Co2+ CoS Black

Mn2+ MnS Flesh colour

Zn2+ ZnS Dirty white
V (NH4)2 CO3 in presence of NH4OH Ba2+ BaCO3 White
Ca2+ CaCO3 White
Sr2+ SrCO3 White
VI Na2HPO4 in presence of NH4OH Mg2+ MgNH4PO4 White

EXPERIMENT – 3
Aim :- To analyse the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radicals [(NH4)2 CO3]
Preliminary Investigation
Physical State Solid
Colour White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ , Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+absent)
Odour Ammonium smell (may be NH4+)
Solubility Soluble in water
Flame Test No Characteristic flame (Pb2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ , Ba2+,
Zn2+ absent)

(A) Identification of Acidic Radical

(a) Preliminary test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt solution + dil H2SO4 Colourless, colourless gas with brisk Group A anion (CO32- may be
effervescence which turn lime water present)
milky

Confirmative test :
1. BaCl2 Test : Salt solution + White ppt of BaCO3 CO32- Confirmed
BaCl2
2. MgSO4 Test : Salt solution + White ppt of MgCO3 CO32- Confirmed
MgSO4

(B) Identification of Basic Radical

a) Preliminary Test
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt Solution + NaOH+ Heat Smell of NH3
2. Place a red litmus on the mouth of Red litmus turns blue
test tube.

Zero group present NH 4 may be 
Confirmative test
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Nessler’s reagent test : Salt + Reddish brown ppt. is formed 
NH confirmed.
4
Solution + NaOH + Nessler’s Reagent
2. NaOH test : Smell of NH3
Salt Solution + NaOH + Heat. Dense white fumes of NH4Cl are
Bring a glass rod dipped in conc. HCl formed. NH 4 Confirmed.
Chemical Reactions : -
Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test :-
1. NH 4 2 CO3  H 2 SO4 NH 4 2 SO4  CO2 ↑ H 2O
2. Ca(OH ) 2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H 2O
Confirmative Test
1. BaCl2 Test :
(NH ) CO
4 2 3 + BaCl 2 → BaCO3 ↓+2 NH 4Cl
2- MgSO4
NH 4 2 CO3  MgSO4  MgCO3  ( NH 4 ) 2 SO4

(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 2

2. Basic Radical
(a) Preliminary Test :-

1. NH 4 2 CO3  2NaOH  Na2CO3  2H 2O  2NH 3 

NH3+ Red litmus ----- Litmus turns blue
(b) Confirmative test :-
1. Nessler’s Test :
K2HgI4   2KI + Hg I2
(Nessler’s Reagent)
HgI2 + NH3   NH2HgI + HI
2NH2HgI + H2O   NH2
/
Hg
\
O + NH4I
/
Hg
\
I
2. NaOH Test
NH 4 2 CO3  2NaOH 
 Na2CO3  2H 2O  2 NH 3 
NH 3 ↑ HCl 
 NH 4Cl ( Dense white fumes )
Result : The given inorganic salt contains following
Acidic Radical : - CO32-
Basic Radical : NH 4

EXPERIMENT – 4
Aim : To analyse the given salt of acidic and basic radical (NH4Cl)
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : white (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+ absent)
Odour : Ammonium smell ( NH 4 may be present)
Solubility : Soluble in water
Flame Test : No characteristic flame (Cu2+, Ca2+, Ba2+,Sr2+,Pb+2 , Zn2+absent)
(A) Identification of Acidic Radical
a- Preliminary test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 solution No gas is evolved Group A anion
(CO 2-
3 , CH 3COO- , NO - 2 , SO32- , S 2- , absent )
2 Salt + Conc H2SO4 + Heat Colourless gas with Group B anion (Cl- may be)
Bring a glass rod dipped in NH4OH pungent smell which
gives dense white fumes
of NH4Cl
(b) Confirmative Test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 AgNO3 test : Salt Solution + Curdy white ppt Cl- confirmed
AgNO3.
Dissolve the ppt in NH4OH White ppt soluble in
NH4OH
2 Chromyl chloride Test: Reddish orange gas Cl– confirmed
a) Salt + Solid K2Cr2O7 (1:2) is evolved
+ conc. H2SO4 + Heat
b) Pass these vapour through Solution be comes
NaOH yellow
c) Add acetic acid and lead Yellow ppt of lead
acetate to yellow solution chromate is formed.
(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 3
Identification of Basic Radical
Preliminary Test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + NaOH + Smell of Ammonia Zero group (NH4+)
Heat May be
2 Place a red litmus on the Red litmus turns
mouth of test tube blue
Confirmative Test:

Experiment Observation Inference

1 Nessler Test: Salt solution + NaOH + Reddish brown ppt is NH4+ Confirmed
Nessler’s reagent formed
2 NaOH Test : Salt Solution + NaOH + Heat Smell of NH3 NH4+ Confirmed
Bring a glass rod dipped in dil HCl
white dense fumes of
NH4Cl are formed
Preliminary Test :
→(NH 4 )2 SO4 + 2HCl
Heat
2 NH 4Cl + H 2 SO4
NH 4OH + HCl → NH 4Cl + H 2O
(White dense fumes)
Confirmative Test :
AgNO3 test NH 4Cl + 2 AgNO3 → 2 AgCl ↓+ NH 4 NO3
(Curdy white ppt)
AgCl  NH 4OH 
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ] Cl  2H 2O
(Diammine silver (I) Chloride)
Chromyl Chloride Test :
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 
 K2SO4+2Cr2O3 + H2O
2NH4 + H2SO4  (NH4)2SO4+ 2HCl
CrO3  2 HCl 
 Cr2O2Cl2   H 2O
(Vapour )
CrO2Cl2  4 NaOH 
 Na2CrO4  2 NaCl  H 2O
(Sodium Chromate (Yellow Solution)
dit.
Na2 CrO4  Pb(CH 3COO) 2  PbCrO4  CH 3COONa
CH3COOH
(Lead Chromate)
Chemical Reaction for Basic Radical
Preliminary Test :

NH 4Cl  NaOH 
 NaCl  H 2O  NH 3 
NH3+ Red litmus ----- Litmus turns blue
Confirmative Test :
Nessler’s Test : K2HgI4  2KI+ HgI2
HgI2 + NH4 
 NH2 HgI + Hl
2NH2HgI + H2O 
 NH2 +NH4I
/
Hg
\
O
/
Hg
\
I (Iodide of millon base)
NaOH Test :
NH4Cl + NaOH 
 NaCl + H2O + NH3 (g)
(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 4
NH3 + HCl 
 NH4Cl
(Dense white fumes)

Result : The given inorganic salt contains

Acidic Radical Cl–
Basic Radical NH4+

EXPERIMENT – 5
Aim : To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical. Pb(NO3)2

Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : Creamish white (Cu2+, Co2+,Ni2+ Fe2+ , Mn2+ Fe3+absent)
Odour : No characteristic odour ( NH 4 , S2- ,
CH3COO- absent)
Solubility : Soluble in water
Flame Test : Dull Bluish white flame is obtained (Pb2+may be)

(A) Identification of Acidic Radical

a- Preliminary test:

Experiment Observation Inference

1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 solution No gas is evolved Group A
(CO 2-
3 , CH 3COO- , NO - 2 , SO32- , S 2- , absent )
2 Salt + Concn H2SO4 + Heat Brown Colourled gas Group B (NO3- may be present)
(NO2) is evolved

(b) Confirmative test:

Experiment Observation Inference
1 Diphenyl amine test : Deep blue coloured NO3- - confirmed
salt + Concn H2SO4 + diphenyl amine solution
2 Ring Test : Brown ring is formed at NO3- - confirmed
Salt + Freshly prepared FeSO4 + Concn the junction of two liquids
H2SO4 along the side of the test tube

Identification of Basic Radical

a- Preliminary test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + NaOH No Smell of ammonia Zero group [NH4+ ] absent
2 Salt Solution + dil HCl White ppt of PbCl2 is I group [Pb2+ may be]
Filter the above ppt and boil it with water formed
and divide into parts.

Identification of Basic Radical

a- Confirmative test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1 KI test : 1st part + KI Pb I2 (Yellow Ppt) Pb2+ Confirmed
2 K2CrO4 Test : 2nd part + K2CrO4 Yellow ppt of PbCrO4 is Pb2+ Confirmed
formed
Chemical reaction for Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test : Pb (NO3)2 + H2SO4  PbSO4 + 2HNO3
Cu + HNO3   Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 + H2O
Confirmative Test :
i) Ring Test Pb (NO3)2 + H2SO4   PbSO4 + 2HNO3
6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3   3Fe2 (SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 5
 FeSO4 + NO   FeSO4 . NO
(Nitroso ferrous sulphate)
ii) Diphenyl amine Test
2(C6H5)2 NH + [O]   (C6H5)2 N – N (C6H5)2 + H2O
(Diphenyl amine hydrazine)
(B) Identification of Basic Radical
Preliminary Test : Pb (NO3)2 + 2HCl   PbCl2  + 2HNO3
(White)
Confirmative Test :
i) KI Test : PbCl2 + 2KI   PbI2  + 2KCI
ii) K2CrO4 Test : PbCl2 + K2CrO4   PbCrO4  + 2KCl
(Yellow ppt.)
Result : The given inorganic salt contains
Acidic Radical NO3 Basic Radical Pb 2

EXPERIMENT – 6
Aim : To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical.[CuSO4]
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : Blue (Cu2+ may be)
Qdour : No characteristic odour ( absence of NH 4 , S2- , CH3COO- )
Solubility : Soluble in water.
Flame Test : Bluish green flame (Cu2+ may be)

(A) Identification of Acidic Radical

a- Preliminary test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 solution No gas is evolved Group A
CO 2
3 , S 2 , SO32 NO2 CH 3COO- absent 
n
2 Salt + Conc H2SO4 + Heat No gas evolved Group B anions
Cl 
, Br  , I  , NO3 , C2O42 areabsent 
(b) Confirmative test :
Experiment Observation Inference
2-
1 BaCl2 test : Salt Solution + BaCl2 Solution White Ppt formed SO4 confirmed
Add dil. HCl or dil HNO3
Ppt remains insoluble
2 Lead Acetate Test : - White ppt. formed SO42- confirmed
Salt Solution + lead acetate solution
Add ammonium acetate Solution (CH3COO NH4 ) Ppt becomes soluble
to above ppt.

Identification of basic Radical

a- Preliminary test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + NaOH + heat No smell of ammonia 
Zero Group, NH 4 absent 
2 Salt solution + dil . HCl No white Ppt Group I, (Pb2+ absent)

3 Above solution + H2S gas Black Ppt is formed Group II, (Cu2+ / Pb2+ may be
present )
4 Dissolve above ppt in HNO3 Solution turms bluish
green
5 Divide the above solution in 2 parts .

(b) Confirmative test :

(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 6
 Experiment Observation Inference
1 NH4OH test : 1st part + Deep bule colour Cu2+ confirmed
NH4 OH
2 Potassium ferrocynide test : Chocolate brown Cu2+ confirmed
IInd part + K4[Fe(CN)6] ppt of Copper
ferrocyanide is
formed

Acidic Radical
1- BaCl2 Test:
CuSO4 + BaCl2  BaSO4  + CuCl2
(White Ppt)
2- (CH3COO)2 Pb Test :
CuSO4 + (CH3COO)2 Pb  PbSO4  +2(CH3COO)2 Cu
(White Ppt)
PbSO4  +2CH3COONH4  (CH3COO)2 Pb + (NH4)2SO4
(b) Basic radical

Cu2+ + H2S  CuS + 2H+

Black ppt

3CuS  8HNO3 
 Cu(OH ) 2  2 NO  4H 2O  3S
1. NH4OH test
Cu ( NO3 ) 2  4 NH 4OH 
[Cu ( NH 3 ) 4 ]( NO3 ) 4  4 H 2O
Deep blue ppt
2. K4[Fe(CN)6 test
2Cu( NO3 ) 2 + K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] → Cu 2 [Fe(CN) 6 ] + 4KNO3
Result : The given inorganic salt contains. Acidic Radical – SO42
Basic Radical Cu 2

EXPERIMENT – 7

Aim : To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical.Al2(SO4)3
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,Ni2+, Mn2+ , Co2+absent)
Qdour : No characteristic odour ( absence of NH 4 , S2- , CH3COO- )
Solubility : Soluble in water.
Flame Test : No characteristics flame (Pb+2, Sr+2, Cu2+, Ca+2, Ba+2,Ni+2, Zn2+absent)

(A) Identification of Acidic Radical

a- Preliminary test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group A
CO 2
3 , S 2 , SO32 NO2 CH 3COO- 
Absent
2 Salt + Concn H2SO4 + Heat No gas evolved Group B anions
Cl -
, Br - , I - , NO3 - , C2O42 absent 
3. Salt + BaCl2 White ppt is formed Group C anion ( SO42 may be)

(b) Confirmative test :

(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 7

 Experiment Observation Inference
1 BaCl2 test :Salt Solution + BaCl2 White Ppt 2
SO 4 confirmed
Add dil HCl to above ppt Ppt remains insoluble
2 Lead Acetate Test : -
Salt Solution + (CH3COO)2 Pb. solution White ppt. SO42 confirmed
Add CH3COO NH4 to above ppt. Ppt dissolves in
ammonium acetate.

B- Identification of Basic Radical

(a) Preliminary test :

Experiment Observation Inference

1 Salt solution + NaOH + No smell of NH3 Zero
heat 
Group, NH 4 absent 
2 Salt solution + dil . HCl No Ppt Group I, (Pb2+ absent)

3 To the above solution No ppt. Group II (Cd2+ , Pb2+ ,

pass H2S gas As2+ Cu2+ absent)
4 Boil H2S gas and add White gelatinous Group III (Al3+ may be)
NH4Cl + NH4OH & ppt.
divide the Solution in
two parts.

(b) Confirmative test:

Experiment Observation Inference

1 Take test : 1st part + dil + HCl + 2 drops of Blue ppt.floats over Al3+ confirmed
blue litmus + NH4OH colourless solution
2 Ammonium chloride Test : Formation of white Al3+ confirmed
IInd part + NH4Cl + Boil the solution gelatinous ppt.

Acidic Radical
1. BaCl2 test :

Al 2 SO4 3  BaCl 2 
 BaSO4  2AlCl 3
White ppt
2. (CH3COO)2 Pb test :
Al 2 SO4 3  (CH 3COO) 2 Pb 
 PbSO4   Al CH 3COO3
White ppt
PbSO4  2CH 3COONH4 
(CH 3COO) 2 Pb  ( NH 4 ) 2 SO4

Basic Radical
Al 2 SO4 3  NH 4OH 
 Al (OH )3  ( NH 4 ) 2 SO4
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H 2 O
 Al OH 3  3NH 4Cl
AlCl 3  3NH 4OH 

White ppt
Result : The given inorganic salt contains. Acidic Radical – SO42
Basic Radical Al 3

EXPERIMENT – 8

(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 8

Aim : To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical. (ZnCl2)

Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : White (Cu2+, Fe+2, Fe+3,Ni+2, Mn+2 , Co+2 are
absent)
Qdour : No characteristic above
(S 2 , NH 4 , CH 3COO )absent
Solubility : Soluble in water.
Flame Test : Green flashes ( Zn2+ may be )

(A) Identification of Acidic Radical

a- Preliminary test :

Experiment Observation Inference

1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group A
CO2
3 , S 2 , SO32 NO2- CH 3COO absent 
n
2 Salt + Conc H2SO4 + Heat Colourless gas having Group B anions
pungent smell which (Cl– may be )
gives white dense
fumes with glass rod
dipped in NH4OH

(b) Confirmative test :

Experiment Observation Inference

1 Chromyl chloride test : Salt + K2Cr2O7 (1 : 2) + Orangish red or reddish Cl– Confirmed
conc. H2SO4 + heat orange vapour of chromyl
chloride are evolved

Pass the vapour in a test tube containing Yellow solution of

NaOH solution Na2CrO4 is obtained
Add (CH3COOH + (CH3COO)2 Pb into Yellow ppt of lead
above solution chromate is formed
2 AgNO3 Test : Salt Solution + AgNO3 White ppt. Cl– confirmed

Dissolve ppt. in NH4OH ppt becomes soluble.

B- Identification of Basic Radical
(a) Preliminary test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + NaOH + No smell of NH3 Zero Group,
heat NH 
4 absent 
2+
2 Salt solution + dil . HCl No white Ppt Group I (Pb absent)

3 To the above solution No ppt. Group II, (Cu2+ , As+3,

pass H2S gas Cd+2 , Pb+2 absent)
4 Boil above solution to No ppt. Group III [Fe2+,
remove H2S and add Fe3+,Al3+ absent ]
NH4Cl (s) + NH4OH in
exess.
5 To above test tube pass White ppt is Group IV [Zn2+ may
H2S gas obtained be]
Dissolve the white ppt in
HCl and divide it into 2
parts.
(b) Confirmative test :

(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 9

 Experiment Observation Inference
1 K4[Fe(CN)6] Test : 1st part + K4[Fe(CN)6] White ppt of zinc +2
Zn conformed
ferrocyanide
2 NaOH Test : 2nd part + NaOH Bluish white ppt. Zn+2 confirmed
Chemical reaction for Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test :
ZnCl2  H 2 SO4 
 ZnSO4  3HCl 
HCl  NH 4OH 
 NH 4Cl  H 2O
(White dense fumes )

Confirmative Test :

i) Chromyl chloride test : K 2Cr2O7  H 2 SO4  K 2 SO4  2Cr2O3  H 2O

ZnCl2  H 2 SO4 
 ZnSO4  2HCl

CrO3 + 2HCl → CrO 2 Cl 2 ↑+H 2
(red vapours of chromyl chloride)
CrO2Cl2  4 NaOH 
 Na2CrO4  2 NaCl  H 2O
Dil .
Na2 CrO4 + Pb(CH 3COO) 2 → PbCrO4 + CH 3COONa
CH3COOH

ii) Silver Nitrate Test

ZnCl2  2 AgNO3 
 2 AgCl   Zn( NO3 ) 2
(Curdy white ppt.)

AgCl  2 NH 4OH 
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ]Cl  2H 2O
[Diammine silver (I) chloride ) {Soluble complex]
Chemical reaction for Basic Radical
(a) Preliminary Test :
ZnCl2 + H 2 S → ZnS ↓+2 HCl
ZnS + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H 2 S ↑

(b) Confirmative Test :

1 K 4 [ Fe(CN ) 6 ]Test : ZnCl2 + K 4 [ Fe(CN ) 6 ] → Zn2 [ Fe(CN ) 6 ] ↓+4KCl
2. NaOH test :
ZnCl2  NaOH 
 Zn(OH ) 2  2 NaCl

Zn(OH ) 2 + 2 NaOH → Na2 ZnO2 + 2H 2O

Result : The given inorganic salt contains. Acidic Radical Cl 

Basic Radical Zn+2

EXPERIMENT – 9
Aim : To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical. (BaBr2)

Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : White (Cu2+, Fe+2, Fe+3,Ni+2, Mn+2 , CO+2 are absent)
Qdour : No characteristic adour ( NH 4+ , CH 3COO- , S 2- )absent
Solubility : Soluble in water.

Physical Test : Solid

(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 10