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Voltage Harmonic Control of Z-Source Inverter For UPS Applications
Voltage Harmonic Control of Z-Source Inverter For UPS Applications
978-1-4244-1742-1/08/$25.00
c 2008 IEEE
discrete derivative can be compensated by adjusting the The reference for capacitor current iCref,D, iCref,E (2) is
leading angle J of resonant controller (1) for given easily obtained from voltage reference vref,D, vref,E (3) by
harmonic. The so called leading angle can change phase interchanging axes and thus obtaining 90O advanced
relation between input and output which can be adjusted reference angle. It should be noted that in current
due the fact that (1) is composed of two orthogonal reference definition capacitor value is included, but later
components. on is cancelled out as can be seen in Fig. 6, avoiding the
s cos(J ) Z sin(J ) (1)
C parameter uncertainty.
Hac( s ) K i
s2 Z 2
ªiC ,ref ,D º ª vref ,E º
The system delay is the same for all harmonics, but for «i » «v »>Z C @ (2)
each separate harmonic there is different compensation ¬ C ,ref , E ¼ ¬ ref ,D ¼
(leading) angle. Note, that with increased order of
harmonic the given leading angle is increasing. E.g. for ªvref ,D º ªcos(Zt )º
fundamental harmonic of 50Hz, one sample delay «v » « sin(Zt ) » vd ,ref (3)
(e.g.100us) is just 1.8 degree, but for 11th harmonics it is ¬ ref ,E ¼ ¬ ¼
almost 20 degree. In order to achieve high quality voltage
output the 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th harmonic must be
included. Without correcting the leading angle for the last
two harmonics the quality would be not satisfactory.
III. MODULATOR WITH SHOOT THROUGH STATES within the null intervals, at the beginning and end of
active states. The modulation is symmetrical (left and
ZSI uses modified modulation strategy that insert shoot right side of Fig. 3 is the mirror image). This way of
through states into standard space vector modulation, sequencing inverter states also ensures a single device
SVM [4]. These shoot-through states boost the dc link switching at all transitions and also allows
capacitor voltages and can be placed instead the null simultaneously use of shoot through states
states without altering the normalized volt-sec average
voltage. The duration of each active state in a switching
cycle is kept the same as in traditional SPWM. Therefore, The reference signals of the inverter legs for upper and
the output waveform will still be kept sinusoidal. The lower transistors are shown on Fig. 4. Very important
generation of switching signals is shown in Fig. 3. implementation detail is that during the saturation
(usually transients), the highest priority is given to the
The first shoot through interval TST/3 is inserter shoot through states (Fig. 5), so the active states are
between two active states (common point of a and b line clamped first. This allow boost up the voltage first and
in Fig. 3). The active states are left/right shifted then the modulation index can come back to not saturated
accordingly by TST/6 with their time intervals kept level.
constant, and the remaining two (most left and most
right) shoot-through states (TST/3) are lastly inserted
2008 13th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE-PEMC 2008) 673
Fig. 3. Generation of switching signals, with shoot through states (red).
TST VCAP
L 30PH
'I MAX
674 2008 13th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE-PEMC 2008)
The AC voltage output relation is, vpeak,phase=M B VDC
where M is the modulation index. Therefore, to minimize
the voltage stress for any given voltage gain, we have to
maximize the range of modulation index M by using as
much of available DC link voltage and leaving enough
time for shoot through state. Defining the shoot through
duty ratio by DST = TST/T resulting that during normal
operation.M+DSTd1 In case of using boost property,
minimum voltage stress appears for M+DST=1. Fig. 8. Duty ration of modulation signal, when voltage harmonic
A discrete-time PI voltage controller based on algorithm is enabled.
trapezoidal method of approximation is used to regulate Figure 8 shows the controller output modulation in
the average voltage of DC-link, VC2 (Fig. 6). It is phase A and B which is given to SVM. The visible
important to include the wind up protection, thus limiting ripples are cancelling the influence of rectifier current on
the maximum shoot through duty ratio. output filter. Because the goal is to achieve sinusoidal
voltage, they compensate voltage droop over a filter
inductance. The blue line shows the 1/3 of the shoot
through time, so this explain why modulation index at
peaks is not reaching one, summing up gives,
0.65 + 3 * 0.11 = 0.98.
2008 13th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE-PEMC 2008) 675
are directly connected to the gate drivers enabling shoot-
through. The capacitor over voltage protection act in two
steps. First the transistor which damp the power to the
resistor is activated, secondly if the voltage is still
increasing and pass certain level the signals to the drivers
are cut down. The protection circuit is visible on the right
side of the board at Fig. 10.
676 2008 13th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE-PEMC 2008)
In both cases the supply voltage is 80 V, and the minimum load, the diesel could run with lower speed,
reference output peak voltage is 100V. The boost factor is saving the fuel, and the required AC voltage would be
25%. The three phase rectifier output is connected still achieved. It can be used for renewably energy
parallel to 4700 PF capacitor and to 25 : load resistor. sources where is need for small boost up capability but it
should not exchange transformers where is need for high
boost up (like PV generation). In practice to comply with
standards for EMI radiation it can be problem since large
amount of components is under high dV/dt.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1] Fang Z. Peng ”Z-Source Inverter” IEEE Transaction on Industry
Application, Vol. 39, No. 2, March/April 2003.
[2] Arkadiusz Kulka, Tore Undeland, Vazquez S., Franquelo S.
“Stationary Frame Voltage Harmonic Controller for Standalone
Power Generation” Proceedings of EPE 2007 Aalborg/Denmark.
[3] Fang Zheng Peng, Miaosen S.,Zhaoming Q, “Maximum Boost
Control of the Z-Source Inverter” IEEE Transaction on Power
Electronics, Vol. 20, No. 4, July 2005.
[4] Poh Chiang Loh, D. Mahinda Vilathgamuwa, Yue Sen Lai, Geok
Tin Chua and Yunwei Li
“Pulse-Width Modulation of Z-Source Inverters” IEEE
Transaction on Power Electronics, Vol. 20, No. 6, November
Fig. 14. Inverter output voltage where no load is applied, the boost 2005.
ration is 300 %, the voltage harmonic cancellation is disabled. The [5] Miaosen Shen, Alan Joseph, Jin Wang, Fang Z. Peng1, Donald J.
reference output voltage is set to 240 V peak, the source is 80 V. Adams “Comparison of Traditional Inverters and Z-Source
Inverter for Fuel Cell Vehicles” IEEE 0-7803-8538-1, 2004.
[6] Jacek Rabkowski “The bidirectional Z-source inverter for energy
With very high boost ratio (the dc-link voltage three storage application” Proceedings of EPE 2007, Aalborg/Denmark.
times higher than available supply voltage) the second [7] Jin-Woo Jung, Ali Keyhani “Control of a Fuel Cell Based Z-
order effect is easily visible. Due to harmonics coming Source Converter” IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, Vol.
22, No. 2, June 2007.
from the shoot through state, even when the reference is
[8] Poh Chiang Loh, Feng Gao, Pee-Chin Tan, Frede Blaabjerg
set to sinusoidal the output voltage is distorted. The “Three-Level AC-DC-AC Z-Source Converter Using Reduced
maximum available ST time is used in Fig. 14 (3.2 Ps). Passive Component Count” IEEE 1-4244-0655-2, 2007.
Experiments measurements shows that operation of Z- [9] Arkadiusz Kulka, Tore Undeland “Double Frame Virtual Flux,
Voltage Sensor-less Algorithm for Three Phase VSC in
source inverter with high boos ratios (higher than 2) are Unbalanced Condition – Experimental study” unpublished.
inefficient. The voltage harmonic cancellation algorithm
can be enabled, improving significantly the voltage shape
but with increased nonlinear load current the shape will
be distorted quickly. In other words, with higher output
voltage (high boost factor) less current can be drawn. The
current capacity can be improved by increasing the ST
time. Increasing the ST time is not feasible since the
maximum transistor current can be reach and redesign of
inductor would be required.
VII. CONCLUSION
This paper has presented a Z-source inverter for
implementing UPS or stand alone power generation
system. It can boost the input voltage by a practical factor
1.5 to 2 not scarifying the efficiency, reducing cost and
minimized component count. The voltage and current
transistor class for Z-source inverter must be higher
compared to VSI of the same rated power. For the high
boost ratios (>2) the efficiency compared to standard VSI
with boost stage is lower. The boost property can be vital
where the input voltage is not changing in wide range and
can decrease with the load. Example is the draining
battery of UPS, or variable speed PM generator where for
conventional VSI would be lack of DC link voltage. It
can be used in variable speed diesel based systems where
the speed changes would be in the range of 2. At
2008 13th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE-PEMC 2008) 677