled, and oil-prices have escalated.
D] It's a case of the leadership style being put to test as Jet grapples with problems, both external and
internal, and Naresh Goyal looks at getting Jet's bottom-line straight after a gap of 2 years.
Passage 2
The WTO ministerial conference, which was critical for rapid recovery of the global economy, collapsed in
Cancun on Sunday, following the failure of delegates to bridge deep differences over agricultural, investment and
competition rules. Representatives of developing countries sought removal of distortions created in the global
farm market by the rich nations by elimination of export subsidies, cuts in domestic subsidies and bigger tariff
reductions by developed states so as to move towards 'free trade'. The North was accused of not sticking to its
promises made at Doha on agricultural issues, promises that have been on the agenda of trade talks for over 13
years.
The participants did not agree on how to dismantle $300 billion in subsidies that rich states pay their farmers. In
1994, the Uruguay round did limit doles to farmers, but caps were set so high that the US continues to enormously
increase farm subsidies. On the eve of the Cancun conference, the US and the EU made a declaration of intent to
cut farm subsidies but without specifying figures or deadlines. The concessions offered came too late and were
found to be too little. The South responded by refusing to negotiate on issues, first raised in 1996, relating to
cross-border investment, competition policies, trade facilitation and government procurement. . The developing
nations view these as a move to advance the interest of multinationals at the cost of their domestic industry.
The underlying principle at stake in farm and investment policies is non-discriminatory liberalization of
multilateral trade, based on clear, fair and effective rules. As former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan stated, the
WTO should abolish practices that keep the developing nations mired in poverty. The North has imposed tariffs
on imported farm products that are eight to 10 times higher than those levied on industrial goods. Tariffs are much
lower on items traded between developed nations as compared to the rates on imports from developing countries.
It has not been realized yet that an impoverished Third World cannot be a thriving market for the first world,
currently burdened with excess industrial capacity and sluggish domestic consumer demand. When countries are
afflicted with an economic slump or recession, they, like the US, tend to become protectionist, though it is
increased foreign trade that can pull economies out of crises. The truth is that the industrialized states, America in
particular, are trying to retain their dominant position in the world market instead of making genuine efforts to
reform the global economic system with the active cooperation of the entire international community.
As the Cancun deadlock indicates, multilateral organizations cannot work efficiently unless they are democratized
to give the Third World an effective say in the WTO, as also in the World Bank, the IMF and the United Nations.
The good point is that by shutting off or curbing access to developed markets, the industrialized states will
provide further impetus to South-South cooperation and regional trade. Such regional arrangements may soon
begin to cover nearly 75 per cent of the world trade. The North will have to accept the improved bargaining
position of the South led by the G-20 and the economic strength the developing nations have gained over the
years. Instead of pursuing self-serving policies in the global market, industrial countries should acknowledge that
world trade can grow only on the basis of each nation sticking to exports where it enjoys a national advantage.
It makes no sense, for instance, for Japan with huge trade surpluses to grow rice at an exorbitant cost. Cheaper
imports of rice from neighbouring states could enrich East Asia and place it in a better position to import Japanese

FOR CAT
cars and electronic goods. If the industrialized world does not provide an even playing field in trade to the
developing states, globalization will be retarded and there will be slower economic recovery that would benefit
neither the North nor the South.
A] Democratize WTO B] Developed versus Developing Nations
C] Trade Liberalization at Stake D] Strong show by South

A] The North will sooner or later have to accept that the economic interests of South can not be
subdued for long.
B] Free Trade is the route to world prosperity and by ignoring this principle, the developed world
would keep on running into troubles far greater than those encountered at Cancun.
C] Agriculture is the backbone of most developing nations' economies and the North should check
the irrational subsidies granted to its farmers, if the WTO negotiations are to sustain.
D] Protectionist behavior on part of the developed world has led to the current impasse, and the
democratization of institutions like the WTO seems the only way out.
Passage 3
Pakistan, indeed, has a split personality. A dualism in our life is most prominent in our education system. How
else would you describe a country which has 46 million adults who cannot read or write, and probably will never
be able to learn. On the other hand, only a few thousand children receive the best education in high quality
institutions with the best of facilities.
How would one explain this dichotomy in our education system? The problem has a long history behind it. With
no tradition or culture of learning, the Muslims of India never considered education to be something worth
investing in. How many universities did the great Mughal emperors leave behind along with the gardens and
mausoleums which dot the South Asian landscape?
Recognizing this fallacy in our approach, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan tried to make amends. But he failed to create a
grass-root culture which regards education as a birthright and an essential element for human dignity and growth.
As a result, education has always been a low priority sector in Pakistan. Before capitalism and the market place
gained unchallenged supremacy the world over, much to the detriment of the downtrodden class, it was widely
recognized that it is the government's responsibility to provide elementary education to the masses. This was the
case not just in the socialist states with their principle of looking after the welfare of their citizens from the cradle
to the grave. Even the fountainhead of capitalism - notably the United States invests substantially in its education
system. It knows that the marketplace thrives on competition and the only rule it recognizes is that of the survival
of the fittest. Hence the need to educate its people.
The Third World countries with limited resources were faced with a dilemma because they had to divert their
funds from other sectors if they wanted to invest in the schooling of their citizens. Still, Sri Lanka, Cuba and even
China (which after all began life as the People's Republic as a developing country) are some outstanding
examples and today have impressive literacy rates - 91.6, 96.7 and 85.2 percent respectively.
What did Pakistan choose to do? It set up commissions after commissions to prepare reports which were never
implemented. It also paid a lot of lip service to high sounding and noble ideas but never allocated more than 2.4
percent of its GNP (in 1988-89) to this sector. Today we spend I. 7 percent of our GNP on education when
UNESCO recommends at least four percent. As the country's macro-economic indicators and the GNP have
grown, the education budget has expanded in absolute terms. But this has not been translated into an expansion of
the school/college infrastructure because inflation and the monster of corruption have crept in to absorb these
nominal increases in the education budget.

mbaguru
FOR CAT
Today, the country has 162,200 primary schools 'educating' 19.5 million children. Of course many of these
institutions are 'ghosts' (the term coined in Pakistan to describe schools which exist only on paper) and obviously
their students are 'ghosts' too. By the time they reach the middle level (class VI) the enrollment figure dwindles to
3.9 million. Where do these drop-outs go? They lapse into illiteracy (presuming they had learned something of the
three 'R's during their brief stint in primary school) and when they are fifteen they will help inflate the pool of
adult illiterates in Pakistan. With the population growing at the rate of 2.6 percent per annum and the literacy rate
growth being under one percent, small wonder, the number of illiterates above 15 years of age in the country has
been mounting steadily.
It would not be fair to say that the government has not been worried by this dismal state of affairs. Nearly
everyone who matters and is in a position of authority speaks of his concern at the rot in the education sector. But
the solutions which are being devised hardly address the core issues. The immediate need is to make education
accessible and improve the quality of pedagogy and the school environment so that the children who are enrolled
have an incentive to stay on in school. It is important that they complete at least ten years of schooling. That is
long enough to give a person the basic knowledge and skills to enable him to improve his capabilities even if he
does not study any further.
The government's solution has been to induct the private sector into the field so that it shares the burden of this
all-important task of teaching the young. Given the contemporary trends, one cannot quarrel with this approach,
especially when many of the private institutions are known to be imparting education of a really high standard.
What is actually worrisome is that the government has used this strategy to start shedding off its own
responsibility, thus leaving the people with no choices.
The number of new primary schools being opened in the country has been on the decline. Only 800 were opened
last year when there was a time in the mid-nineties when as many as 5,000 or so new ones used to be set up
annually. Given the failure of the government schools to educate the children who enter their fold, the number of
children on their rolls has been falling. The private schools that have been encouraged are taking up a greater
share of the school enrollment. This is evident from the growing strength of their enrollment. According to
UNESCO's Education for All: Global Monitoring Report 2002, 34.8 percent of the children in primary schools in
Pakistan attend private schools. This is a very high rate when compared to other countries - US 11.6 percent,
India 17.9 percent, Iran 4.4 percent, and Sweden 3.4 percent.
Since the private sector schools, which offer better education, are costly, it is plain that a large chunk of the
population is deprived of worthwhile education. It is also obvious that a preponderant majority of those who make
it to the top have studied in private schools. It is time a survey was undertaken of the institutions of higher
learning to determine which schools their students attended.
The other day the Higher Education Commission released a list of institutions authorized to award degrees. It
gave the names of 103 and 49 of them are in the private sector. Many of these had been operating for a number of
years and have now been given a charter.
Thus the universities and institutes which have mushroomed in all major cities in response to the public need will
come to be regulated. But one wonders how the government hopes to keep academic standards in the universities
high if the base - that is, primary education - continues to be so weak and limited. From where will the
institutions of higher education have their intake?

A] The Education Problem in Pakistan B] The Necessity of Quality Education
C] Split Personality of Pakistan D] Education: Quality versus Quantity

mbaguru
FOR CAT

A] Pakistan is headed for a grave future if it continues to neglect primary education.
BJ The reason behind Pakistan's lagged performance in literacy is its history and the myopic attitude
of its leaders.
C] The massive schism between public and private education in Pakistan is rendering it a dual face
in human development, leading to low literacy rates and social divide.
D] Government will have to get its act together in pushing primary enrollments using public schools
as this important issue cannot be left totally to private sector, keeping in view the economic
realities.
Passage 4
Language has two primary purposes, expression and communication. In its most primitive forms it differs little
from some other forms of behavior. A man may express sorrow by sighing, or by saying "alas!" or "woe is me!"
He may communicate by pointing or by saying "look". Expression and communication are not necessarily
separated; if you say "look" because you see a ghost, you may say it in a tone that expresses horror. This applies
not only to elementary forms of language; in poetry, and especially in songs, emotion and information are
conveyed by the same means. Music may be considered as a form of language in which emotion is divorced from
information, while the telephone book gives information without emotion. But in ordinary speech both elements are
usually present.
Communication does not consist only of giving information; commands and questions must be included.
Sometimes the two are scarcely separable: if you are walking with a child, and you say "there's a puddle there", the
command "don't step in it" is implicit. Giving information may be due solely to the fact that the information
interests you, or may be designed to influence behavior. If you have just seen a street accident, you will wish to tell
your friends about it because your mind is full of it; but if you tell a child that six times seven is forty-two you do
so merely in the hope of influencing his (verbal) behavior. Language has two interconnected merits: first, that it is
social, and second that it supplies public expression for "thoughts" which would otherwise remain private. Without
language, or some pre-linguistic analogue, our knowledge of the environment is confined to what our own senses
have shown us, together with such inferences as our congenital constitution may prompt; but by the help of speech
we are able to know what others can relate, and to relate what is no longer sensibly present but only remembered.
When we see or hear something which a companion is not seeing or hearing, we can often make him aware of it by
the one word "look" or "listen", or even by gestures. But if half an hour ago we saw a fox, it is not possible to make
another person aware of this fact without language. This depends upon the fact that the word "fox" applies equally
to a fox seen or a fox remembered, so that our memories, which in themselves are private, are represented to others
by uttered sounds, which are public. Without language, only that part of our life which consists of public sensations
would be communicable, and that only to those so situated as to be able to share the sensations in question.
It will be seen that the utility of language depends upon the distinction between public and private experiences,
which is important in considering the empirical basis of physics. This distinction, in tum, depends partly on
physiology, partly on the persistence of sound-waves and light quanta, which makes possible the two forms of
language, speech and writing. Thus language depends upon physics, and could not exist without the approximately
separable causal chains which make physical knowledge possible, and since the publicity of sensible objects is only
approximate, language applying to them, considered socially, must have a certain lack of precision. I need hardly
say that I am not asserting that the existence of language requires knowledge of physics. What I am saying is that
language would be impossible if the physical world did not in fact have certain characteristics, and that the theory
of language is at certain points dependent upon a knowledge of the physical world. Language is a means of
externalizing and publicizing our own experiences. A dog cannot relate his autobiography; however eloquently he
may bark, he cannot tell you that his parents were honest though poor. A man can do this, and he does it by
correlating "thoughts" with public sensations.

mbaguru
FOR CAT
7. A suitable title for the passage could be:

A] Limitations of Communication
B] The Purposes of Language
C] Communication is more important than expression
D] Experiences are related to expressions
8. The apt theme underlying the passage is:

A] Language is essentially expressing and communicating.
B] Communication can take place without the aid of language.
C] Language comes with its own bindings and limitations.
D] A person ignorant in physics shows ignorance in language too.
Passage-5
I was in the room when President Bill Clinton decided to reappoint Alan Greenspan, a lifelong Republican
originally appointed by Ronald Reagan, as chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. A political adviser urged Mr.
Clinton to choose an administration ally, but that was never seriously considered. The president's choice was not
determined by party, or politics or ideology.
That's how it has been for decades: Federal Reserve chairmen and governors have been selected based on their
ability to serve the country. President Barack Obama reappointed George W. Bush's nominee, Ben Bernanke, as
chairman. President Reagan reappointed Jimmy Carter's nominee, Paul Volcker.
The Federal Reserve System was created by statute in 1913, but the independence of its monetary policy from
congressional or presidential influence is not codified by law - and it wasn't always inviolable. In recent years,
so-called reforms have been proposed to subject Fed monetary policy to congressional review, but its
independence has so far been preserved.
For good reason: An independent Federal Reserve led by governors who are committed to pursuing its dual
mandate of price stability and full employment, as well as effective regulation - and who make decisions based
on facts and analysis - is critically important to our economy, the well-being of the people and the market
credibility of Fed policy making.
But that independence is about to be severely tested. Daniel K. Tarullo stepped down from the Federal Reserve
Board last week, adding to the board's two existing vacancies. Instead of remaining as governors, Chairwoman
Janet Yellen and Stanley Fischer, the vice chairman, could step down when their terms expire next year. President
Trump has already said that he will not reappoint Ms.Yell en as chairwoman because she's not a Republican.
Mr. Trump could therefore fill as many as five of the board's seven seats within the next year. I fear that he may
appoint governors who lack a commitment to the Fed's dual mandate and will instead seek to please the White
House.
There could also be an effort to scapegoat the Fed if (or rather, when) the administration's unrealistic economic
growth estimates fail to materialize. The recent rejection of Congressional Budget Office health care estimates is a
troubling sign. The administration could use rigged economic projections to attack the Fed over its decisions,
rather than respecting its integrity and independence.
The Fed is not always right - no one can be OJ1 these matters. But it is staffed by, and the board consists of,
immensely capable professionals who work with absolute intellectual integrity. That's why the Fed's work is
highly and widely respected in the United States and around the world. This credibility keeps market interest rates
lower and liquidity greater. That, too, could change.

mbaguru
LEA0£R IN ADAPTIVE PREPARATION
FOR CAT
Efforts to denigrate the integrity of the Fed's work, and to inject groundless opinion, politics and ideology, must
be rejected by the board - and that means governors and other members of the Federal Open Market Committee
must be willing to withstand aggressive attacks.
In the short run, these attacks could occur if the Fed raises rates when the administration would prefer to avoid
impediments to its wishful thinking on growth or to the continued run-up of the stock market. The Fed is expected
to raise rates two or three times during the coming year, based on its widely shared view that unemployment is as
low as it can be without triggering inflation. There is undoubtedly still some room to bring those who have
dropped out of the labor market back in, but mainstream labor economists say not much, especially given the
skills gap.
The path to greater growth over time is productivity-enhancing policy. While a small fiscal stimulus might
increase real growth and wages, a highly expansive fiscal policy is very unlikely to meaningfully increase real
growth, and the rest of the effect is likely to be inflationary, absent countervailing Federal Reserve action. Waiting
until inflation gains momentum could force the Fed to take more dramatic action that could induce recession.
With the administration's unwillingness to appreciate these realities, Fed rate hikes could provoke political
backlash.
During my years as secretary of the Treasury, I had a weekly breakfast with Mr. Greenspan and Larry Summers,
the deputy secretary. We discussed everything under the sun, from the outlook for the United States economy to
the latest political gossip. But never once did Mr. Summers or I, even in the privacy of those meetings, raise
monetary policy, nor did anyone in the Clinton administration comment on monetary policy.
As a result, the Fed chairman knew that the White House would not try to advance an agenda on that policy. And
this trust enabled the Federal Reserve and the Treasury to engage fully with each other on other matters, such as
the Mexican and Asian financial crises. Sooner or later, there will be other financial crises - in the United States
and abroad- and maintaining a framework of trust for the Treasury and the Fed to work together is critical.
The administration's relationship to the Fed, and its appointment of governors, must be based not on politics but
on the same question every president ought to ask: Who and what will best serve our country?

A] Federal Reserve Under Threat
B] Don't Politicize the Federal Reserve
C] Trump's administration: A menace for the country
D] Flawed Policy Making
10. Select the most suitable central idea for the passage:
A] The path to greater growth for a country's economy over time is productivity-enhancing policy
B] Federal Reserve has an important role to play in price stability and full employment, as well as
effective regulation
C] The independence of Federal Reserve is crucial to maintenance of economic well-being and
credibility of policy making.
D] The new administration has threatened the existence of Federal Reserve, which is essential to the
well-being of economy and people.

11baguru
I.EADER IN ADAPTIY£ PREPARATION
FOR CAT
Passage-6
The matter is now under a judicial inquiry, but the resignation recently of a minister in the Kerala government
turns the spotlight once again on the tricky journalistic terrain of the sting operation. A new Malayalam television
channel, Mangalam TV, had debuted on March 26 with a splash. It broadcast an audio recording allegedly of the
then Transport Minister of Kerala, A.K. Saseendran, purportedly seeking sexual favours from a woman who had
come to him for assistance. Her end of the conversation was not put out, and the channel reported that it had got
the tape directly from the woman. Mr.Saseendran put up a defence imputing that all was not what it appeared on
the broadcast - but in the ensuing storm, resigned. Four days later, on March 30, the CEO of the channel went on
air to render an apology, presumably for misrepresenting matters, though we must await the inquiry report to get a
final picture of what transpired. The CEO, significantly, admitted that a woman journalist with the channel had
conducted the sting, suggesting this was in reality a kind of honey trap. As things stand, the CEO and eight other
Mangalam employees have been booked under sections of the Information Technology Act and the Indian Penal
Code. Mr.Saseendran, who had been the lone minister from the Nationalist Congress Party in the Left Democratic
Front government in Kerala, must wait out the inquiry process before making a bid to regain his portfolio.
The ethics of sting operations is among the most fiercely debated issues in journalism. And while different
jurisdictions and media groups around the world have varying guidelines on the subject, some things are generally
agreed upon. Any such operation that uses false pretences, with its necessary violation of the interviewee's trust
and privacy, must serve a larger public interest that far outweighs such violation. It also must be used as a last
resort, when there is no other means of acquiring the information sought, and must be the outcome of considerable
editorial deliberation. Stings were never intended to entrap or induce people into committing wrongdoing or, as
seems likely in this case, embarrassing themselves badly. Stings are an ethical minefield and it is imperative that
publications and broadcasters explain the vital public interest for conducting them. Journalists count on the
readers' - indeed the public's - goodwill to evade the establishment's potentially vindictive response to an
expose. A sting cannot be an excuse to grab eyeballs with prurient (and essentially private) content, or a shortcut
to make a point merely by shocking the reader or viewer. Doing so risks eroding that goodwill and leaving
journalists facing harsh charges, often deservedly so.
11. What is the central idea of the passage?

A] Journalists using sting operations to grab eyeballs with prurient content, or as a shortcut to make a
point merely by shocking the viewer deserve strong punishment.
B] Journalistic ethics mandate that publications and broadcasters explain the vital public interest for
conducting sting operations, failing which rightly exposes them to prosecution and public distrust.
C] A new Malayalam television channel, Mangalam TV, had debuted on with broadcast of an audio
recording of the Transport Minister of Kerala, A.K. Saseendran, seeking sexual favours from a
woman who had come to him for assistance.
D] Journalists involved in sting operations deserve harsh charges and public distrust.
12. The overall passage can best be described as a/an

A] Criticism B] Argument
C] Objective Analysis D] Comment

English: RC: ADAPTIVE: Topic Level SWOT

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If Score If Score in Home Sheet-LI < 55

Well done on taking

Score (+10 for right, -3 for wrong) 2: 66 >45 to 65 >23 to 45 Upto 23

1. Select the most suitable title for the passage:

Roots Education 2 ENS3

C] Too little and too late

2. Select the most suitable central idea/theme for the passage:

Roots Education 3 ENS3

3. Select the most suitable title for the passage:

4. Select the most suitable central idea/theme for the passage:

Roots Education 4 ENS3

Mohandas, Mandela, Martin.

A quick snapshot of the supposedly "Free World" today:

I. Select the most suitable title for the passage:

Roots Education 5 ENS3

2. Select the most suitable central idea/theme for the passage:

Roots Education 6 ENS3

3. Select the most suitable title for the passage:

4. Select the most suitable central idea/theme for the passage:

Roots Education 7 ENS3

5. Select the most suitable title for the passage:

6. Select the most suitable central idea/theme for the passage:

7. Select the most suitable title for the passage:

Roots Education 8 ENS3

8. Select the most suitable central idea/theme for the passage:

9. Which of the following best states the central idea?

Roots Education 9 ENS3

Roots Education 10 ENS3

VOCAB EXERCISE (Association Techniques)

1. Annihilate 11. Modicum

2. Besmirch 12. Nemesis

3. Debonair 13. Nape

4. Discombobulated 14. Opulence

5. Filial 15. Quotidian

7. Hortatory 17. Uxorious

8. Lassitude 18. Urchin

9. Limn 19. Vulpine

10. Mausoleum 20. Passe

Roots Education 11 ENS3

l. Select the most suitable title for the passage:

Roots Education 12 ENS3

2. Select the most suitable central idea/theme for the passage:

Roots Education 13 ENS3

3. Select the most suitable title for the passage:

4. Select the most suitable central idea/theme for the passage:

Roots Education 14 ENS3

5. Select the most suitable title for the passage:

6. Select the most suitable central idea/theme for the passage:

Roots Education 15 ENS3

8. Select the most suitable title for the passage:

Roots Education 16 ENS3

Roots Education 17 ENS3

9. Select the most suitable central idea for the passage:

10. Select the most suitable title for the passage:

Roots Education 18 ENS3

Roots Education 19 ENS3

1. Select the most suitable title for the passage:

Roots Education 20 ENS3

2. Select the most suitable central idea/theme for the passage:

Roots Education 21 ENS3

4. Select the most suitable central idea/theme for the passage: