Power electronics

Yoseph Mekonnen

Page 1
Inverter

Page 2
 Power Inverter
Power Inverter is an electronic devices that changes
Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC).
The AC output voltage is of desired magnitude and
frequency.
The Output voltage can be fixed or variable frequency.
A variable output voltage can be found by varying the
input DC voltage and maintaining the gain of the inverter
constant. On the other hand varying the gain of the
inverter (PWM) with constant input variable output voltage
is possible
The gain can be found by dividing the output (ac) to the
input (dc) Voltage.

Page 3
 Inverter Application
Some Application Area

PV Based Power Supply

Wind turbines
Variable Frequency Drives
Uninterruptible Power Supply
Induction heater
HVDC Power Transmission

Page 4
 String Inverter
They are Small Inverters in 1-12 kW size range and they
are intended for residential and small commercial
application.
Usually single phase and contain 1-6 parallel connected
strings.

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 Utility Scale Inverter
Mostly used for high power Application

Page 6
 Inverter Switches
Examples

Page 7
 Basic Type of Inverter
Single Phase
Half Bridge Inverter
Full Bridge Inverter

Three Phase
120 degree Conduction Mode Inverter
180 degree Conduction Mode Inverter

Page 8
 Half Bridge Inverter
The following figure shows a half bridge inverter.
It has two switches operating one after the other.
The Capacitors has equal magnitude hence share the same
voltage.
The output polarity is from a to o.

Page 9
 …Contd..
The analysis of the DC-AC inverters is done taking into
account the following assumptions and conventions:
The current entering node a is considered to be positive.
The switches Q1(S1) and Q2(S2) are unidirectional, i.e. they
conduct current in one direction.
The current through Q1 is denoted as i1 and the current
through Q2 is i2.

Page 10
 …Contd..
The switching sequence is so design that switch S1 is on
for the time duration 0<t<T1 and the switch S2 is on for the
time duration T1<t<T2.
When switch S1 is turned on, the instantaneous voltage
across the load is:
Vo=Vdc/2
When switch S2 is turned on, the instantaneous voltage
across the load is:
Vo=-Vdc/2

Page 11
 …Contd..
Voltage and Current Wave Forms

Page 12
 Analysis
The r.m.s value of output voltage:

The instantaneous output voltage Vo can be expressed in

Fourier series as:

Due to the quarter wave symmetry along the time axis a

and an are zero. The value of bn is given by:

Hence

Page 13
 …Contd..
The current through the resistor ( iL ) is given by:

For n1, the r.m.s value of the fundamental component is:

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Half Bridge DC-AC Inverter with L and R-L Load
Inductive Load

For an inductive load, the load current cannot change

immediately with the output voltage.

Page 15
 …Contd..
Working Principle
Case 1:
In the time interval 0<t<T1 the S1 is on and the current
flows through the inductor from points a to b.
When the switch S1 is turned off at t=T1, the load current
would continue to flow through the capacitor C2 and diode D2
until the current falls to zero.

Page 16
 …Contd..
Working Principle
Case 2:
In the time interval T1<t<T2 the S2 is on and the current
flows through the inductor from points b to a.
When the switch S2 is turned off at t=T2, the load current
would continue to flow through the capacitor C1 and diode D1
until the current falls to zero.

Page 17
 …Contd..
The current for purely inductive load is given by:

Similarly, for the R-L Load. the instantaneous load current

is obtained by dividing the instantaneous by the total
impedance Z=jwnL+R and becomes:

The angle is found from:

Page 18
 …Contd..
The fundamental output power for a fundamental current
Io1 is given by:

P01  V01 I 01 cos1  I 01 R, 1  0, or tan  (L )
2

2 R

I most applications the output power due to the

fundamental current is generally the useful power and the
power due to harmonic current is dissipated as heat and
increase the load temperature.
DC Supply Current
For Lossless inverter:
T T

 V (t )I (t )dt   V (t )I
0
s s
0
o o (t )d

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 DC Supply Current
From This current can be driven:
T T

 V (t )I (t )dt   V (t )I
0
s s
0
o o (t )d

For inductive load with high switching frequency the load

current is nearly sinusoidal hence the fundamental
component of the ac output voltage provides power to the
load: Because dc voltage remains constant Vs(t)= Vs
T T
1 Vo1
0 I s (t )dt  Vs 
0
2Vo1 sin(wt ) 2 I o sin(wt  1 )dt  I s 
Vs
I 0 cos(1 )
peak
rms 
Where 2

V01 is the fundamental rms output voltage

I0 is the rms load current
θ1 is the load angle at the fundamental frequency
Page 20
 Performance Parameters
Practically DC to AC conversion do not give pure AC wave
forms.
There are Harmonics present in the final output.
The quality of the output waveform is determined by the
following performance Parameters. 2

 Harmonic Factor
1.5

Total Harmonic Distortion

0.5

Voltage (V)
0

Distortion Factor
-0.5

-1

Lowest Order Harmonic

-1.5

-2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time (s) x 10
4

2
Voltage (V)

-2

-4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time (s) x 10
4

Page 21
 …Contd..
Harmonic factor of the nth harmonic (HFn)

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

Measures the “closeness” in shape between a waveform
and its fundamental component

Page 22
 …Contd..
Distortion Factor (DF)
The DF indicates the amount of HD that remains in
particular waveform after the harmonics of that wave form
have been subjected to a second order attenuation (Filter).
Thus DF is a measure of effectiveness in reducing
unwanted harmonics without having to specify the values of
a second-order load filter and defined as:
2 1/ 2
1  
 V0 n  
DF     2  
V01 n 2,3,... n  

The DF of individual component

V0 n
DFn  2 2
for n  1
V01n

Page 23
 …Contd..
Lowest Order Harmonic (LOH).

The LOH is that harmonic component whose frequency is

closest to the fundamental one, and its amplitude is greater
or equals t0 3% of the fundamental component.

See Example 6.1 in M. Rashid book

Page 24
 Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter
Consists of:
Four switches
Four Freewheeling diodes
The positive flow is from node a to b

Page 25
 Single Phase Bridge DC-AC Inverter with R
Load
The analysis of the single phase DC-AC inverters is done
taking into account following assumptions and conventions:
The current entering node a is considered to be positive.
The switches are unidirectional, i.e. they conduct current in one
direction.

Page 26
 …Contd..
When the switches Q1 and Q2 are turned on
simultaneously for a duration 0<t<T1 , the input voltage
appears across the load and the current flows from point a
to b.
 If the switches Q3 and Q4 are turned on for a duration
T1<t1<T2, the voltage across the load is reversed and the
current through the load flows from point b to a.

Page 27
 …Contd..
vao
Vd/2
p
VS/2 D1 -Vd/2
+ T1 T3 Vd/2
vbo
C1
VS a D3 -Vd/2
vab
o b VS

D4 i0
+ -VS
D1 D3
VS/2 C2 T4 D2 T2 i0
D2 D4
D1
D2
T1
T3
n T2
T4
Single-Phase Full Bridge Inverter T/2 T/2
Full bridge inverter typical voltage and current wave
forms (inductive load)

VS/2 D1
+ T1 T3 During this time load VS/2 D1
C1 + T1 T3
VS a D3 current increases from zero C1
o b VS a D3
i0 to its positive peak. o b
+
D4 i0
VS/2 C2 T4 D2 T2 +
D4
During this time load
VS/2 C2 T4 D2 T2
current decreases from
Single-Phase Full Bridge Inverter
(quadrant I) peak to zero. Single-Phase Full Bridge Inverter
(quadrant II)

VS/2 D1
+ T1 T3 VS/2 D1
C1 During this time load + T1 T3
VS a D3 C1
o b current increases from zero D3
to its negative peak.
VS o
a b
D4 i0
+ D4 i0
VS/2 C2 T4 D2 T2 +
During this time load VS/2 C2 T4 D2 T2
Single-Phase Full Bridge Inverter current decreases from its
(quadrant III) Single-Phase Full Bridge Inverter
negative peak to zero. (quadrant IV)

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 …Contd..
The Wave Form

Page 29
 …Contd..
The instantaneous output voltage can be expressed in Fourier
series as:

Due to the square wave symmetry along the x-axis both ao and
an are Zero. The remaining term bn become:

Hence the output Voltage Becomes:

The instantaneous resistive load current becomes

Page 30
Single Phase Bridge DC-AC Inverter with R-L Load
The instantaneous Current

Page 31
 Three Phase Inverter
Three Phase Inverter is divided into two:

1. Two Leg Simultaneous Conduction

 It is called 120 degree conduction mode inverter
 Each switches conduct for 120 degree before
commutation
 Two switches conduct together for 60 degree only

2. Three Leg Simultaneous Conduction

 It is called 180 degree conduction mode inverter
 Each switches conduct for 180 degree before
commutation
 Three switches conduct together for 60 degree only

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Three Phase Inverter Skeleton
Ideal and SCR Switch Inverter BJT and MOSFET Switch Inverter

Page 33
 …Contd..
From the power circuit point of view all versions of the
skeleton inverter of are identical.
In each case the frequency of the generated voltages
depends on the frequency of gating of the switches and the
waveforms of the generated voltages depend on the
inverter switching mode.
The waveforms of the associated circuit currents depend
on the load impedances.
An invariable requirement in three phase systems is that
the three-phase output voltages be identical in form but
phase displaced by 120 electrical from each other.
A voltage source inverter is best suited to loads that have
a high impedance to harmonic currents, such as a series
tuned circuit or an induction motor.
Page 34
 …Contd..
For the purpose of voltage waveform fabrication it is
convenient to switch the devices of sequentially at intervals
of 60 electrical or one-sixth of a period.
The use of a DC supply having equal positive and negative
voltage values +Vdc or –Vdc is common.
The zero point of the dc supply is known as the supply
zero pole.

Page 35
Two Simultaneously Conducting Switches
If two switches conduct at any instant, a suitable
switching pattern is defined for no-load operation or equal
impedance Z .
The devices are switched in numerical order, and each
remains in conduction for 120 degree electrical.
Phase voltages VAN, VBC, and VCN consist of rectangular
pulses of height Vdc.

Page 36
 …Contd..
Two Leg Simultaneous Conduction

Page 37
 …Contd..
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3
S1 and S6 On S1 and S2 On S2 and S3 On

Period 4 Period 5 Period 6

S3 and S4 On S4 and S5 On S5 and S6 On

Page 38
 …Contd..
Consider This Switching Table

First Period:
0<wt<60 degree
S1 and S2 are On

Page 39
 …Contd..
Consider This Switching Table

Second Period:
60<wt<120 degree
S2 and S3 are On

VAN  0
VBN  Vdc
VCN  I L R  Vdc
VAB  Vdc

Page 40
 …Contd..
Consider This Switching Table

Third Period:
120<wt<180 degree
S3 and S4 are On

Page 41
 …Contd..
Consider This Switching Table

Forth Period:
180<wt<240 degree
S4 and S5 are On

VAN  I L R  Vdc
VBN  0
VCN   I L R  Vdc
VAB  Vdc

Page 42
 …Contd..
Consider This Switching Table

Fifth Period:
240<wt<300 degree
S5 and S6 are On
VAN  0
VBN  I L R  Vdc
VCN   I L R  Vdc
VAB  Vdc

Page 43
 …Contd..
Consider This Switching Table

Sixth Period:
300<wt<360 degree
S6 and S1 are On
VAN   I L R  Vdc
VBN  I L R  Vdc
VCN  0
VAB  2Vdc

Page 44
 …Contd..
Wave Form
Voltage Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6
VAN -Vdc 0 +Vdc +Vdc 0 -Vdc
VBN 0 -Vdc -Vdc 0 +Vdc +Vdc
VCN +Vdc +Vdc 0 -Vdc -Vdc 0
VAB -Vdc +Vdc +2Vdc +Vdc -Vdc -2Vdc
VAC -2Vdc -Vdc +Vdc +2Vdc +Vdc -Vdc
VBC -Vdc -2Vdc -Vdc +Vdc +2Vdc +Vdc

Page 45
 …Contd..
Wave Form
Volt Perio Perio Period Period Period Period
age d 1 d 2 3 4 5 6
VAN -Vdc 0 +Vdc +Vdc 0 -Vdc
VBN 0 -Vdc -Vdc 0 +Vdc +Vdc
VCN +Vdc +Vdc 0 -Vdc -Vdc 0
VAB -Vdc +Vdc +2Vdc +Vdc -Vdc -2Vdc
VAC -2Vdc -Vdc +Vdc +2Vdc +Vdc -Vdc

VBC -Vdc -2Vdc -Vdc +Vdc +2Vdc +Vdc

Page 46
 …Contd..
For each interval it is seen that the load current during
conduction is:

Page 47
 …Contd..
The fundamental (supply frequency) component of the
phase voltages has a peak value 1.1Vdc with its origin
delayed by 90
.

Page 48
 …Contd..
Fundamental Component

Page 49
 …Contd..

With a firing pattern of two simultaneously conducting

switches the load voltages are not retained with inductive
load.
Instead, the load voltages become irregular with dwell
periods that differ with load phase-angle.
Because of this, the pattern of two simultaneously
conducting switches has only limited application

Page 50
 Three Simultaneously Conducting Switches
A different load voltage waveform is generated if a mode
of switching is used whereby three switches conduct at any
instant.
Once again the switching devices conduct in numerical
sequence but now each with a conduction angle of 180
electrical.
At any instant of the cycle three switches with
consecutive numbering are in conduction simultaneously.

With equal star-connected resistors the current

conduction patterns of are true for the first three 60
degree intervals of the cycle.

Page 51
 …Contd..
Consider This Switching Table

First Period:
0<wt<60 degree
S2, S3 and S4 are On

Page 52
 …Contd..
Consider This Switching Table

Second Period:
60<wt<120 degree
S3 , S4 and S5 are On

Page 53
 …Contd..
Consider This Switching Table

Third Period:
120<wt<180 degree
S4, S5 and S6 On

Page 54
 …Contd..
Consider This Switching Table

Fourth Period:
180<wt<240 degree
S5, S6 and S1

Page 55
 …Contd..
Consider This Switching Table

Fifth Period:
240<wt<300 degree
S5, S6 and S1

Page 56
 …Contd..
Consider This Switching Table

Sixth Period:
300<wt<360 degree
S1, S2 and S3

Page 57
 …Contd..
The load voltage waveforms obtained with star-connected
resistive load are:
The phase voltages are seen to
be different from the
corresponding no-load values
(shown as dashed lines), but the
line voltages remain unchanged.

Page 58
 …Contd..
No Load Wave Form

Page 59
 …Contd..
It can be seen by inspection in Fig.that the fundamental
frequency component of VAN (wt) is in time phase with it,
so that:

Page 60
 …Contd..
VAB

Page 61
 …Contd..
The fundamental components of the load voltages, show
that, as with a three-phase sinusoidal system, the line
voltage leads its corresponding phase voltage by 30
. The rms value of phase voltage VAN (wt) is found to be:

Waveform VAN (wt) for 180 degree conduction has a

slightly greater fundamental value than the corresponding
of 120 degree conduction. The switching mode that utilizes
three simultaneously conducting switches is therefore
potentially more useful for motor speed control
applications.

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