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- The Nordic-Aryans were the creators of Aryan Civilization in India
- Alpine, Dinarik and Armenoid: These people migrated from Central Asia
- Mongoloid: - They came to India from North China via Tibet
- Dravidians had matriarchal system of family
- Tradition of worshipping Nature is the gift of the Dravidians
- Dravidians creator of Sindhu Valley Civilization of Mohen-Jo-Daro and the direct decendents of stone age culture.
- Australoid (Nishad People): People of this tribe came from South East Asia
- Negritoit (Habsi People): Some historians believe that negrate or negrose are the most ancient inhabitants of India.
They came from Africa via Baluchistan to India
- Dravidians were considered to be the most ancient people of India.
- Primitive men came into existence in Eastern South-Africa
- The art of architecture and sculpture are 5000 years old
- The people of India from pre-historic period have contributed to the people of the world
- Whatever is received or created by human with his tact, wisdom, art and skill is called cultural heritage.
- Our national currency is highly valued by having the figure of four lions, horse and bull
- Wild Life: - India is a nature lover since ancient time
- Vegetation: People of India are environment lover since ancient time
- Rivers has been providing natural ways since ancient times.
- Beautiful landscapes are generally formed due to different shapes of land
- The result of close relationship between nature, environment and human-life is natural heritage.
- Heritage means a valuable gift from our forefathers to us
- Article 51(A). In that (6), (7) and (9) duties for preservation of our cultural heritage in fundamental duties
- Heritage brought glory to the nation.
- Culture is a sum of habits, values, customs, traditions and conduct of life style of human
- ‘Sat’, ‘Chit’ and ‘Anand’ are realized from Indian culture.
- Indian culture has been trade oriented and peace loving
- In the beginning of auspicious ceremony, Bharatvarsha, Bharakund, Jamnudwip and Aryavarta etc. words are
used while taking resolution
- Our classical and folk music and several ragas are based on ‘Prahar’ (period of a day)
- India was named ‘Bharat’ after the name of the Aryan king Bharat or Bharat tribe
- The area where Aryans were densely populated was known as Aryavrata.
- Rivers are known as ‘Lokmata’.
- Our ancient culture flourished on the banks of the river Sindhu and Ravi.
- Culture differentiates mankind from other living beings
- Pipal, banyan and basil are considered as holy and reverential.
- Basil (Tulsi) is the plant that is worshipped everyday morning.
- Asia is the largest continent of the world in terms of area and population. And India is a large country in Asia
in terms of area and population.

The name of ‘Jayshankar Sundari’ is foremost in the dramatic art of Gujarati

Dramatic art is an amalgamation of all the arts
The first drama of Bharatmuni was ‘Devasur Sangram’
‘Natyashastra’ by Bharatmuni is well-known in the field of drama
Manipuri - The plaited green coloured petticoat is known as 'Kumin'
Manipuri dance is divided into two types: Lasya and Tandav
Kathak developed with ‘Shrungar Bhakti’ of Vaishnav community
Kathakali - The characters of this art wear beautiful plaited attires - The crown they put on is very artistic
Kuchipudi - This style of dance was created in 15th century based on description on women’s beauty. Origin
Andra Pradesh
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‘Education as Never’ Vinod Pillai: 9376294258
- The origin of Bharatnatyam is believed to be Tanjor, a district in Tamilnadu
- Disciples of Swami Haridas, Baiju Bavra (Bajinath), Tansen and duet girl - Tana-Riri are considered as rare
jewels of music of 15th century.
Time of Allauddin Khilaji, talented Amir Khushboo was very famous - Tuti-e-Hind (Parrot of India)
- ‘Sangeet Parijat’ - Pandit Ahobale had written in 1665 - He had described 29 types of tunes. – Northern
Hindustani music
Sangeet Ratnakar’ is believed to be unique in understanding all the aspects of music.
Sangeet Makarand in about 900 BC – Narad - 19 veenas and 101 rhythm
Music can be divided mainly into two parts: classical music and folks music.
Five main ragas in classical music : (1) Shree (2) Deepak (3) Hindol (4) Megh (5) Bhairavi
‘Bhavai’ is emotion oriented drama - 700 years ago by Asait Thakar.
India is the only country in the world where expertise can be seen in enamel work
‘chakda’ (a traditional wall piece),
‘Modiya’ (a net which covers the mouth of a bullock, horns)
animal back cover (Jhool) Bari (door grills - frames)
Embroidery work of ‘Jat’ community of Banni area of Kutch is unique in itself
The silk ware (Bevad Ikt) produced in Patan is called Patola of Patan - Ikt means weaving
This art of Patan is more than 850 years old
During the golden period of Solanki era - Siddharaj Jaysingh - Patola of Patan
Ajanta – Ellora are incomparable specimens of such paintings.
Cave painting of primitive man of Stone Age at Bhimbetka (M.P.).
- We have evidence of Indian art of painting from the remains of 5000 years old Harappan culture.
- Of all the arts, painting is the foremost one
Merayo dance is performed on drumbeats and sword tricks - stepwell of Banaskantha
Padhar dance Surendranagar - dandiya manjira – sea waves
Dhamaal Dance of Siddis - originally beloned to Africa
Gof Gunthan Dance: - tying rope with mandapa, pillar, tree and holding the other end in the hand.
Rasa dance form Gujarat during navratri and Janmashtmi festivals
The word Garba is derived from the word ‘Garbh Deep’
- Dance like 'Mali No Chaalo and 'Thakryo Chaalo' are seen in Dang, whereas ‘Tippani Dance’ of labourers
performed by Bhil and Koli communities.
Akik stones sent to Khambhat to mould into various beautiful ornaments
- Bikaner area of Rajasthan is more popular for inlay ornaments.
Wooden furniture like swings and toys of Idar and Sankheda in Gujarat are well known.
Metal age began and developed after stone age.
Surat is a prominent place for Jari work.
‘Kohinoor’ and ‘Great Mughal’ diamonds were discovered in India.

Gopuram means entrance of the temple - Gopuram of Kachi and Madurai gives us aesthetic pleasure even today when
viewed from distance
Khambhalida cave is discovered in 1959
Lothal - Dholka is a place between two rivers: Bhogavo and Sabarmati.
Drainage system is a unique feature of this town planning.
The word ‘Vastu’ is used for architecture in Sanskrit
The Sanchi stupa was built during Mauryan Period. It is situated at Madhya Pradesh. - The original Stupa of
Sanchi was made of bricks. - precious specimen of art of architecture
Pillar Inscription carved in Brahmi Script.
There are five famous stupas o f king Ashoka’s time: (1) Stupa of Sanchi (2) Stupa of Sarnath (3) Stupa of Berat
(4) Stupa of Nandangadh (5) Stupa of Devanimori in Gujarat
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‘Education as Never’ Vinod Pillai: 9376294258
Qutub-ud-din Aibak built qutubminar and Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque. Similar mosque named Adhai-din-ka Jhopara was
built by Qutub-ud-din Aibak in Ajmer.
Adina Mosque at Pandua region of Bengal, Tomb of Jalal-ud-Muhammad shah and Tantipura mosque were
constructed
Jaunpur: Sultans of Turkey built Atala Mosque
Malwa : Tomb of Hoshang shah is completely made of marble in Indian style.
Delwara temples are wonderful and memorable gifts of Jain religion to the Indian culture
Modhera temple in Gujarat (Mahesana District) was built during the reign of Solanki King Bhimdev-1 - The
carving of this temple is done in Iranian school of Art.
From the point of view of town planning, Mohan-Jo-Daro is the best - Roads are the main features of this town
planning
The Bhoomara shiva temple near Jabalpur and temples of Larkhan in Bijapur district., copper statue of Lord Buddha in
Nalanda (Sultangunj) and Jain temples of Mathura are unique specimens of architecture and sculpture.
- Brahadeshwar temple of Tanjavur has thirteen storeyed ‘Gopuram’.
The great Brahadeshwar temple was the first temple constructed by Rajraja of Chola Dynasty.
In which other country drainage system like Mohen-Jo-Daro existed? Crete island in Mediterranean sea
What message has been engraved on Pillars of kind Ashoka? Religious order
Which mosque is famous as ‘Mosque of Nageena?’ – Rani Sipri mosque
Which mosque is located near Teen Darwaja at Ahmedabad? – Jama Masjid
Which Chariot temples are world famous? – Chariot temples of Mahabalipuram
How wide were the roads of Mohen-jo-daro? – 9.75m
Which architectural wonder of Ahemdabad is world famous for its intricate carving? - the Sidi Saiyyed mosque
Which stups is in Gujarat? – Devanimori
Siddhakshetra, the Jain pilgrimage in Samet-shikharji, Bihar is also known as ______ - Madhuvan
The _______ statue of Nataraj is the best example of idol sculpting of that time. – bronze

Viman – semi circle – sloping shape – many storeys – pyramid

Pinnacle - pointed exterior part of Garbh Gruh at the top - plaited either with gold or brass.
Mandap - huge area lying in the front of the main gate
Gopuram means a gateway of a Southern India temple
Garbha Gruh - small and dark rectangular room in which idol is kept – Gujarat - Gabharo.
Harmika – The railing around the top of the oval shaped stupa
Medhi – Elevated circular path around stupa is known as medhi
Pradakshina Path – A slightly elevated circular path around the temple or place of worship is called pradakshina path. –
right side
Toran –The devotees use this toran as an entrance.
Galiyara – The way to enter and exit from the mosque
Kibla –namaz is performed. It is always in the direction of Kaba.
Livan – The room in a mosque with pillars
Maksura – End of the mosque wall - separated by a railing
Mahrab – The interior part of mosque wall, which is of Human height, indicates correct direction to Mecca
Sahan – The campus of mosque where the followers of Islam get together for prayer

Which animal is used in mountainous regions for transportation elephants, mules, camel and horses
The road system of India is third largest in the world after U.S.A.and China
Roadways form about 83 %, railways 9%, airways 6 % and waterways 2% of the total transportation system
How can roadways be classified - - (1) National Highway (2) State Highway (3) District roads (4) Village (approach) roads (5)
Border Roads
National highways are managed by central government
Which neighbouring countries are connected by national highway - Myanmar, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and China
 Which is the longest national highway of our country - 44
National highway no. 44 connects Varanasi and Kanyakumari.
Which highway pass through Gujarat - 27, 41, 47, 141, 147
The state highways are maintained by state governments.
The village roads are maintained by Gram Panchayat
Border Road Organisation was established in 1960
What are express highways also called? Drut Gati Marg
What is to be paid for using express highways – Toll Tax
India ranks first in Asia and second in World in railways.
When and where was the 1st railway line started? 1853 between Mumbai and Thane
Name the three type of railway Broad Gauge, Metre Gauge and Narrow gauge
Name the cities where we have metro rails - Large cities like Kolkata, Delhi, Jaipur have Metro Rails
Mono rail have proved very important to connect Mumbai with its suburbs
Konkan Railways railway has provided a good example of architecture
The rail route between Dibrugadh and Kanyakumari is the longest
Ahmedabad is the biggest railway station in Gujarat
Which are the two types of waterways - (1) Internal waterways (2) Oceanic waterways.
India has about of 7516 .km of coastline
There are 13 major and 200 minor ports
Gujarat has a coastline of 1600 km
Name the ports of Gujarat - Veraval, Sikka, Pipavav, Navlakhi, Mundra, Poshitra, Okha and Hajira, Kandla,
Bhavnagar, Porbandar
Airways is the costliest and speediest means of transportation
The Airport authority of India carries out management of 127 airports, 15 international 87 domestic 25 civil
airport terminals
Which service is provided by Pavan Hans Helicopter – ONGC and to Government
Kandla is the largest port of Gujarat
Bhavnagar is the only port having automatic lock gate system
Porbandar is a free/ open port
The liberalization policy of 1991policy has brought in many changes in the trade of India.
INSAT - The Indian national satellite
PSLV - Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
IRS -Indian Remote Sensing Satellite
There are over 100 ropeways in India
Where are ropeways found in North India, - Darjeeling, Kullu-Manali, Cherrapunji, Haridwar
Where in Gujarat do we find ropeways - Pavagadh, Saputara and Ambaji
What are the two parts of communication - (1) Individual communication system (2) Mass communication system
What are the two types of trade system in country - (1) Internal trade and (2) International trade.
What is pipeline used for - transport liquid material such as water, mineral oil, natural gas and other liquids.
To make trade balance of India positive, the government have started ……. Project. – Make in India.
Akashwani broadcasts programmes in …………. Languages of India. – 23
Today there are ……. Radio stations in India. – 415
………….. is the autonomous body for transmissions in India. – Prasar Bharti
First air service was started in India for mail service between ……. And Naini. – Allahabad.
Under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, attempts are made to improve the ……. Transportation. – village
…….. people are better mountaineers. – Bhotia
Trade is the …… type of economic activity. – Tertiary
 National waterway 1 Ganga river: Haldia-Allahabad 1620 km
 National waterway 2 Brahmaputra river: Dhubri-Sadia 891 km
 National Waterway 3 West Coast canal: Kollam-Kottapuram 250 km
 National Waterway 4 Godavari Krishna River: Kakinada-Puducherry 1078 km

National Waterway 5 Brahmani River: Goenkhali-Talcher 588 km