GEC 8 - Contemporary World

TOPIC:
A. Global Divide
B. Global North & Global South

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME (ILOs):

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
 Elaborate the imaginary and physical division of the world.
 Explains the definitions of the Global North and the Global South, as well as the
differences between them.
 Discuss how the Global South is constantly changing.

WHAT IS GLOBAL DIVIDE

Global divide – is about the different factors that affect the improvements or
advancement of different places all around the globe. There is pre-division before World
War 1 Distance is no long era problem or issue. Global divide; Global North (rich) or the
industrialized countries and the Global South (poor) or the developing countries. The term
global divide connotes disparities in income and living conditions between the advanced
and developing states.

TWO DIVISIONS OF GLOBAL DIVIDE

GLOBAL NORTH

These countries are basically rich countries where they experienced advancements
in modern technology and all services are accessible.
GLOBAL SOUTH

Poor and developing countries these countries are left behind. Even access to basic
social services is a matter of privilege. Many places remain stricken by
underdevelopment, poverty, and inequality.

CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL DIVIDE

How can we consider if the country is under Global North or Global South?

It is based on the level of development or improvement that the country

achieved; to be specific it is what we called GDP per capita (Gross Domestic Product
per Capita) Average income per person. This measure of income is a useful way for
comparing levels of development. Increase in GDP is caused by increase in
national productivity. In terms of development, using GDP per capita approach was
about following the rich industrialized countries. Income Inequality, a measure of how
the wealth in the economy is distributed among the population. Economic Growth
is a plus for poverty alleviation, but only when inequality is constant. Income Inequality is
an important part because it tells about the conditions in the society. Income Inequality
is also a constraint on development Poverty is defined as an extremely low level of
income.

GLOBAL DIVIDE: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH

The North-South Divide is criticized for being a way of segregating people along economic
lines and is seen as a factor of the widening gap between developed and developing
economies. However, several measures have been put in place to contract the North-
South Divide including the lobbying for international free trade and globalization. The
United Nations has been in the forefront in diminishing the North-South Divide through
policies highlighted in its Millennium Development Goals.

The North-South Divide is a socio-economic and political categorization of countries. The

Cold-War-era generalization places countries in two distinct groups; The North and the
South. The North is comprised of all First World countries and most Second World
countries while the South is comprised of Third World countries. This categorization
ignores the geographic position of countries with some countries in the southern
hemisphere such as Australia and New Zealand being labeled as part of the North.

HISTORY OF THE GLOBAL NORTH AND THE GLOBAL SOUTH

The origin of dividing countries into the North-South Divide arose during the Cold War of
the mid 20th century. During this time, countries were primarily categorized according to
their alignment between the Russian East and the American West. Countries in the East
like the Soviet Union and China which became classified as Second World countries. In
the west, the United States and its allies were labelled as First World countries. This
division left out many countries which were poorer than the First World and Second World
countries. The poor countries were eventually labeled as Third World countries. This
categorization was later abandoned after the Second World countries joined the First
 World countries. New criteria was established to categorize countries which was named
the North-South Divide where First World countries were known as the North while Third
World countries comprised the South.

THE NORTH (FIRST WORLD COUNTRIES)

The North of the Divide is comprised of countries which have developed economies and
account for over 90% of all manufacturing industries in the world. Although these countries
account for only one-quarter of the total global population, they control 80% of the total
income earned around the world. All the members of the G8 come from the North as well
as four permanent members of the UN Security Council. About 95% of the population in
countries in The North have enough basic needs and have access to functioning education
systems. Countries comprising the North include The United States, Canada, all countries
in Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand as well as the developed countries in Asia
such as Japan and South Korea.

THE SOUTH (THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES)

The South is comprised of countries with developing economies which were initially
referred to as Third World countries during the Cold War. An important characteristic of
countries in the South is the relatively low GDP and the high population. The Third World
accounts for only a fifth of the globally earned income but accounts for over three-quarters
of the global population. Another common characteristic of the countries in the South is the
lack of basic amenities. As little as 5% of the population is able to access basic needs such
as food and shelter. The economies of most countries in the South rely on imports from the
North and have low technological penetration. The countries making up the South are
mainly drawn from Africa, South America, and Asia with all African and South American
countries being from the South. The only Asian countries not from the South are Japan
and South Korea.

INEQUALITY, POWER AND DIFFERENTIAL GROWTH

The role that international inequality plays in shaping the relations between states has long
been the subject of academic interest. Scholars have debated whether the attempt by the
Global South to revise the global economic order in the 1970s reflected a basic and
structural incompatibility of interests among richer and poorer states. The least
sympathetic perspective asserted that the states of the Global South were playing ‘an old
game’: attempting to advance their own narrow interests through a redistribution of
resources. Others argued that developing states prefer non-market forms of allocation in
the world economy, as these increase their security by leaving them less vulnerable to
fluctuations in global markets. More sympathetic perspectives emphasize some of the
reasons that states of the Global South themselves cited as the basis of their
dissatisfaction the declining share of world trade of the Global South, the urgency of
national development in poorer countries, unmet aspirations of rapid development, and the
protectionist policies of the North.

THE BRANDT LINE

 Is a visualization created to illustrate international inequalities and the socioeconomic gulf
that separates regions of the world, popularized in North-South: A programmed for
Survival – also known as the Brandt report. Snaking across continents to divide the world
into the richer North and the poorer Global South, the Brandt Line has for four decades
been one of the most recognizable and influential ways of visualizing world politics.
Nonetheless, questions might be raised about whether the Brandt Line remains
meaningful. Depicting the world as divided into an industrialized North and an
underdeveloped Global South might no longer reflect the realities of world politics, if it ever
did. Global economic integration, the emergence of a new international division of labor
and the rise of the emerging economies might have erased the Brandt Line, or at least
blurred it to the point of unrecognizability. Whatever our intuitions about these issues, the
utility of the Brandt Line should be evaluated in terms of the best available evidence. The
fortieth anniversary of the Brandt Report provides an opportunity to assess whether the
Brandt Line is an accurate representation of the key economic and political divisions in the
contemporary world.

Global South had incurred during the previous decade of high commodity prices.
Intellectual shifts at the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank resulted in a
sharp shift in development orthodoxy away from statist and interventionist policies. The
‘Lost Decade’ in the 1980s experienced by many Latin American and African countries
contrasted sharply with the relative success of newly industrializing Asian countries,
highlighting the stark differences within the Global South in terms of economic trajectories.
After the end of the Cold War, Northern states and the international financial institutions
(IFIs) further promoted market-led development strategies, while states of the Global
South adapted to new realities and sought market access for their exports by joining the
new World Trade Organization. In the first decade of the 2000s, the success of a set of
populous emerging economies challenged the position of the states of the North, left
reeling after the global financial crisis. It nonetheless underlined the divergence of fortunes
among the old Global South. A new phase of great power politics and multi polarity, rather
than a return to older North–South divisions, seems to beckon.

Global South as a political coalition share the view that there is an enduring, structural
conflict of interests between the North and South. Intriguingly, in an important study,
Keisuke Iida calculated the proportion of defections from the common voting positions of
the Global South in the United Nations and found that the South’s solidarity within the
United Nations actually increased during the 1980s, conventionally regarded as the nadir
for South–South politics. It might be that the latent conflict between North and South is
structural and enduring, even though North–South issues fluctuate into and out of
prominence intermittently.
Prepared by:

ALEXIS MAE NUYLAN

ALYSSA S. BODOTA
Discussant

References:
1. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-international-studies/article/
brandt-line-after-forty-years-the-more-northsouth-relations-change-the-more-
they-stay-the-same/8646CE553D2F986BD33B67352FFC5814
2. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.worldatlas.com/amp/articles/what-is-the-
north-south-divide.htmlTyler.
3. https://www.britannica.com/event/Berlin-blockade
https://www.britannica.com/event/Cold-War
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Objectives:
G C 8 - The Contemporary World

E CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

• Define Global Governance

• Discuss the roles and functions of United Nations
• Identify the different challenges of Global Governance in the 21st Century
• Explain the relevance of the state amid globalization

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

The World Health Organization defines global governance as “…the way in which
global affairs are managed. As there is no global government, global governance typically
involves a range of actors including states, as well as regional and international organizations.
However, a single organization may nominally be given the lead role on an issue, for example
the World Trade Organization in world trade affairs. Thus, global governance is thought to be an
international process of consensus-forming which generates guidelines and agreements that
affect national governments and international corporations. Examples of such consensus would
include WHO policies on health issues” (World Health Organization, 2015). Global governance
brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective action at the level of the planet. The goal
of global governance, roughly defined, is to provide global public goods, particularly peace and
security, justice and mediation systems for conflict, functioning markets and unified standards
for trade and industry.

The leading institution in charge of global governance today is the United Nations.
Beyond the UN, other institutions with a global mandate play an important role in global
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governance. Of primary importance are the so-called Bretton Woods institutions: the World
Bank and the IMF, whose function is to regulate the global economy and credit markets. Those
institutions are not without their critics for this very reason, being often blamed for maintaining
economic inequality.

Global governance is more generally effected through a range of organizations acting as

intermediary bodies. Those include bodies in charge of regional coordination, such as the EU or
ASEAN, which coordinate the policies of their members in a certain geographical zone. Those
also include strategic or economic initiatives under the leadership of one country – NATO for the
US or China’s Belt and Road Initiative for instance – or more generally coordinating defense or
economic integration, such as APEC or ANZUS. Finally, global governance relies on looser
norm- setting forums, such as the G20, the G7, the World Economic Forum: those do not set up
treaties, but offer spaces for gathering, discussing ideas, aligning policy and setting norms. This
last category could be extended to multi-stakeholder institutions that aim to align global
standards, for instance the Internet Engineering Taskforce (IETF) and the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C).

In summary, global governance is essential but fragmented, complex and little

understood. In this context, the key questions raised by the Global Challenges Foundation are,
how to reform institutions, how to develop alternative institutions, and how to use the new
possibilities of technology to improve governance. (Global Challenges Foundation 2020).

CORE PRINCIPLES OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Five principles are critical to guiding the reforms of global governance and global rules
according to the United Nations’ Committee for Development Policy to wit:

(i) Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capacities:

This principle calls for recognizing differences among countries in terms of
their contribution and historical responsibilities in generating common
problems, as well as divergences in financial and technical capacities, in
order to address shared challenges. This principle also acknowledges the
diversity of national circumstances and policy approaches—a diversity which
should be embedded in the architecture of global governance as an intrinsic
feature of the global community, not as an exception to general rules.

(ii) Subsidiarity: Issues ought to be addressed at the lowest level capable of

addressing them. This principle implies that some problems can be handled
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well and efficiently at the local, national, subregional and regional levels reducing the
number of issues that need to be tackled at the international and supranational level.
Subsidiarity suggests an important role for regional cooperation in addressing issues
of mutual concern.

(iii) Inclusiveness, transparency, accountability: Global governance

institutions need to be representative of, and accountable to, the entire global
community, while decision-making procedures need to be democratic,
inclusive and transparent. Robust governance implies mutual accountability,
verified by transparent and credible mechanisms and processes to ensure
that agreed commitments and duties are fulfilled.

(iv) Coherence: Definitions of global rules and processes need to rest on

comprehensive approaches, including the assessment of possible trade-offs,
so that actions in different areas will not undermine or disrupt one another, but
instead be mutually reinforcing. Enhanced coherence is also needed between
the international and national spheres of policymaking. This also requires
improved coordination among various stakeholders and enhanced information
sharing.

(v) Responsible sovereignty: This principle recognizes that policy cooperation

is the best way to achieve national interests in the global public domain. It
also requires Governments and States to be fully respectful of the sovereignty
of other nations so as to fulfil agreed policy outcomes. (The UN Committee for
Development Policy 2014)

THE UNITED NATIONS

It was founded in 1945, in the wake of the Second World War, as a way to prevent future
conflicts on that scale. The United Nations does not directly bring together the people of the
world, but sovereign nation states, and currently counts 193 members who make
recommendations through the UN General Assembly. The UN’s main mandate is to preserve
global security, which it does particularly through the Security Council. In addition, the UN can
settle international legal issues through the International Court of Justice, and implements its key
decisions through the Secretariat, led by the Secretary General. It works through a range of
agencies and associated institutions particularly to ensure greater shared prosperity, as a desirable
goal in itself, and as an indirect way to increase global stability. As a key initiative in that regard,
in 2015, the UN articulated the
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Sustainable Development Goals, creating common goals for the collective future of the planet.

FUNCTIONS OF UNITED NATIONS

The works of the United Nations cover five main areas:

• Maintain international peace and security
• Protect Human Rights
• Deliver Humanitarian Aid
• Support sustainable development and climate action
• Uphold international law

Maintain International Peace and Security

ľhe UN accomplishes this by woíking to píevent conflict, helping paíties in

conflict make peace, deploying peacekeepeís, and cíeating the conditions to allow peace to
hold and flouíish. ľhese activities often oveílap and should íeinfoíce one anotheí, to be
effective. ľhe UN Secuíity Council has the píimaíy íesponsibility foí inteínational peace
and secuíity. ľhe Geneíal Assembly and the Secíetaíy-Geneíal play majoí, impoítant, and
complementaíy íoles, along with otheí UN offices and bodies.

Píotect Human Rights

The term “human rights” was mentioned seven times in the UN’s founding Charter,
making the promotion and protection of human rights a key purpose and guiding principle of the
Organization. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights lay down the principles that
brought human rights into the realm of international law. Since then, the Organization has
diligently protected human rights through legal instruments and on-the- ground activities.

Deliver Humanitarian Aid

One of the purposes of the United Nations, as stated in its Charter, is “to achieve
international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or
humanitarian character.” The UN first did this in the aftermath of the Second World War on the
devastated continent of Europe, which it helped to rebuild. The Organization is now relied upon
by the international community to coordinate humanitarian relief of emergencies due to natural
and man-made disasters in areas beyond the relief capacity of national authorities alone.
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Support Sustainable Development and Climate Action

The United Nations launched its sustainable development agenda in 2015, reflecting the
growing understanding by Member States that a development model that is sustainable for this
and future generations offers the best path forward for reducing poverty and improving the lives
of people everywhere. At the same time, climate change began making a profound impact on the
consciousness of humanity. With the polar ice caps melting, global sea levels rising and
cataclysmic weather events increasing in ferocity, no country in the world is safe from the effects
of climate change.

Building a more sustainable global economy will help reduce the greenhouse gas
emissions that cause climate change. It is, therefore, critically important that the international
community meet the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals – and also the targets for reducing
emissions set in the Paris Climate Agreement of 2015. Sustainable development and climate
action are linked – and both are vital to the present and future well-being of humanity.

Uphold International Law

The UN Charter, in its Preamble, set an objective: “to establish conditions under which
justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law
can be maintained”. Ever since, the development of, and respect for international law has been a
key part of the work of the Organization.

This work is carried out in many ways – by courts, tribunals, multilateral treaties – and by
the Security Council, which can approve peacekeeping missions, impose sanctions, or authorize
the use of force when there is a threat to international peace and security, if it deems this
necessary. These powers are given to it by the UN Charter, which is considered an international
treaty. As such, it is an instrument of international law, and UN Member States are bound by it.
The UN Charter codifies the major principles of international relations, from sovereign equality
of States to the prohibition of the use of force in international relations.

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Ongoing events are leading an increasing number of analysts of globalization to suggest

that we explore the challenges and opportunities of globalization more fully, to better understand
its consequences and learn how to maximize its potential benefits while mitigating its
disruptions. Economic events such as the East Asian financial crisis and
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more recent incidents such as the collapse of the Argentinian economy in late 2001 have made
many economists argue for improved market mechanisms, such as regulatory measures and
oversight. The fact that different countries encountering similar problems have received different
prescriptions from the international community has also led many to argue for a more firmly
established set of ground rules.

Coordination between governments will be crucial for dealing with the global financial
and economic crisis of 2007-2009. According to UNCTAD, “the challenge is to restore the
credibility and stability of the international and financial system, to provide stimulus to economic
growth in order to prevent the risk of a spiraling depression, to renew a pragmatic commitment to
an open economy, potentially put at risk by rising protectionist tensions, and to encourage
investment and innovation” (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2009).

In addition, political events such as the large protests in 1999 at the Seattle WTO
meeting or in 2001 at the G8 meeting in Genoa, Italy, have led some political leaders to conclude
that certain kinds of market interventions or regulations are necessary to assist those who are
endangered by globalization, simply to sustain political support for continued liberalization.
Joseph Stiglitz, formerly chief economist of the World Bank and Nobel Prize winner for
Economics in 2001, has characterized the globalization of international finance as suffering from
“global governance without global government.” He notes that the nationalization of the U.S.
Economy, which began 150 years ago and was analogous in many ways to the process of
globalization, was accompanied by a significant expansion in government oversight and
regulation, to help temper crises and provide accountability.

Pollution, to be understood in its historical context, refers to contamination by

something foreign. But with the expansion of human development we have seen that
interpretation evolve to a much broader perspective, including health, and thus become a primary
challenge of environmental law. Since pollution knows no borders, can accumulate, does not
readily disintegrate, and can have visible and invisible impacts on the environment as well as
human health and well-being, many international conventions today seek to tackle pollution at
source with a life-cycle approach, through prevention and exposure, and through economic
policies and legal instruments.

However, with intense pressure on resources for development, against a backdrop of

increasing population growth and consumption, pollution levels are now well beyond the
planetary boundary with serious health consequences such as acute respiratory and toxic
accumulation in human tissue, to graver effects such as several types of cancers, reproductive
and neuro developmental disorders, and disruption of our hormone (endocrine) system. As
estimated by the Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health,
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more than nine million premature deaths in 2015 were caused by diseases arising from pollution.
In countries that lack the most sound management of chemicals and waste, pollution-related
disease is responsible for more than one death in four. In 2018, the World Health Organization
estimated the disease burden preventable through sound management and reduction of chemicals
in the environment at around 1.6 million lives and around 45 million disability adjusted life years
in 2016. Lack of political will and consumer awareness as well as poor capacity and governance
frameworks are all challenges for achieving the 2030 target and successful implementation of the
international environmental conventions. In many cases the political discourse is unilaterally
driven by popular needs focused on jobs and economic growth, rather than the associated costs to
health and environmental well-being.

Rapid population growth strains political institutions and increases pressure on

services. A Population Crisis Committee study found that only a few democratic countries with
serious demographic pressures remained stable. The most stable countries were ones with lower
levels of population pressure. Most of the 31 unstable countries were in Africa and in a band
stretching from the Middle East to South Asia, and almost all had serious demographic pressures.
Only 5 stable countries had high or very high demographic pressures. Since countries in the
world are interdependent, population pressures have adverse consequences everywhere.
Population pressures in the developing world are considered enhanced by the rapid growth of
cities. Both the developed and the developing world face the problems of clogged highways, loss
of wilderness, polluted lakes and streams, and stifling smog and acid rain conditions. The
sociopolitical implications of demographic changes vary from country to country, but rapid
growth and maldistribution of population strains existing political, social, and economic
structures and relations between nations. Urban areas are the arena for clashes of cultures,
competition for scarce housing and jobs, the breakdown of traditional family and social
structures, and juxtapositions of extreme wealth next to extreme poverty. The growth of
independent nation states since the 1940s has not allowed much time for development of
effective political institutions. There are many obstacles to national unity and popular political
participation. The potential for political instability is correlated with a number of factors: large
youth populations in overcrowded cities with too high expectations and limited opportunities,
diverse and intense ethnic and religious factors, and oppressive governments which violate
human rights. Rapid growth has a harmful impact on the environment.
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RELEVANCE OF THE STATE AMIDST GLOBALIZATION

With the advance of globalization, the State has an important role to play in the
establishment and preservation of an “even playing field” and an enabling environment for
private enterprise, individual creativity and social action. It can also contribute to the
establishment and maintenance of social safety nets; promote as well as facilitate social dialogue
at the sub-national, national, and international levels; establish and maintain mechanisms for
mediation of disputes, mitigation of conflicts and reconciliation of rival cultures or interests in
the increasingly diversified contemporary societies. Last, but not least, strong democratic States
are necessary to protect the children, the sick, the elderly and other vulnerable segments of
society, combat the social exclusion of minority groups, and ensure a more equitable distribution
of the benefits of globalization.

A democratic State, which is proactive and strategic, is required to arrest and, in the
medium-term, reverse poverty and underdevelopment. Combating poverty both nationally and
internationally, represents an essential dimension of a strategy of restoring public trust and
rebuilding human capital, which is necessary not merely for development, but also for the
effectiveness of democratic governance. More than ever before what is needed today is a strong
democratic State endowed with institutions that are capable of coping with both domestic and
international problems, and challenges.

Furthermore, strong democratic institutions are vital in providing a solid framework of

political, economic and social rules, and in creating an enabling environment for people's
prosperity. In order to seize the benefits of globalization, developing countries need to strengthen
and modernize their democratic institutions and public administration. "Our runaway world does
not need less, but more government - and this, only democratic institutions can provide"
(Giddens, 2000, p. 100)

In any case, the State will have a significant role to play in a globalizing economy. For
citizens to take advantage of the opportunities of globalization, they need access to high quality
education, health care, information and communication technologies (ICT), social safety nets,
and infrastructure. The role of government is to secure for the citizens affordable access to these
services. In countries characterized by weak State institutions and inadequate social policies, it
may be difficult to minimize the costs of globalization. That is why strengthening State
institutions and social welfare is essential in a globalizing world. Many experts, however, have
claimed that globalization reduces the capacity of the State to provide social services as it leads
to a decrease in the level of taxation. This issue may be looked at in the broader context of how
globalization is affecting the role and size of the State.
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Additionally, the role of nation-state in globalization is a complex one in part due to the
varying definitions and shifting concepts of globalization. While it has been defined in many
ways, globalization is generally recognized as the fading or complete disappearance of
economic, social, and cultural borders between nation-states. Some scholars have theorized that
nation-states, which are inherently divided by physical and economic boundaries, will be less
relevant in a globalized world.

In brief, poorly managed States and exclusionary politics contribute to holding back
economic and social development. To be sure, economic growth alone is not sufficient to sustain
equitable human development. Providing health care and education, public infrastructure, safety
nets for the unemployed, equal opportunities for all and the respect of basic human rights is a
fundamental responsibility of the State, which is not unrelated to the goal of economic prosperity
for all and to the enhancement of people’s freedoms and quality of life. Poverty is reduced and
development is more easily achieved when the state has a larger redistributive role, which is all
the more important today in order to minimize the negative effects of globalization. In the words
of Secretary-General Kofi Annan, speaking at the Global Compact meeting, in July 2000, “…
let’s choose to unite the powers of markets with the authority of universal ideas. Let us choose to
reconcile the creative forces of private entrepreneurship with the needs of the disadvantaged and
the requirements of the future generations…” (UN, 2000, Global Compact Meeting).
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References:

https://www.globalgovernanceproject.org/pollution-5-0/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12179234/ https://globalgovernanceforum.org/global-
issues/migration-and-population/
https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-in-the-un
https://www.un.org/en/about-us
https://www.un.org/en/our-work/uphold-international-law
https://www.un.org/en/our-work/support-sustainable-development-and-climate-action
https://www.un.org/en/our-work/deliver-humanitarian-aid
https://www.un.org/en/our-work/protect-human-rights
https://www.un.org/en/our-work/maintain-international-peace-and-security
https://www.surveyboardsarawak.com/culture-shock-lvmyba/explain-the-relevance-of- the-state-amid-
globalization-228a97
https://globalchallenges.org/global-governance/
https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-Nations
https://pdfcoffee.com/qdownload/module-for-the-contemporary-world-2020-pdf-free.html
https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/022415/what-role-nationstate- globalization.asp
Globalization and the Role of the State: Challenges and Perspective.pdf

Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte – 4600, Philippines
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GEC 8 – THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define media, culture, and media culture.
2. Explain different periods in the study of Globalization and Media
3. Describe how media affects the cultures in today’s globalization.

WHAT IS MEDIA

Media is the plural form of medium, which (broadly speaking) describes any channel
of communication. This can include anything from printed paper to digital data, and
encompasses art, news, educational content and numerous other forms of information.
Anything that can reach or influence people, including phones, television, and the Internet
can be considered a form of media.

In the context of informatics, media means both the devices used to store data (hard
drives, CD-ROMs, diskettes, etc.) as well the ones used to transmit it (cables, wires), or even
propagate it in its many forms (videos, sounds, podcasts, etc.). In modern times, media are
gravitating more and more towards the digital side of this field.

Modern digital media include all forms of communication that are transmitted
electronically across the world through computer networks and fiber optic cables.
 Some of these modern forms of media, such as the Internet or social media (Facebook, Twitter,
Instagram, etc.) have completely revolutionized our world.

This term refers to the communication channels through which we disseminate news,
music, movies, education, promotional messages, and other data.

It includes physical and online newspaper and magazines, television, radio billboards,
telephone, the internet, fax, and billboards.

It describes the various ways through which we communicate in society. Because it

refers to all means of communication. Everything ranging from a telephone call to the
evening news on television can be called media.

WHAT IS CULTURE

The customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social
group. According to Webster, culture is the characteristic features of every existence (such as
diversions or a way of life) shared by people in a place or time.

An understanding of culture requires an understanding not only of language

differences, but also differences in knowledge, perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.

Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate")
generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such
activities significance and importance. Cultures can be "understood as systems of symbols
and meanings that even their creators contest, that lack fixed boundaries, that are constantly
in flux, and that interact and compete with one another."

Culture can be defined as all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and
institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation. Culture has
been called "the way of life for an entire society." As such, it includes codes of manners,
dress, language, religion, rituals, art. norms of behavior, such as law and morality, and
systems of belief.

WHAT IS MEDIA CULTURE?

Media culture refers to the culture created under the influence of mass media. The
concept of media culture infers its impact on society’s information consumption and
intellectual guidance. Media cultures tend to be a major factor in the formation of mainstream
culture since it affects society’s opinions, values, tastes, attitudes, and informational
availability.
 GLOBALIZATION AND THE MEDIA

Role of Media

In everyday language “globalization” usually refers to economic and political

integration on a word scale. It also has a crucial cultural dimension in which the media have a
central role.

In that sense, media globalization is about how most national media systems have
become more internationalized, becoming more open to outside influences, both in their
content and in their ownership and control. (Sinclair, 2015).

FIVE TIME PERIODS IN THE STUDY OF GLOBALIZATION AND MEDIA

1. Oral Communication

 Of all forms of media, human speech is the oldest and most enduring.
 Humans can cooperate and communicate through language.
 Languages as a means to develop the ability to communicate
across culture are the lifeline of globalization.
 Language contributes to the formation of culture. Language is in a
sense the substance of culture.
 Languages serve as important symbols of group belonging,
enabling different groups of people to know what ethnic groups they
belong to and what common heritages they share.
 Without a language, people would lose their cultural identity.
(Delhumeau, 2011).
 7,117 Languages spoken today
 Roughly, 40% of languages are now endangered often with less
than 1,000 speakers remaining. Meanwhile, just 23 languages
account for more than half the world’s population.

2. Script
Writing is humankind’s principal technology for collecting,
manipulating, storing, retrieving, communicating, and disseminating information.
Writing may have been invented independently three time in different parts of the
world. In the Near East, China, and Mesoamerica. Writing is a system of graphic
marks representing the units of a specific language. Cuneiform script created in
Mesopotamia, present-day Iraq, is the only writing system which can be traced to
its earliest prehistoric origin. (Besserat, 2014).
3. Printing Press

The printing press is a device that allows for the mass production of
uniform printed matter, mainly text in the form of books, pamphlets, and
newspaper. Its revolutionized society in China where it was created.
 Diamond Sutra from Tang-dynasty China 868 AD (British Museum), which is widely
seen as the earliest existing printed book.

Johannes Gutenberg further developed the printing press in the 15 th century with his
invention of the Gutenberg press.

Consequences of Printing Press

The printing press changed the very nature of knowledge. It preserved knowledge
which had been more malleable in oral cultures. It also standardized knowledge.

Print encourage the challenge of political and religious authority because of its ability
to circulate competing views. Printing press encouraged the literacy of the public and the
growth of schools.
 Manuscript of Pigafetta

4. Electronic Media
 Refer to the broadcast or storage media that take advantage of
electronic technology.
 Include television, radio, internet, fax, CD – ROMs, DVD, and any other
medium that requires electricity or digital encoding of information.
 In the 20th century, the only available mass media in remote villages was the
radio while film was soon developed as an artistic medium for great cultural
expression. The most powerful and pervasive mass media is television as it brought
the visual and aural power of film with the accessibility of radio. The introduction of
television was a defining moment in globalization. (Lule, 2012).

5. Digital Media

The computer is considered the most important media influencing globalization.

Computers give access to global and marketplace and transformed cultural life.

Our daily lives are revolutionized by digital media. People are able to adopt and
adapt new practices like fashion, sports, music, food and many others through access
of information provided by computers. They also exchange ideas, establish relations
and linkages through the use of Skype, Google, Chat, Zoom and other platforms.

MUSIC AND COLONIZATION

Music participates in the reinforcing of boundaries of culture and identity. Popular

music explains the complex dynamics of globalization not only because it is popular but
music is highly mediated, is deeply invested in meaning and has proven to be an extremely
mobile and resourceful capital, (El-Ghadban, 2014).
 MALIGAT, CHARLENE D.
FUENTEBELLA, KIMBERLY A.
Reporter BSED-2D

JHONNA D. ALCANTARA
Instructor 1
References:
 https://www.techopedia.com/definition/1098/media?
fbclid=IwAR3WarCtJJ4HZFAhBD5NliDF
W0x3hVDoR46FNpYLIRhtcPNzG3lU0dCJDRc
 https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/
obo9780199756384/obo- 9780199756384-0055.xml?
fbclid=IwAR2Sq6Pv6fsZxSnIdqoaL8XcMsiW-w6-
X9sRULurlEPmSzO1yORSsasB7QA
 https://www.bing.com/videos/search?
q=global+media+culture&&view=detail&mid=567E15E9
97A9F78046EA567E15E997A9F78046EA&rvsmid=406BB35167CBF68971FF
406BB35167C BF68971FF&FORM=VDQVAP
 GEC 8 – The Contemporary
World

GLOBALIZATION OF
TECHNOLOGY
LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the session, the student should be able to:

1. explain the globalization of technology;

2. reflect how globalization of technology affect the contemporary world; and

3. identify the advantages and disadvantages of the globalization of technology.

DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION OF TECHNOLOGY
Globalization of Technology can be defined as the increasing speed of technological
diffusion across the global economy. It refers to the spread of technologies around the globe,
particularly from developed to developing nations. It refers to the spread of technologies
across borders and around the world. This includes both: the spread of technological
knowledge (how to create technology) and the literal movement of technology around the
world (trade in technological goods)
According to Archibugi and Michie (1995, 1997) the term “globalization of technology
“ has three connotations :
1. International exploitation of national technological capabilities – the global
exploitation of technologies through patents and licenses.
 College of Education

2. International technology alliances – the global sourcing of research and

development (R&D) through alliances and joint ventures with foreign
companies or universities.

3. Globalization of innovation across countries – the global production of R&D

through overseas subsidiaries.
GLOBALIZATION OF
TECHNOLOGY INDICATOR

1. International exploitation of national technological capabilities :

a. Domestic enterprises.

b. Exports of high technology products through the medium of licensing

agreements between foreign and domestic firms.

2. International technology alliances (collaboration across borders among both

public and business institutions to exchange and develop know-how) :

a. Firms expand their non-equity agreements to share costs and risks of

industrial R&D.

b. Number and form of scientific and technical agreements on strategic

technology partnering.

3. Globalization of innovation across countries :

a. MNCs establish their R&D units abroad.

b. Degree of R&D financed from abroad.

c. Patenting activities of MNCs attributable to research in foreign

locations.

GLOBAL FLOW OF
TECHNOLOGIES

The global flow of technologies has been extensively researched by Arjun Appadurai
who considered technological globalization to be one of five ‘spheres of globalization’. He
labeled technological globalization the ‘technosphere’ and explained that it’s both an effect
and cause of globalization.
 As an effect of globalization, we can
see that technologies spread more easily
thanks to political globalization (the
increased interconnection of nations) and
economic globalization (the rise of a global
economy facilitated by the liberalization of
trade). For example, free trade agreements
can make it easier to move technologies
across borders; and manufacturing in the
developing world can make it cheaper to
produce those technologies.
But it’s also a cause of globalization because new technologies like the internet and cell
phones make it easier to conduct cross-border trade and interactions. Similarly, technologies
that have made air flight more efficient have helped increase the flow of people around the
world.
INTERNATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY ALLIANCES

Industrial firms increasingly have sought global research partnerships as a means of

strengthening their core competencies and expanding into technology fields considered
critical for maintaining market share. Technological complementary and reduction of the
innovation period are primary catalysts for entering into a core technology alliance; market
entry and production-related factors are more relevant in technologically less advanced or
mature markets.
Their growth of alliances was very fast during the 1980s but involved predominantly
companies from the US, Western Europe and Japan. These new forms of agreements are not
replacing but actually complementing and expanding traditional foreign direct investment
(FDI).
ADVANTAGES OF
TECHNOLOGICAL
GLOBALIZATION

1. Easier International Trade - with digital technologies we can speed up

customs at nation-state borders, move money more efficiently and even move
goods faster as air flight innovation improves.
2. One World Economy - technologies that automate trade can help create a
more cohesive globalized economy.

3. Economic Growth - technologies can help us produce good more efficiently

and with less manpower, which in turn makes those goods cheaper and
allows businesses to scale faster.
4. Faster Technological Innovation - the global spread of technology has also
enabled scientists and engineers around the world to engage in global
competition.

DISADVANTAGES OF
TECHNOLOGICAL
GLOBALIZATION

1. Has not Closed the Digital Divide - the digital divide is a phenomenon that
occurs when wealthier people have better access to technology than poorer
people. The inequality in the distribution of technology gives a comparative
advantage to wealthier developed nations.

2. Replacement of Workers by Machines – new technologies have been

implemented in factories to replace workers in menial tasks. While this has
been good for making cheaper goods, many worry that it will destroy entire
industries and leave people unemployed and disillusioned.

3. Cultural Homogenization – as people around the world get access to global

media technologies, the dominant media producers (namely, the United
States and in particular Hollywood) spread their cultures around the world.
This has led to people blaming globalization for the “Disneyfication of culture”
while indigenous and local cultures become diluted.

4. Rise of Fake News – as internet technologies have enabled anyone to

develop their own podcast, YouTube channel or blog, control over the spread
of information has been diluted.
 MARKETS FOR
TECHNOLOGY

“Market for technology,” is a broad term that denotes trade in technology disembodied
from physical goods. The market for technology flourished during the nineteenth century in
the United States. After several decades of relative decline, the market for technology has
once again grown considerably in recent years, although the growth is uneven across sectors
and across countries. A key contribution has been that the decision of firms to license
depends on whether the revenues from
licensing are higher than the rent-dissipation effect
produced by increased competition in the licensor’s
product markets. For instance, general
-purpose technologies enable the potential licensors to
sell the technology in product markets distant from
the production operations of the licensors and thus are
more likely to be licensed. Another stream of research
has focused on the factors, such as intellectual
property protection, that condition the efficiency of
licensing contracts.
The increased competition among the technology suppliers is said to be beneficial to
developing countries as they obtain in better terms and conditions not only from the
increased access to the state-
of – the-art technology.

INCR
EAS
E OF
GLO
BALI
ZATI
ON
INNO
VATI
ON

• Increase in international
exploitation of technology
produced on a
national basis – exports are not the only form according to which firms can exploit
their technological advantage in overseas markets. Another way is to transfer the
know-how to firms based in overseas markets, for example selling licenses and
patents. This form of technology transfer would however require that the firms of the
host country have already the capabilities to exploit new ideas and devices into
production.
• Share of domestic industrial R&D financed from foreign sources – R&D and
innovative activities in both the home and the host countries. As well as,
acquisitions of existing R&D laboratories or green-field R&D investment in
host countries.

• Cross – border ownership of innovations – for almost all countries, both

ownership of invention abroad and foreign control of domestic inventions have
increased. It has not only contributed to rising domestic productivity levels in
advanced and emerging economies, but it has also facilitated a partial
reshaping of the innovation landscape. Some recipient countries have
become significant new sources of research and development as well as
patents.
EXAMPLE OF
TECHNOLOGICAL
GLOBALIZATION

1. Growth of Multinational Technology Corporations - liberalization of trade and

economic globalization have facilitated the growth of multinational
corporations like Microsoft, Apple and Sony.

2. Mobile Banking - mobile banking has allowed people to access money both at
home and around the world at a faster pace than ever.

3. Mechanization of Manufacturing – using machines for manufacturing lowers

labor costs which has two competing effects: downward pressure on labor
costs (leading to cheaper goods) and loss of traditional manufacturing jobs.

4 Media Globalization - one effect of the spread of technologies and technological

knowledge (primarily from the developed to developing world) has been to also
globalize the media that is presented on technologies like computers and cell phones.
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSACTION
 According to Archibugi and Michie “ technology transactions can take different forms,
from pure licensing of well defined intellectual property to complicated collaborative
agreements which may well include the further development of the technology, or its
realization from scratch “.
Transaction in technology can also occur through mergers and acquisitions and through
the mobility of people. It is seen that non–market forms of technology transfer are on the
increase, it is delivered to the intra-firm route. Thus, parent companies are selling
technologies more to their affiliates and conversely less to unaffiliated firms. Technological
advancements reduce costs of transportation and communication across nations and thereby
facilitate global sourcing of raw materials and other inputs. Patented technology encourages
globalization as the firm owning the patent can exploit foreign markets without much
competition.
Both Korea and India have traditionally used the medium of purchasing technology
through the market by means of licensing agreements that are approved has come down in
both of these countries while the relative share of technical collaboration agreements
involving equity participation by the collaborator (no- market forms) is clearly on the
increase in both countries. The world’s largest net seller of technologies to the rest of the
world is United States.

REFERENCES:

• https://helpfulprofessor.com/technological-globalization-exmaples-pros-
cons/
• https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/3298/S9900

• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo-sociology/chapter/reading-
technological-globalization/
• https://www.slideshare.net/sunithahrithik/globalisation-of-technology
 • https://medium.com/@angiejoanne/technology-in-globalization- ad53e4db4bb

• https://www.worldbank.org/en/events/2018/10/18/globalization-and- technological-
transformation
• https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.corporatefinanceinsti tute.com%2Fassets
%2Finternational-trade.jpeg

• https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papertyari.com
%2Fgeneral-awareness%2Feconomics%2Feconomic-growth-economic- development

Prepared by:
GABO,
KRISTINE M.
LARGO,
CHERRY MAY

V. BSEd – 2D

Republic of the
Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte – 4600, Philippines

WEEK 10: THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

DISCUSSION PAPER
(GEC 8 - Midterm)
 Prepared by: Clemente, Tristan Paolo G.
Velez, Roshgin Mie A. Submitted
to: Jhonna D. Alcantara - Instructor

Objectives:

a. Define religion
b. Identify the effects of religion in our society
c Explain how globalization affects religious practices and beliefs

Definition of Religion:

Religion is the set of organized beliefs, practices, and systems that most often
relate to belief and worship of a controlling force such as a personal god or another
supernatural being. While this is a basic definition, there are many different understandings
of what religion is and not all religions are centered on a belief in a god, gods, or supernatural
forces. Religion often involves cultural beliefs, worldviews, texts, prophecies, revelations,
and morals that have spiritual meaning to members of the particular faith, and it can
encompass a range of practices including sermons, rituals, prayer, meditation, holy places,
symbols, trances, and feasts.

Clemente, Tristan Paolo G.

Velez, Roshgin Mie
GEC 8 - The Contemporary World
March 2022 (MIDTERM)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte – 4600, Philippines

A. How religion was spread throughout the world

1. By trade - Beginning centuries ago, many world religions followed a similar pattern of
growth and dissemination from west to east along the trans-Asian trade route known as the
Silk Road. Buddhism, Christianity, Manichaeism (a once widespread faith that died out by
the 16th century), and Islam were transmitted mainly by traveling merchants and
missionaries who joined up with merchant caravans. As new religious communities arose
throughout Asia, their continued existence was ensured largely by support from these same
merchants. Thus, the relationship of religious traditions to traders was one of dependence;
historically speaking, the very idea of world religion is inextricably connected to long-
distance commercial activity.

2. Marriage - Across Islamdom, the ulama accepted that a man could have an unlimited
number of servile concubines. Quranic references to 'those whom your right hand
possesses' seemed to justify the institution, and the Prophet himself was believed to have
owned two concubines in the latter stages of his life (Ruthven 2000: 57, 62-3, Awde 2000:
10, Zaidi 1935). Concubinage also eased conversion, overcoming the 'four wives barrier' to
embracing Islam (Hughes 1885: 600). The ownership of concubines certainly became
widespread, extending to men of quite modest means (Hodgson 1974: II, 65, 144).

3. Voluntary Conversion - Baptism marks you as a member of the community of faith, as

part of the body of Christ, the church. You die to your old identity as a sinner without God
and rise to a new identity as a child of God. You die to your old community in the fallen
human race and rise to a new community, God's family, the church. Baptism is a seal of
union with Christ, a sign that what happened to Jesus also happens to you in some
mysterious sense. Baptism is a sign and seal and celebration that your sinful self has been
nailed to the cross and buried with Jesus, and that through his resurrection you have come
alive to a brand new reality. Baptism is also a challenge to keep thinking of yourself that
way and to keep living like it. Scripture says, "Count yourselves dead to sin but alive to God
in Christ Jesus" (Romans 6:11).
4. Involuntary/Terrorism - “If ISIS represents Islam, I don’t want to be a Muslim anymore,”
Farhad Jasim, 23, who attends the Church of the Brethren, told NBC News. “Their God is
not my God.”
Isis gave the city's Christians a stark choice: convert to Islam, pay a religious tax, or face death.
"They said there is no place for Christians in the Islamic state," one distraught refugee said from
the safety of Bashiqa, 16 miles from Mosul. "Either you become Muslim or you leave."
Mosul's last 1,500 Christian families were reportedly robbed at Isis checkpoints as they fled.

Clemente, Tristan Paolo G.

Velez, Roshgin Mie
GEC 8 - The Contemporary World
March 2022 (MIDTERM)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte – 4600, Philippines

B. The influence of Religion to Society

1. Diet

Christianity
The predominant religion in the UK is Christianity. Generally there are no dietary restrictions.
Individuals may choose to forgo alcohol and may choose whether or not to eat meat.2
During Lent Christians may stop eating certain foods.
Islam
Muslims eat halal (lawful) foods, which include fruit, vegetables and eggs. Any meat and meat
products they consume must be from a halal slaughtered animal. Milk and dairy foods are halal,
cheese may be halal depending on ingredients. There are concerns that not all meat sold as halal
actually is, so careful sourcing is important.3
Haram (prohibited) foods include pork, crustaceans, blood, non-halal animal-derived
additives such as gelatin or suet, alcohol and any foods containing alcohol as an
ingredient.3
Fasting is required during Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, when Muslims
must refrain from consuming food, liquids and medication between sunrise and
sunset.4 Some individuals are exempt from fasting, including pregnant, breastfeeding or
menstruating women, children under 12 years, older people and chronically or acutely ill
people.5
People of many faiths, including Hindus, Buddhists, Rastafarians, Seventh Day Adventists and
Jains, observe vegetarian or vegan diets.
When vegetarian or vegan diets are followed to meet faith recommendations, faith rules still apply
such as the use of utensils or ensuring the food has not come into contact with forbidden foods.

2. Clothing Etiquette - The concept of modesty is central to Muslim dress for both men and
women. That is, Muslim people often dress in clothing that does not reveal parts of the body.
This might mean wearing looser clothing or clothing that covers most of the skin. For
example, a Muslim man might wear a thobe, a long, loose- fitting robe that is usually white
in color. A Muslim men also might incorporate head coverings into his dress, such as
a ghutra, a square or rectangular headscarf, with an igal, a cord that holds the ghutra in
place. Then for muslim women are burka, niqab, chador, dupatta and hijab.

3. Norms in Marriage and Family - Traditional Islam allows men the institution of
tetragamy, i.e. a Muslim can have up to four wives. However, a woman may only have
Clemente, Tristan Paolo G.
Velez, Roshgin Mie
GEC 8 - The Contemporary World
March 2022 (MIDTERM)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte – 4600, Philippines

one

Clemente, Tristan Paolo G.

Velez, Roshgin Mie
GEC 8 - The Contemporary World
March 2022 (MIDTERM)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte – 4600, Philippines

man. Given that their function includes motherhood, Islam does not approve of long-term
bachelorhood or celibacy (this goes for both men and women). In traditional Islamic societies,
marriage is to this day understood as a contract between two families. The parents provide the
initiative in this regard, not two young people in love. The blessing of the families is in any case
of crucial importance, and marriage is not a private matter between two young people. In
traditional Islam, the family is to this very day regarded as an expanded family, i.e. as a multi-
generational group of relatives (including uncles, aunts, cousins, etc.). Even when the young
people themselves take the initiative, the groom discusses the conditions of the marriage with
the parents of the bride. Since authority within the family belongs clearly to the man, a Muslim
man may marry a non-Muslim (as long as they belong to the “people of the book”, i.e. they are
Jewish or Christian). In this case, the wife does not have to convert to Islam. The same is not
true the other way around – a Muslim woman may not marry a non-Muslim. The condition of
such a marriage would be that the groom must convert to Islam.
4. Economic Responsibility - The Old Testament tells us God’s people followed the law
of tithing. To accomplish this commandment, Church members give one-tenth of their
income to the Lord through His Church. These funds are used to grow the Church and
promote the truth of the Lord throughout the world.
Verbal and Non Verbal Communication - The practice of religion and communication are
profoundly connected with one another. Religion makes use of different forms of
communication, aimed at disclosing reality and creating community: prayer and preaching,
worship and witnessing, reading and listening to sacred texts, singing and sharing, prophetic
discourse, ritual practice, and theological reflection.

C: Impact of Globalized Society to Religion

Globalization in 14th-18th was more on trade and political control and not yet democratic,
it is because of the isolation of new world countries from the globe due to restrictions
imposed by their colonizers. However, societies that time are slowly changing due to
new information and events that widens the knowledge of the public. In fact, religions
are also involved in the turning points of the past, their structure and functions have
changed due to globalized society.

1: Reformation - There are two reformations that changed Christianity. The first one is
the Protestant-Reformation led by Martin Luther, a German clergyman that questioned
lots of autocracy in papal leadership and catholic dogmas; this reformation resulted into
split of Christianity which are the Catholicism and Protestantism.

Meanwhile, the second one is the Catholic-Reformation (Counter-Reformation), it is the

Clemente, Tristan Paolo G.

Velez, Roshgin Mie
GEC 8 - The Contemporary World
March 2022 (MIDTERM)
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte – 4600, Philippines

form of cleansing the corruption inside the old catholic papal leadership, it involves the
formation of another religious order inside catholic church called Society of Jesus or
popularly known as Jesuits. Jesuits changed the form of catholic indoctrination by
promoting literacy, learning foreign language, and by learning the indigenous beliefs of
a country.

2. Splintering (Schism)- Aside to reformation in Christianity, splintering is also

happening in other religions, it is the continuous split of religious beliefs due to other
interpretations; this kind of separation Is also called “denomination”. For example, in
Christianity, there are three branches named as Catholic, Protestant, and East
Orthodox. Meanwhile in Islam, there are two type which are the Sunni (followers of Abu
Bakr, Muhammad’s companion) and Shia/Shiite (followers of Ali, the cousin and son-in-
law of Muhammad); aside from the two, there are Islamic denominations which believe
in Jihad, a radical form of spreading Islam.

3. Separation of Church from State - There are numerous country including

Philippines that separates political affairs and government from religious intervention, it
is mentioned in Article II Section 6 of 1987 Constitution. Why was separation of church
and state created? The phrase “separation of church and state” was initially coined by
Baptists striving for religious toleration in Virginia, whose official state religion was then
Anglican (Episcopalian). Baptists thought government limitations against religion
illegitimate. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson championed their cause.

1987 Constitution Article II Section 6:

Section 6. The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable.

4. Complexity in Religion - As time goes by, some countries around the world have
adapted foreign religions from trade partners and colonizers. But the story does not end
there, some people have modified the structure of religion in order to amend it with local
beliefs and indigenous culture.

D. Relationship of Religion with Globalization

1. Modernity and Mobilization - Most of religions around the world have had gained
the grace of modernization. Large-scale printing gave religion the opportunity to spread
the word of God throughout the globe; it was pioneered by the invention of the first
printing press made by Johannes Guttenberg; and in fact, the first literature published
with the use of Guttenberg’s printing press is the Holy Bible of Christian.
Clemente, Tristan Paolo G.
Velez, Roshgin Mie
GEC 8 - The Contemporary World
March 2022 (MIDTERM)
 College of Education
Republic of the
Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines –
Norte
4600, Philippines

It is not limited to reading materials, religions have benefited from digital

technology. Most of religions and their denomination are televised when they are
conducting religious activity; and some of them have purchased their own channel
frequency.

2. Global Recognition of Spiritual Freedom - Even that religion today is not

mandatory but a personal choice and gap between politics has been set. Still,
religion is part of our freedom and therefore mentioned in local and international
legal basis such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) drafted by
United Nations.

3. Fulfillment of Spiritual Goal: Improvement in transportation, communication,

and transnational relationships; religious followers can now easily travel around the
world to spread their doctrine, recruit more followers, and to do some pilgrimage
like Hajj of Muslims by going to Mecca, Saudi Arabia; Christians going to
Bethlehem and Jerusalem in Israel; and Jews going to The Temple Mount.

References:

https://www.history.com/topics/reformation/reformation
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/schism
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/Separation-of-church-and-
state https://www.tutorhunt.com/resource/11945/
https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/what-is-the-temple-mount/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/24566691
https://www.christianity.com/wiki/christian-life/what-is-a-tithe-meaning-and-importance-
of- tithing-in-the-bible.html?amp=1
https://www.independentnurse.co.uk/clinical-article/religion-and-dietary-choices/
145719/ http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/files/essay/Smith_1-19.pdf
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/life-under-isis-led-these-muslims-christ-
n963281
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/24/iraqi-christians-mosul-isis-convert-islam-
or- be-executed

GEC 8 CONTEMPORARY WORLD Page 17 of 45