EPIDEMIOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE TRANSMISSION SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS NOTES

TROPISM

P. FALCIPARUM: HUMAN CYCLE (ASEXUAL):

IN ORDER OF MOST COMMON EXO-ERYTHROCYTE STAGE: -TRAVEL HISTORY
REMEMBER
PLASMODIUM
-TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS
SPOROZOITES FROM MOSQUITO -> DEVELOP INTO A SCHIZONT IN LIVER CELLS TO LEAST:
ASYMPTOMATIC (INCUBATION PERIOD)
SPOROZOITES ONLY
AKA MALARIA -RBCs OF ALL AGES
-> MEROZOITES RELEASED AFTER SCHIZONT BURSTS THE CELL -> MEROZOITES -SYMPTOMS
INFECT LIVER CELLS
-MULTIPLE MEROZOITES CAN INFECT RBCs AND DEVELOP INTO A IMMATURE TROPHOZOITE AKA RING STAGE -MOSQUITOE BITE ERYTHROCYTIC STAGE:

INFECT A SINGLE RBC

TROPHOZOITE
-BLOOD TRANSFUSION
MALARIA PAROXYSM -BLOOD SMEAR
REMEMBER
THEY CAN NOW CHOOSE ONE OF TWO PATHS -SYRINGE SHARING
CYCLE OF FEVER FOLLOWED BY A THICK-> PRESENCE
MEROZOITES ONLY
P. MALARIAE: -1-> MATURE TROPHOZOITE IN RBCs -> SCHIZONT IN RBCs -> MEROZOITES -CONGENITAL (RARELY)
SYMPTOM-FREE PERIOD
THIN-> MORPHOLOGY/SPECIES
INFECT RED BLOOD
-TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS
RELEASE -> MORE RBC INFECTION AND DEVELOPMENT INTO RING STAGE (FALCIPARUM MAY NOT EXHIBIT CELLS
-LESS COMMON
TROPHOZOITE
MANIFESTATION AND CLASSICAL PAROXYSM)

-OLDER RBCs
-2-> GAMETOCYTE -> MOSQUITO CYCLE
SEVERITY DEPENDS ON:
AS OF OCTOBER 6TH
-GENETICS
PATHOGENESIS:
2021 WHO APPROVED A
P. VIVAX: MOSQUITO CYCLE (SEXUAL):
-AQUIRED IMMUNITY (I CAN FEVER OCCURS AS AN RESULT OF MALARIA VACCINE. THIS
-WORLDWIDE EXCEPT FOR GAMETOCYTES -> MICROGAMETE + MACROGAMETE = ZYGOTE -> ZYGOTE COMFIRM)
IMMUNE RESPONSE WHEN MEROZOITES IS HISTORICAL NOT
REALLY COLD PLACES
BECOMES ELONGATED AND MOTILE NOW ITS AN OOKINETE -> MATURES INTO -NUTRITION
ARE RELEASED EVERY 48-72H CYCLE
ONLY BC OF HOW MANY
-RETICULOCYTES
OOCYST IN THE MOSQUITO STOMACH -> SPOROZOITES RELEASED AFTER -OVERALL HEALTH LIVES IT WILL SAVE BUT
-CAN REMAIN DORMANT IN LIVER OOCYST BURST -> SPOROZOITES MOVE TO MOSQUITO MOUTH -> HUMAN CYCLE
ITS ALSO THE FIRST
CELLS AS HYPNOZOITE
PARASITIC VACCINE
“EXO-ERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE” AKA LIVER CYCLE

P. OVALE: SPOROZOITE->SCHIZONT->MEROZOITE -> END

-WEST AFRICA

-RETICULOCYTES
“ERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE” AKA RBC CYCLE

-CAN REMAIN DORMANT IN LIVER MEROZOITE->RING STAGE TROPHOZOITE->MATURE TROPHOZOITE-> SCHIZONT-

CELLS AS HYPNOZOITE
>MEROZOITE -> RING STAGE TROPHOZOITE -> …

“SPOROGENIC CYCLE” AKA MOSQUITO CYCLE

GAMETOCYTE->ZYGOTE->OOKINETE->OOCYST->SPOROZOITE-> END

WORLDWIDE
SPOROZOITE FROM TICK-> ENTERS THE RBCs AND DEVELOP INTO -TICK BITE -MILD CHILLS
-SYMPTOMS

BABESIA
TROPHOZOITES AND THEN MEROZOITE -> END
-BLOOD TRANSFUSION -FEVER

TROPISM TO RBCS -HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA

-BLOOD SMEAR

UNLIKE MALARIA BABESIA CANT DEVELOP INTO GAMETOCYTES IN HUMANS SO -JAUNDICE

WE ARE A “DEAD END HOST”

-HEPATOMEGALY

RESERVOIR: USUALLY DEER, ALSO HUMANS

VECTOR: TICK

TOXOPLASMOSIS WORLDWIDE BUT OBVIOUSLY INGESTED OOCYST OR CYST-> BURST INTO TACHYZOITES AND GOES TO NEURAL -INGESTING CAT FECES CONGENITAL:
SEROLOGY
MOST OF THE
ASSOCIATED WITH HAVING CATS
AND MUSCLE TISSUE-> DEVELOP INTO TISSUE CYST BRADYZOITES CONTAINING OOCYST
-ABORTION 1-5%
POPULATION IS SERO
-SERIOUS EYE/BRAIN DAMAGE 8-10%
IDENTIFICATION OF PARASITE IN POSITIVE ITS ONLY
TROPISM TO NEURAL AND -INGESTING RAW OR -LESSER EYE/BRAIN DAMAGE
BIOPSY MATERIAL (CSF OR REALLY A PROBLEM IF
MUSCLAR TISSUE UNCOOKED PORK OR SHEEP 10-13%
BLOOD) (RARELY) YOU PLAN ON HAVING A
CONTAINING CYST IN THEIR -DELAYED ONSET EYE/BRAIN DAMAGE (NON BLIND-RETARDED)
MEAT
70%
KID OR IF YOU’RE
IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
-ORGAN TRANSPLANT OR NORMAL PATIENT:

BLOOD TRANSFUSION
-FLU-LIKE SYMPTOMS

-CONGENITAL TRANSMISSION
IMMUNOCOMPROMISED:

-PARASITEMIA

-ACCIDENTAL INOCULATION -CYST FORMATION IN ORGANS (USUALLY

OF TACHYZOITES SOME EYE OR BRAIN)

OTHER WAY

WORLDWIDE ESP TROPIC AND HUMAN STAGE:

SANDFLY BITE CUTANEOUS LEISH:
-HISTORY
PROMASTIGOTE FOR
LEISHMANIASIS
SUBTROPIC
PROMASTIGOTE FROM SANDFLY -> DEVELOP INTO AMASTIGOTE AFTER GETTING SMALL SELF-LIMITED SKIN LESIONS FLIES

PHAGOCYTOSED -> AMASTIGOTE BURST CELL AND GO ON TO INFECT MORE (MOST COMMON)
-SYMPTOMS
AMASTIGOTE FOR
TROPISM TO :
PHAGOCYTES
HUMANS

CL -> SKIN
-IDENTIFICATION OF
MCL-> NOSE MOUTH THROAT
SANDFLY STAGE:
VL -> RES (MACROPHAGES IN
ALL TISSUES ESP LIVER SPLEEN
AND BONE MARROW)
MUCOCUTANEOUS LEISH:
SMALL SKIN LESIONS METASTASIZE TO ORGANISMS IN THE LESION LEISHMANIA DONAVANI
MOSQUITO BITES AND INGESTS MACROPHAGED AMASTIGOTE -> AMASTIGOTE THE NOSE, MOUTH AND THROAT IS THE MOST
TURNS BACK INTO PROMASTIGOTE CAUSING SORENESS
IMPORTANT
SUBSPECIES IT CAUSES
VISCERAL LEISH:
VISCERAL LEISHMANIA

INFECTION OF THE WHOLE

RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM
(DEADLY)
 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE TRANSMISSION SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS NOTES
TROPISM

TRYPANOSOMA AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMA HUMAN STAGE:

BITE FROM TSETSE FLY
ACUTE STAGE:
SLEEPING SICKNESS:

(SLEEPING SICKNESS):
METACYCLIC TRYPOMASTIGOTE FROM FLY-> MULTIPLY BY BINARY FISSION -> -IRREGULAR FEVER
-HISTORY OF TRAVEL

BRUCEI -T. BRUCEI RHODESIENENSE

DEVELOPS INTO TRYPOMASTIGOTE -HEADACHE
-IRREGULAR FEVER

AKA TSE-TSE DISEASE -T. BRUCEI GAMBIENSE

CHRONIC STAGE:
-ENLARGED LYMPH NODES

FLYSTAGE:
-LYMPHATICS AND CNS INVASION
-MENTAL SYMPTOMS

MOSQUITO BITES AND INGESTS TRYPOMASTIGOTE -> DEVELOP INTO -CNS INVASION LEADS TO ->
PROCYCLIC TRYPOMASTIGOTE AND MULTIPLIES -> DEVELOPS INTO MENINGOENCEPHALITIS (APATHY, TESTS:

EPIMASTIGOTE -> FURTHER DEVELOPS INTO METACYCLIC TRYPOMASTIGOTE CONFUSION, MOTOR CHANGES, -SEROLOGY

CONVULSIONS, COMA, DEATH)

-TRYPANOSOMES IN BLOOD/
CSF/LYMPH NODE ASPIRATE

TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI AMERICAN TRYPANOSOMA

-KISSING BUG FECES ACUTE STAGE (1-4 MONTHS):
TRYPANOSOMES IN BLOOD/
(CHAGA’S DISEASE):
CONTAINING PARASITES
-ASYMPTOMATIC (EXCPET FOR KIDS)
BONE MARROW/SKIN LESION
AKA CHAGAS DISEASE -T. CRUZI -BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS
ASPIRATE
-TRANSPLACENTAL ROUTE INTERMEDIATE PHASE (10-30 YEARS):

-SEROPOSITIVE BUT PARASITE IS STILL

LATENT

CHRONIC PHASE:

-HEART ANOMALIES (ARRHYTHMIAS,

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE,
THROMBOEMBOLISM)