Chemistry Lab Report

Q3 Final Assessment

Group 2

1102

Created By:

Mersey Mcfadden (Mersey)

Natkrittar Maswongwiwat (Yok)

Pattaramon Srisuchat (May)

Thitaya Yongphiphatwong (Eng)

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Table of Content

Abstract 3

Introduction 4

Objectives 8

Material and Method 8

Result 11

Discussion 15

Conclusion 20

Error/Suggestion 20

References 21
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Abstract

The goal of this lab is to use a titration approach to resolve an unknown

concentration of acidic and basic solution, Hydrochloric acid with Sodium Hydroxide. To

determine the unknown concentration, we used the formula M 1V 1= M 2V 2. We

employ two different sorts of indicators in this experiment: Phenolphthalein and

Bromothymol Blue. When phenolphthalein reaches the endpoint, its color changes from

translucent to light pink, and bromothymol blue turns from yellow to green. The color is

only there for a few seconds before reverting to its original color. In this report, we will

give the overview of the experiment, as well as the general information. We would also

provide you with the objectives. Then, we will dive into the material needed and also the

result of the experiment. Lastly, we will talk about the conclusion and the suggestion for

error. According to the result of the titration lab between NaOH and HCI, by using the

Phenolphthalein as an indicator, the concentration of HCI is 0.081 M. When using

Bromophenol blue as an indicator, the concentration of HCI is 0.041 M.

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Introduction

First off, let’s go over the basic terminology. Titrant is a solution in a buret with a specified

concentration. Titration is used to determine volume. The analyte is the solution in the flask, which has an

unknown concentration but a volume determined by pipetting. Indicator is the chemical that can change

color when pH is changed. When the indicator begins to change color, this is the end point.

The point at which acid and base have entirely interacted and neutralized is known as the equivalent

point.

Now let’s focus on the definition of acid and base. Any hydrogen-containing material capable of

transferring a proton (hydrogen ion) to another chemical is classified as an acid. A base is a molecule or

ion that can take a hydrogen ion from an acid and accept it.

The properties of acids and bases can be classified into many categories. To illustrate, bases taste

bitter whereas acids taste sour. Both acids and bases are conductors of electricity. Litmus can be used as

an acid-base indicator. It will turn blue in the presence of base solutions and red in acid solutions. Another

key property of acids and bases is that a basic solution contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions.

In comparison, an acidic solution contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions. (“Acid and Bases”,

n.d.)

There are three different theories that are used to define bases and acids. Firstly, we have the

Arrhenius model. An acid is a substance that contains hydrogen and generates H+ ions in a solution,

whereas a base is a substance that contains a hydroxide group and generates an OH– ion in its solution,

according to the Arrhenius theory of acids and bases. Secondly, An acid is a proton donor, while a base is

a proton acceptor, according to the Bronsted-Lowry theory. In short, acid gives out H+ whereas base
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accept H+. Thirdly, acids are electron-pair acceptors, and bases are electron-pair donors, according to the

Lewis definition of acids and bases.(“Acid and Bases”,n.d.)

A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs when an acid and a base react

quantitatively to produce salt and water as products. Chemical titration is a method for determining

unknown acid or base concentrations by determining their neutralization point. We utilize a pH indicator

or a pH meter to detect the point when the neutralization occurs.(“Neutralization Reaction”, n.d.) An

example of neutralization would be sodium chloride and water are formed by hydrochloric acid and

sodium hydroxide.

(“Acid-Base Titrations”,n.d.)

Titration is a technique for determining the concentration of a solution that is unknown. When

titrating hydrochloric acid with NaOH solution, phenolphthalein is utilized as a reference.

Phenolphthalein is colorless and clear in acidic solution, but becomes pale pink with a pH of roughly 8.

(basis pH). In addition, the solution turning pink indicates that the acid has been neutralized. As more

NaOH is added to the solution, the color of the solution will darken to a darker pink. Bromothymol blue

serves the same purpose, however it measures pH in a different range. At pH 6-8, the solution begins to

turn blue, and at pH 8 and above, it turns totally dark blue.

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There are 4 main types of titration techniques, firstly we have acid-base titration. A standard

solution of a base can be used to assess the acid's strength. Acidimetry is the name for this procedure.

Alkalimetry, on the other hand, is a method of determining the strength of a base using a standard acid

solution. The neutralizing process of an alkali is involved in both titrations. Secondly, we have redox

titration. The chemical reaction occurs in this form of titration when electrons are transferred between

reacting ions in aqueous solutions. Thirdly, Precipitation titration is based on the production of an

insoluble precipitate when two reacting chemicals are brought into contact. Fourthly, At an equivalence

point, a complexometric titration is performed in which an undissociated complex is created. (“Types of

Titration”, n.d.)

When acidic or alkaline solutions are applied to indicators, the color of the substance changes. In

the laboratory, indicators such as litmus, phenolphthalein, and methyl orange are all routinely used. In

acidic solutions, the litmus indicator solution turns red, and in alkaline solutions, it turns blue. In neutral

solutions, it turns purple. Phenolphthalein is an indicator, meaning it changes color when it comes into

contact with an acid or a base. When it comes into contact with anything basic, such as ammonia, it turns

purple; when it comes into contact with an acid, such as vinegar, or a neutral material, such as water, it

remains colorless. Methyl orange has a clear and distinct color variance at different pH values, methyl

orange is an often used pH indicator in titration. In an acidic medium, methyl orange turns red, while in a

basic condition, it turns yellow.(“What is Methyl Orange?”,n.d.)

The equation “M​1V​​1=​M​2V​​2” is used to compute the concentration of a known substance.In

order to determine a compound's concentration. The aforementioned formula must be used. To begin, we

must determine the volume of two solutions. And a single solution concentration. The variable is then

solved using algebraic methods.

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Finish off with the pre lab questions. You will know that the titration is finished one the solution

changes its color and it remains the same for at least 30 seconds. Focusing on the pH scale,

(“What does it mean to have a neutral pH”, 2020)

You will notice that an acidic solution is between 0-6 whereas the basic solution will range between 8-14.

It is observed that 7 would be the neutral state. The equivalent point is where acid and base are

completely reacted, neutralized. The equivalence point is 7, for the case of strong acid and strong base

titration. (“strong acid and strong base titration”, n.d.) The neutralization that occurs between

hydrobromic acid and lithium hydroxide are as following;𝐻𝐵𝑟(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐿𝑖𝐵𝑟 + 𝐻₂𝑂(𝑙)

Take this equation and assume a scenario that it takes 16.73mL of a 0.253 M LiOH solution to neutralize

10.00mL of HBr, find the concentration of 10.00mL of HBr. We will use the equation that I have

mentioned above to solve this, 𝑀1𝑉1 = ​𝑀​2𝑉​2.

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Objectives

First of all, the experiment's goal is to show the fundamental laboratory method of titration and to

study regarding calculating molarity based on titrations. Moreover, the student can use an analytical

method to discover an unknown concentration in a sample. Finally, the last objective is to explain the

difference between an “endpoint” and an “equivalence point” in an acid-base titration.

Material and Method

4.1 Chemical

- NaOH solution

- Phenolphthalein

- Base solution

- Acid solution

- Sodium hydroxide solution

- Bromophenol blue

4.2 Instrument / glassware / equipment

1. Funnel

2. Beaker

3. Buret

4. Titrant

5. Wate beaker

6. Stocpcock

7. Bullet tips
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8. Volumetric pipette (Dropper pipette)

9. Erlenmeyer flask (Conical flask)

10. pH measurement

4.3 Instruction

At least two titrations/indicators will be performed. If you use too much base and the solution

turns too bright pink, you'll have to throw out the results and start over. You'll also need to do

further titration if your titrations differ by more than 1%.

4.4 Flow chart

1. Write down the molarity of NaOH on the data table

2. Take 100 mL of NaOH solution and then put it in a clean beaker.

3. After that you have to use a funnel to pour 5 ml of the base solution from the beaker to the buret.

Then, move the funnel around while adding so that the buret is coated with base. Another way is

to remove the buret with the 5 mL of titrant from the buret stand. Next, tilt & rotate to coat all of

the inner surface with the titrant. Lastly, you have to drain the solution into a waste beaker via a

stopcock.

4. Repeat this rinse procedure with a second 5 mL section of base

5. Pour NaOH solution until it reaches the 0.00mL in the buret. Allow several drops to rinse through

the tip of the buret by opening the stopcock. The early action should ensure that an air bubble

does not exist in the bullet tip.

6. Record the initial buret reading for trial number 1, the volume is allowed to not be exactly 0.00

mL.

7. Draw 10mL of the acid solution by using the volumetric pipette and then put it into an Erenmeyer

flask.

8. Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein into the acid solution in the flask
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9. Begin adding base solution into the Erlenmeyer flask by placing the flask under the buret. A

student must swirl the flask when the other control the stopcock

10. While the pink color starts to appear, slowly add the solution. Increase one drop at a time and

swirl until a very light pink color appears for at least 30 seconds, the lighter the better.

11. Write down the final reading of the buret. Wash the contents of the flask down the drain with

water.

12. Add more sodium hydroxide solution to the buret if it is necessary. Then, record the new volume

under trial 2 on the data sheet. Pour another sample of acid by using pipette and add the

phenolphthalein and titrate as it used to add.

13. Proceed additional titrations until two of them differ by more than one

14. Continuously repeat step 5 by using bromophenol blue as an indicator.

15. Finish the data sheet, post-lab questions, and also do not forget to demonstrate the work.
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Result
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Explanations

- From the equation HCl+NaOH -> NaCl+H2O. shows that the acid to base mole ratio is 1:1 so the

number of mole of acid and mole of base are the same.

- Concentration of sodium hydroxide is used to find moles of base and acid.

- Phenolphthalein changes clear solution into light pink and Bromophenol blue changes yellow(pH

less than 3) to blue( when pH more than 4.6).

- Do both Phenolphthalein and Bromophenol two trials to get the average concentration and to

make less error in the data and calculation part.

- The initial buret volume of trial 2 (both Phenolphthalein and Bromophenol) are the same as final

buret volume of trial 1 because we use from trial 1 after that we check the remaining and then use

them for trial 2. Ex phenolphthalein Trial 1 ( 17-33.2) Trial 2 ( 32.2-49.5). Bromophenol

blue:Trial 1( 0.5-8.5) Trial 2 (8.5-17.2)

- The numbers of average concentration make sense because both trial 1 and 2 do not have big

differences so the average will be in the middle of them.

- The results of trial 1 and 2 do not have big differences, so this proves that the results are accurate.

- Ph of phenolphthalein shows that it is not a strong base because 7 is neutral and 8 is a little more

than neutral. Ph of Bromophenol blue shows that it is an acid and is much more stronger than

phenolphthalein

- The volume of base comes from the final buret volume - initial.

- Numbers from the top of the table are used to find the number of other sections.

- concentration of phenolphthalein is 0.08125m and bromophenol blue is 0.04175m

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Discussion

According to the lab, we know that the titration is finished at the end point. The end point is

shown by the final drop of the base at which the indicator displays a color or change in color. The

indicators are Phenolphthalein and Bronophenol blue. Phenolphthalein displays pink. Bromophenol blue

displays blue.

The Phenolphthalein displays pink, when pH is 8 or more. The Bromophenol blue changes from

yellow to green at about 3-4, and displays blue at pH higher than 4. If the solution starts to change color,

we know that we have exceeded the equivalence point. The result of the lab suggests that the pH of the

end point is 8 for Phenolphthalein and 3.8 for Bronophenol blue. Comparing those data, the results from

the lab match with the known information.

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For an accurate result, there should not be residual water into a beaker when measuring out the

standardized sodium hydroxide solution. Water would affect the concentration of sodium hydroxide and

affect its pH value. Therefore, the result would not be accurate.

To calculate the molarity of the acid, let take this for example:

Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid (CH3COOH) in water. For quality control purposes, it can be titrated

using sodium hydroxide to assure a specific % composition. If 25.00 mL of acetic acid is titrated with

9.08 mL of a standardized 2.298 M sodium hydroxide solution, what is the molarity of the vinegar?

𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝐻2𝑂 + 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎

From the equation, we know that the ratio is 1:1, so the number of moles are equal.

𝑚𝑜𝑙
The concentration is equal to the number of mole divided by the volume in litres, 𝑀 = 𝐿

Rearrange the equation, we will have 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 𝑀𝑉 , where 𝑉 is the volume (𝐿)

Given that

𝑉𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 = 25 𝑚𝐿 = 0. 025 𝐿

3

𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 9. 08 𝑚𝐿 = 0. 00908 𝐿

𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 2. 298

The ratio of mole is 1:1, therefore 𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑀𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻𝑉𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻

3 3

𝑀(0. 025) = (2. 298)(0. 00908)

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𝑀 = 0. 834

From the example above, we can apply the same strategy to the data taken from the titration lab.

Calculation

Concentration of sodium 𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2𝑂

hydroxide = 0. 05 𝑀

Phenolphthalein Bronophenol blue

Initial buret volume (mL) 17 33.2 0.5 8.5

Final buret volume (mL) 33.2 49.5 8.5 17.2

Volume of base (mL) 33. 2 − 17 49. 5 − 33. 2 8. 5 − 0. 5 17. 2 − 8. 5

To find the volume, 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 = 16. 2 𝑚𝐿 = 16. 3 𝑚𝐿 = 8 𝑚𝐿 = 8. 7 𝑚𝐿

Subtract the initial volume

from the final volume.

Volume of base (L) 16. 2 ÷ 1000 16. 3 ÷ 1000 8 ÷ 1000 8. 7 ÷ 1000

To find the volume in L, = 0. 0162 𝐿 = 0. 0163 𝐿 = 0. 008 𝐿 = 0. 0087 𝐿

divide the volume in mL by

1000.

Moles of base (mol) (0. 0162)(0. 05) (0. 0163)(0. 05) (0. 008)(0. 05) (0. 0087)(0. 05)
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𝑚𝑜𝑙 −4 −4 −4 −4
𝑀 = 𝐿
. = 8. 1 × 10 = 8. 15 × 10 = 4 × 10 = 4. 35 × 10

To find mole of base, 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 𝑀𝐿

Mole of base is the product

concentration 𝑀 and volume

𝐿.

Acid to base mole ration According to the equation, 𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2𝑂, the

mole ratio between 𝐻𝐶𝑙 and 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 is 1:1 ratio.

Moles of acid (mol) = 8. 1 × 10

−4
= 8. 15 × 10
−4
= 4 × 10
−4
= 4. 35 × 10
−4

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Because the mole ratio

between acid and base is 1:1,

the mole of acid is equal to

the mole of base.

Volume of acid (L) 0. 01 𝐿 0. 01 𝐿 0. 01 𝐿 0. 01 𝐿

Volume of acid is given, 10

mL. To find 10 mL in L,

divide by 1000. It is the same

in every trial.

10 ÷ 1000 = 0. 01
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Acid concentration (M) 8.1 × 10

−4 −4
8.15 × 10 4 × 10
−4 −4
4.35 × 10
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 = 𝐿

= 0. 081 𝑀 = 0. 0815 𝑀 = 0. 04 𝑀 = 0. 0435 𝑀

Average concentration (M) 0.081+0.0815 0.04+0.0435

2 2

To find average concentration,

= 0. 08125 𝑀 = 0. 04175 𝑀
add two trials together and

divide by 2.

pH 8.0 3.8

Conclusion

According to the result of the titration lab between NaOH and HCI, by using the Phenolphthalein as an

indicator, the concentration of HCI is 0.081 M. When using Bromophenol blue as an indicator, the

concentration of HCI is 0.041 M.

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Error/Suggestion

- There might be an error in dropping the solution because it might have some human error. The

suggestion is to take a video when dropping the solution, so you can check later where the

solution in the Erlenmeyer flask turns to light pink.

- The calculation part can have less error by letting all the members do the calculation. Members

can compare answers with each other.

- There might be a big gap between the trial1 and two. The suggestion is to record the numbers

before continuing doing the next one.

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References

Admin. (2020, October 28). Neutralization reaction - definition, equation, Examples &
Applications. BYJUS. Retrieved March 17, 2022, from
https://byjus.com/chemistry/neutralization-reaction/

Admin. (2021, October 7). Types of titration (titration chemistry) - acid-base, redox, precipitation,
& complexometric titration chemistry. BYJUS. Retrieved March 17, 2022, from
https://byjus.com/chemistry/types-of-titration/

Admin. (2022, January 24). Acids and bases - definition, examples, properties, uses with Videos &
faqs. BYJUS. Retrieved March 17, 2022, from
https://byjus.com/chemistry/acids-and-bases/

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Litmus definition & meaning. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved March 17,
2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/litmus

Performing Titrations. (n.d.). Harper College. Retrieved March 17, 2022, from
http://dept.harpercollege.edu/chemistry/chm/100/dgodambe/thedisk/labtech/titrate.htm#:~:t
ext=During%20the%20course%20of%20the,is%20called%20the%20equivalence%20point

Titrating sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid. (n.d.). Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved
March 17, 2022, from
https://edu.rsc.org/experiments/titrating-sodium-hydroxide-with-hydrochloric-acid/697.arti
cle