Pilot Plant Lab.

In Chemical Engineering
Department
Level. 3rd Class

Branch:Refinery.
Stage:Third.
Study:morning.
Date:2021/1/19
Lap Thermo
(Vapor -liquid equilibrium for azeotropic mixtures)
By:-
1-‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﻗﺎﺳﻢ‬
2-‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﺎ‬
3-‫ﺣﺴﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﻤﺰه‬
4-‫اﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺴﻼم‬

 Objective:-
-Sketch the known composition which consist of the mixture in the liquid and vapor
phases to determination less boiling point for mixture.

Theory:-
An azeotropes or a constant boiling point mixture is a mixture of two or more liquids
whose proportions cannot be altered or changed by simple distillation. This happens
because when an azeotrope is boiled, the vapour has the same proportions of
constituents as the unboiled mixture. Because their composition is unchanged by
distillation, azeotropes are also called (especially in older texts) constant boiling
point mixtures.
Some azeotropic mixtures of pairs of compounds are known, and many azeotropes of
three or more compounds are also known.
In such a case it is not possible to separate the components by fractional distillation.
There are two types of azeotropes: minimum boiling azeotrope and maximum boiling
azeotrope. A solution that shows greater positive deviation from Raoult's law forms a
minimum boiling azeotrope at a specific composition. For example, an ethanol–
water mixture (obtained by fermentation of sugars) on fractional distillation yields a
solution containing at most 97.2% by volume of ethanol. Once this composition has
been achieved, the liquid and vapour have the same composition, and no further
separation occurs. A solution that shows large negative deviation from Raoult's
law forms a maximum boiling azeotrope at a specific composition. Nitric
acid and water is an example of this class of azeotrope. This azeotrope has an
approximate composition of 68% nitric acid and 32% water by mass, with a boiling
point of 393.5 K (120.4 °C).

 Tables:-
Vbenzen ml Tc o R . Iliquid R . Ivap XBZ liquid XBZ vap
0 81 1.366 1.373 0.02 0.06
4 75 1.385 1.408 0.1 0.27
8 71 1.415 1.435 0.21 0.41
12 70 1.445 1.450 0.24 0.5

Discussion:-
1-How do you separate azeotropic mixtures?
-Azeotropic distillation is the use of a third component to separate two close-boiling
components. This is done by means of the formation of an azeotropic mixture
between one of the original components and the third to increase the difference in the
boiling points and facilitate separation by distillation.

2-What is maximum boiling azeotrope?

-Maximum boiling azeotropes are those which boil at a higher temperature than the
boiling point of each component in a pure state, e.g., 68 % nitric acid and 32 % water
by mass.

3-Can Azeotropes be separated by distillation?

-Azeotropes have the same composition in both the liquid and vapour phase. ...
Fractional distillation depends on difference in boiling points, which is not seen on
azeotropes. So it can 't be used for separation.

4-What is difference between azeotropic and extractive

distillation?
-Azeotropic distillation and extractive distillation are two important types of
distillation. The difference between azeotropic and extractive distillation is that the
formation of an azeotrope is required to separate the components of a mixture
whereas, in extractive distillation, no azeotrope formation takes place.

 Reference:-
1.Carol Kendall (2004). "Fundamentals of Stable
Isotope Geochemistry". USGS. Retrieved 10 April 2014.

2.Blundell, Stephen J.; Katherine M. Blundell

(2008). Concepts in Thermal Physics. Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856770-7

3.Faghri, A., and Zhang, Y., Transport Phenomena in

Multiphase Systems, Elsevier, Burlington, MA, 2006,