Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media

Individual work format

Pablo Madera A.
Group 31
1102854640

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2021 16-01
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. A transmission line is a material structure of uniform geometry used to
efficiently transport radio frequency energy from one point to another.
2. Input Impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛:
It is emitted by a generator and is understood as the ratio between total
voltage and total current. (Transmission Lines: Input Impedance, s.f.).
There are variations of the electrical wave at any point of a transmission line,
because of the wave’s characteristics. The intrinsic impedance of the material
and the charge impedance had a variation too, and it affects the relation
between the voltage and the current. The line position of the voltage, as a total
voltage, and the current one, as a total current, has a relation known as Input
impedance.

Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.

The VSWR of an AIS transponder is a measure of the level of stationary waves
present in the antenna cable (feeder). Stationary waves are signals that are
not irradiated to the air by the antenna(load), but reflected by the cable to the
transponder (source). In an ideal world, all the power sent to the antenna
would be transmitted through the air to other vessels, but this is only possible
if the source impedance (AC resistance), feeder and load are identical (50
ohms).

Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.

Length is a fundamental physical magnitude (while it cannot be defined in
terms of other measured magnitudes) created to measure the distance
between two points, that is, to measure a dimension (when the length you
want to measure is in the second dimension is called width). If the distance is
measured in the vertical, the length is usually called altitude, and the
separation between the two points, height; In addition, there is the concept of
depth, which is the altitude at which a point is located with respect to a
horizontal plane measured below that plane.

3. It´s a graphic tool who indicates the complex impedances in a transmission

line, in order to calculate some impedances with the parameters the graphic
has. It is intended to facilitate that calculations in a line with a certain length,
because of the complex terms in those parameters.
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that ¿ corresponds to the
group number and CCC to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:
Geometric parameters: a=0.1 mm b=10 mm t=( 31+10 ) μm=41 μm
6
Conductor properties: (conductivity) σ c =4.3 x 10 Sm/m

Sm /m ϵ r =2.3 μr =1
−10
Properties of the insulator: σ d=1 x 10

Applied signal frequency: f =640 KHz=640000 Hz

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

The depth of penetration of the wave into the conductor is given by…
1
δ p=
√ π × f ×σ c × μ 0
1
δ p=
√ π ×640000 Hz × 4.3 x 106 Sm/m × 4 π ×10−7
δ p=3.034 × 10−4 m
Low Frequency
δ p >a

R=
1 1
+
(1
π σ c a 2 bt
2 )
R=
1
π ×4.3 × 10
(
1
6 Sm (0.0001 m)
2
+
1
2 ( 0.01m ) ( 0.000041m ) )
m
R=7.50Ohm /m
2π σd
G=
ln ( ba )
2 π ×1 x 10−10 Sm /m
G=
ln (
0.01m
0.0001m )
Sm
G=1.364 × 10−10
m

L=
μ0
2π [ ( )]
1+ln
b
a

[ ( )]
−7
4 π ×10 0.01m
L= 1+ ln
2π 0.0001m
 L=1.121034 × 10−6 Hm
2 π ×ϵ
C=
ln()b
a
ϵ=ϵ r ϵ 0
−12 −11
ϵ=2.3× 8.85 ×10 =2.04 × 10
−11
2 π ×2.04 × 10
C=
ln( 0.01 m
0.0001 m )
−11
C=2.78 ×10 F /m
 b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters
α , β , γ ∧Z 0 .

Calculate γ

γ= √( R+ jωL)(G+ jωC )
ω=2 π × f
γ=α + jβ

√
γ= ( ( 7.50 ) + j [ 2 π × ( 6.4 ×10 ) ] ( 1.121034 × 10 ) )( ( 1.364 ×10 ) + j [ 2 π × ( 6.4 ×10 ) ] 2.78 ×10 )
5 −6 −10 5 −11

γ=0.0153804130678+ 0.0272027849952i
Np
α =0.0153804130678
m
β=0.0272027849952 Rad/m

Z 0=
√ R+ jωL
G+ jωC
 Z 0=
√ ( ( 7.50 ) + j [ 2 π × ( 6.4 ×105 ) ] ( 1.121034 × 10−6 ) )
( ( 1.364 ×10−10 )+ j [ 2 π × ( 6.4 ×105 ) ] 2.78 ×10−11 )
Z 0=243.5838754689737−137.721558249082 iOhm

c. Calculate the propagation velocity V p, the wavelength λ and the

attenuation α dB / Km.

Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.

Calculate velocity 𝑉𝑝

ω
V p=
β

2 π × ( 6.4 × 105 )
V p=
0.0272027849952
 V p=147824518.60368314385m/s

Calculate the wavelength 𝜆

2π
λ=
β
2π
λ=
0.0272027849952
λ=230.98 m

Calculate the attenuation

α dB / Km=−8.68× α
α dB / Km=−8.68× 0.0153804130678 Np /m
α dB / Km=−0.1335 dB/m

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning
of the value obtained for V p, λ and α dB / Km.
2. A Z o=75 Ω lossless transmission line has a Z L =35− j 75 Ω. If it is 31 m long and
the wavelength is 640 mm, Calculate:
a. Input impedance Z¿ .

L
l=
λ
31 m
l=
0.64 m
l=48.4375

Z L + j Z 0 tan ( 2 πl )
Z¿ =Z 0
Z 0 + j Z L tan ( 2 πl )

( 35− j75 Ω )+ j75 Ω tan2 π (48.4375 m)

Z¿ =75 Ω
75 Ω+ j(35− j75 Ω)tan 2 π ( 48.4375 m)
Z¿ =107.7632−145.5060 iOhm

b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

Z L −Z 0
Γ=
Z L +Z 0
( 35− j 75 Ω )−75 Ω
Γ=
( 35− j75 Ω ) +75 Ω
Γ =0.069−0.634 i
Γ =0.63845−83.78°

c. VSWR.

VSWR=1+ ¿ Γ ∨ ¿ ¿
1−¿ Γ ∨¿ ¿
1+|0.63845|
VSWR=
1−|0.63845|
VSWR=4.5317
 Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
 * You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning
of the value obtained for Z¿ , Γ and VSWR.
3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the
transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software to check the results
obtained in point 2.
a. Input impedance Z¿ .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ .
c. VSWR.

Video link

URL: https://youtu.be/R9eYI7KcTm0
 References

 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston:

Academic Press, (pp. 525-551). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://searc
h.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_525
 Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012). Microwave
Transmission Line Circuits. Boston: Artech House, (pp. 23-68).
Recovered from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=753581&lang=es&site=eds-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23
 Hierauf, S. (2011). Understanding Signal Integrity. Boston: Artech
House, Inc. Chapter 6, 7, 11. Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=345692&lang=es&site=eds-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49
 Impedance Matching Networks. (2001). Radio-Frequency & Microwave
Communication Circuits, (pp. 146-188). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aci&AN=14528229&lang=es&site=eds-live