VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnanasangama, Macche, Santibastwada Road, Belagavi-590018, Karnataka

A
MINI PROJECT REPORT
on

Phase Shift Keying Techniques(BPSK,QPSK)

Batch number 11
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electronics & Communications Engineering

by

S.REDDY THRINATH-V semester-1DS18EC140

S.SRI HARSHA PHANI- V semester-1DS18EC151
A.VINEETH NARAYAN- V semester-1DS18EC157

Under the
guidance
of

Dr. A. Rajagopal
Associate Professor, ECE Dept., DSCE, Bengaluru

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering
(An Autonomous College affiliated to VTU Belgaum & accredited by NBA/NAAC)
Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout,
Banashankari, Bengaluru-560078, Karnataka
April 2018

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Dept. of ECE, DSCE 1 Dec/Jan2020-21
 Mini project Report Declaration

Certified that the UG Mini project entitled, “Phase Shift Keying Techniques(QPSK,BPSK)” has
been submitted as AAT for the subject Digital System design using Verilog with Subject
code-18EC5DCDSV is a bonafide work that is carried out by myself in partial fulfillment for
the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication
Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka during the
academic year 2020-21.I am solely responsible for all the contents that has have been
presented in it.

Student Name:S.REEDY THRINATH

USN:1DS18EC140.

Student Name:S.SRI HARSHA PHANI

USN:1DS18EC151.

Student Name:A.VINEETH NARYAN

USN:1DS18EC157.

Date : 02 / 01 /2021 Place : Bengaluru -78

_______________________________________
Mini project Guide
Name & Signature
Dr. A. Rajagopal

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Dept. of ECE, DSCE 2 Dec/Jan2020-21
 Contents
1.Abstarct
2.Introductiion
3.Literature Survey
4.Modulation techniques
5.Block Diagram
6.Results
7.Conclustions
8.References

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Dept. of ECE, DSCE 3 Dec/Jan2020-21
 Abstract
In the wireless communication system, to transfer the data without loss and to reduce size of
antenna, modulation is the most important technique. Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a
modulation technique in which the phase of a transmitted signal varies to convey information.
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). In the Binary
Phase Shift Keying(BPSK) there two phase shifts where as Quaduture Phase Shift Keying has
four phase shifts.

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Dept. of ECE, DSCE 4 Dec/Jan2020-21
Introduction

Modulation is the process of converting data into radio waves by adding information to an electronic or
optical carrier signal. A carrier signal is one with a steady waveform constant height, or amplitude, and
frequency.The digital data is used to modulate one or more of the parameters of the carrier wave, This basic
process given name as a 'shift keying'.There are three types of shift keying.

1.Amplitude shift keying(ASK).

2.Frequency shift keying(FSK).

3.Phase shift keying (PSK).

Phase shift keying as a two types Binary Phase shift keying(BPSK) and Quaduture Phase shift keying(QPSK).

Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is a two phase modulation scheme, where the 0's and 1's in a binary
message are represented by two different phase states in the carrier signal: for binary 1 and. for binary 0.
where 'Binary' referes to a two offsets where the digital voltage is high or low.

Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) is another modulation technique, and it actually transmits two bits per
symbol. QPSK symbol doesnt represent 0 or 1 it represents 00, 01, 10, or 11. Quaduture Phase Shift Keying
has the carrier signal is modified according to whether a digital voltage is logic low or logic high, and the
receiver constructs digital data by interpreting each symbol as either a 0 or a 1.

Literature Survey

Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is a two phase modulation scheme, where the 0’s and 1’s in a binary
message are represented by two different phase states in the carrier signal =0 for binary 1 and =180 for binary
0.In the modulation technique the the phase shift takes place when clock takes place from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0.
Quaduture Phase Shift Keying the phase shift takes place when 00,01,11 and 10.

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Dept. of ECE, DSCE 5 Dec/Jan2020-21
Modulation

In a BPSK modulation process, the phase of the sinusoidal carrier signal changes according to the message
level (“0” or “1”) with amplitude and frequency constant. BPSK is one of the simplest PSK modulation
techniques. It uses two phases (0 and 180 degrees). shows BPSK modulation. A BPSK signal can be
expressed is described by Where binary message as m (t) = 0 or 1, Bit duration as T, Amplitude as A,
and Carrier Frequency fc

S1 (t)=Ac cos(2πfc t) 0<t<Tb for binary 1;

S0(t)=Ac cos(2πfct+π) 0<t<Tb for binary 0;

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Dept. of ECE, DSCE 6 Dec/Jan2020-21
Generation of BPSK a sinusoidal carrier wave if it is modulated wave by a bit bi polar stream, its polarity
will be reversed every time the bit stream changes polarity. This, for a sinewave, is equivalent to a phase
reversal (shift). The multiplier output is a BPSK signal.

BPSK modulator

A BPSK transmitter, shown in Figure , is implemented by coding the message bits using NRZ coding
1  represented by positive voltage and  0 represented by negative voltage and multiplying the output by a
reference oscillator running at carrier frequency  fc .

NRZ encoder
A non-return-to-zero (NRZ) Encoder gives an output that is a binary code in which ones are represented by
one significant condition, usually a positive voltage, while zeros are represented by some other significant
condition, usually a negative voltage, with no other neutral or rest condition.

QPSK modulation.
The implementation of QPSK is more general than that of BPSK. This includes the two bandwidth conserving
modulation schemes for the transmission of binary data. The Quadrature-carrier multiplexing system, which
produces a modulated wave .

S(t)=SI cos(2πfc t)-SQ sin(2πfc t)

In phase compent is SI, Quaduture component is SQ.

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Dept. of ECE, DSCE 7 Dec/Jan2020-21
In QPSK, the phase of the carrier takes on one of four equally spaced values as 225º, 315º, 135 º, 45 º.

Si (t)=
√2 E cos ⁡[2 πfc t + ( 2i−1 ) π ] 0<t<T
T 4
Where i=1,2,3,4 and other values it is zero.

Transmitted signal energy as E, and the symbol duration as T. Each possible value of the phase corresponds to
a unique pair of bit stream as 00, 01, 10, 11, and then equivalent form of the modulated signal.

QPSK block diagram.

The input binary data sequence is divided into two other sequences, i.e. odd and even numbered bits of the
input sequence. These two sequences are in unipolar and changed into bipolar by using Non Return to Zero
(NRZ) encoding technique produces the sine and cosine as separate carrier signal of same frequency. After
multiplying the carrier signal with bipolar data, the obtained odd data is known as I-phase and the even data as
Q-phase. These two phases gets added together to produce a single QPSK modulated signal .

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Dept. of ECE, DSCE 8 Dec/Jan2020-21
Proposed method used in Verilog

BPSK modulator

This method uses 2:1 mux which then selects sin0 or sin180 according to the serial data given as select line.

For message 1, sin0 is transmitted and for message 0,sin180 is transmitted.

QPSK modulator

The simulation purposes, a serial input sequence will be considered as input to the 1:2 de-
multiplexer which will separate the input sequence into odd and even bits. These odd and even bits will be the
select line input for the 4:1 multiplexer which will select one of the ROM for different combination odd and
even bits as 00 for ROM1, 01 for ROM2, 10 for ROM3 and 11 for ROM4.

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Dept. of ECE, DSCE 9 Dec/Jan2020-21
RESULTS

Here is the output of the BPSK,QPSK were here you can the phase shift has been taken place in the both
waves.The first wave is binary phase shift when the clock changes from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 the phase shift taken
place.The second wave is the Quaduture phase shift keying where it takes place with clock and the module.

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Dept. of ECE, DSCE 10 Dec/Jan2020-21
Conclusion
The Project is designed successfully. The modulation of QPSK,BPSK has been written and coded in Verilog.
Mentor Graphics simulation tool model sim was used were it has been very easy to convert from digital to
analog waveforms was used to written.We have generated a sine wave where used as a carrier signal and we
implemented a module where it performance with a clock when module changes eith clock the phase shift
takes place.

References
[1].Ms. Neha P. Shrirao & Prof. Ajay P. Thakare“ Design of Digital Modulators: BASK, BPSK and BFSK usingVHDL
“International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2013

[2]. https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/radio-frequency-analysis-design/radio-frequency-modulation/digital-phase-
modulation-bpsk-qpsk-dqpsk/

[3]. Neeta Tanawade and Sagun Sudhansu. FPGA Implementation of Digital Modulation Techniques BPSK and QPSK using HDL
Verilog. International Journal of Computer Applications 165(12):44-50, May 2017. bibex

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Dept. of ECE, DSCE 11 Dec/Jan2020-21
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Dept. of ECE, DSCE 12 Dec/Jan2020-21