LAB 6 REPORT POWER SYSTEM

ANALYSIS
Name: Taimoor Ahmad Khan Class: BSEE(18-22) Section: B

APRIL 10, 2021

PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES
NILORE, ISLAMABAD
Contents
I. THEORY ..............................................................................................................................................................2
II. LAB TASKS .........................................................................................................................................................3
A. Questions ..........................................................................................................................................................3
B. MATLAB code for the tasks ............................................................................................................................3
C. Results of MATLAB code ................................................................................................................................5
D. Observations and analysis ................................................................................................................................5
III. DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................................................6
IV. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................6
V. REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................................................6

1
 Experiment 7:
Calculation of line reactance and capacitance
per phase for 3-phase double circuit line.
Taimoor Ahmad

BSEE(18-22)

Semester-06

bsee1825@pieas.edu.pk

Abstract–Inductance and capacitance are The equivalent 𝐺𝑀𝐷 per phase is then:
important to be known for the calculation of power
losses. The values of series inductance and parallel 𝐺𝑀𝐷 = 3√𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐴𝐶
capacitance depends on the spacing between the
conductors and the radii of conductors in The 𝐺𝑀𝑅 of each phase group is:
transmission line. With the help of the reactance
values, one can design the transmission system for 4 2
an optimal spacing between the conductors so as to 𝐷𝑆𝐴 = √(𝐷𝑠𝑏 𝐷𝑎1 𝑎2 ) = √𝐷𝑠𝑏 𝐷𝑎1𝑎2
minimize the power losses in the line.
4 2
𝐷𝑆𝐵 = √(𝐷𝑠𝑏 𝐷𝑏1𝑏2 ) = √𝐷𝑠𝑏 𝐷𝑏1𝑏2
I. THEORY
A three-phase double-circuit line consists of two 4 2
𝐷𝑆𝐶 = √(𝐷𝑠𝑏 𝐷𝑐1𝑐2 ) = √𝐷𝑠𝑏 𝐷𝑐1𝑐2
identical three-phase circuits. The circuits are operated
with 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 , 𝑏1 − 𝑏2 and 𝑐1 − 𝑐2 in parallel. Because
of geometrical differences between conductors, where 𝐷𝑠𝑏 is the geometric mean radius of the bundled
voltage drop due to line inductance will be conductors. The equivalent geometric mean radius for
unbalanced. To achieve balance, each phase conductor calculating the per-phase inductance to neutral is
must be transposed within its group and with respect
to the parallel three-phase line. Consider a three-phase 𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐿 = 3√𝐷𝑆𝐴 𝐷𝑆𝐵 𝐷𝑆𝐶
double-circuit line with relative phase positions
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 − 𝑐2 𝑏2 𝑎2 , as shown in Figure 1. The inductance per phase in milli-henries per
kilometer is:

𝐺𝑀𝐷
𝐿 = 0.2 ln mH/km (1)
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐿

The capacitance to neutral in 𝜇F per kilometer is:

0.0556
𝐶= 𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝜇F/km (2)
ln
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑐

The expression for 𝐺𝑀𝐷 is the same as was found for

inductance calculation. The 𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑐 of each phase
group is similar to 𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐿 , with the exception that 𝑟 𝑏
Figure 1: Transposed double circuit line

2
is used instead of 𝐷𝑠𝑏 . This will result in the following inductance and capacitance of the transmission
equations line and hence the inductive reactance too.

It might also be noted that while solving the

𝑟𝐴 = √𝑟 𝑏 𝐷𝑎1 𝑎2 question, we made use of the datasheet for
plugging in the areas and GMRs of the
𝑟𝐵 = √𝑟 𝑏 𝐷𝑏1𝑏2 mentioned conductors. It is shown in the code.

The code is as follows:

𝑟𝐶 = √𝑟 𝑏 𝐷𝑐1𝑐2

The equivalent geometric mean radius for calculating clc;

the per-phase capacitance to neutral is: clear all;
close all;
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐶 = 3√𝑟𝐴 𝑟𝐵 𝑟𝐶
name = input('Enter the
conductor name: ','s');
length = input('Length of the
II. LAB TASKS transmission line (in km): ');
A. Questions
name1 = 'ACSR pigeon';
Write a MATLAB code to determine inductive
name2 = 'ACSS ostrich';
reactance and capacitance per phase for 300km name3 = 'AAC poppy';
name4 = 'AAAC cairo';
three-phase, double-circuit line with the
horizontal conductor configuration as shown in cmp1 = strcmp(name,name1);
Figure 1.1. cmp2 = strcmp(name,name2);
cmp3 = strcmp(name,name3);
a) The phase conductors are ACSR cmp4 = strcmp(name,name4);
Pigeon.
if (cmp1 == 1)
b) The phase conductors are ACSS Bare OD = 0.502; %Outer
Overhead Conductor Ostrich. diameter in inches (datasheet)
R = OD/2; %Radius in
c) The phase conductors are AAC Poppy. inches
d) The phase conductors are AAAC Cairo. r = R*0.0833333; %Radius
in foots
e) Compare, analyze and comment. Ds = 0.0086; %GMR of
conductor in fts (datasheet)
else if (cmp2 == 1)
OD = 0.680; %Outer
diameter in inches (datasheet)
R = OD/2; %Radius in
inches
r = R*0.0833333; %Radius
in foots
Figure 2: A 3-phase double circuit line Ds = 0.0229; %GMR of
conductor in foots (datasheet)
else if (cmp3 == 1)
OD = 0.368; %Outer
diameter in inches (datasheet)
B. MATLAB code for the tasks R = OD/2; %Radius in
We write a single MATLAB code that asks the inches
user to input the conductor name and length of r = R*0.0833333; %Radius
the line. With this information, it calculates the in foots

3
 Ds = 0.0111; %GMR of DAC = (Dac * Da_cr * Dar_c *
conductor in foots (datasheet) Dar_cr)^0.25;
else if (cmp4 == 1)
OD = 0.783; GMD = (DAB * DBC * DAC)^(1/3);
%area in sq.inches (datasheet)
R = OD/2;
%Radius in inches
r = R*0.0833333; %Calculation of GMR:
%Radius in foots
Ds = 0.0247; Da_ar = Dar - Da;
%GMR of conductor in foots Db_br = Dbr - Db;
(datasheet) Dc_cr = Dcr - Dc;
else if (cmp1==0 &&
cmp2==0 && cmp3==0 && cmp4==0) DSA = sqrt(Ds * Da_ar);
disp('The DSB = sqrt(Ds * Db_br);
written name is wrong !!!'); DSC = sqrt(Ds * Dc_cr);
end;
end; GMRL = (DSA * DSB * DSC)^(1/3);
end;
end; %Inductance now:
end; L = 0.2 * log(GMD/GMRL) *
length; %Inductance in mH
%From the diagram, we first
define the horizontal
coordinates
Da = 0; Db = 25; Dc = 50; Dar = %Capacitance calculation now
75; Dbr = 100; Dcr = 125; ra = sqrt(r * Da_ar);
%(r represents right side rb = sqrt(r * Db_br);
conductors) rc = sqrt(r * Dc_cr);

%Finding inductance first: GMRC = (ra*rb*rc)^(1/3);

%Calculation of GMD C = (0.0556/(log(GMD/GMRC))) *

%Distances between conductors length; %Capacitance in uF
Dab = Db - Da;
Da_br = Dbr - Da; %Displaying
Dar_b = Dar - Db; fprintf('\n');
Dar_br = Dbr - Dar; disp(['Inductive reactance of
transmission line = ',
Dbc = Dc - Db; num2str(2*pi*60*L*0.001),
Db_cr = Dcr - Db; sprintf(' \x3A9')]);
Dbr_c = Dbr - Dc; disp(['Capacitance of
Dbr_cr = Dcr - Dbr; transmission line = ',
num2str(C), ' uF']);
fprintf('\n');
Dac = Dc - Da; disp(' (Please note that our
Da_cr = Dcr - Da; analysis is restricted ');
Dar_c = Dar - Dc; disp(' to the given question in
Dar_cr = Dcr - Dar; lab manual only) ');

DAB = (Dab * Da_br * Dar_b *

Dar_br)^0.25;
DBC = (Dbc * Db_cr * Dbr_c *
Dbr_cr)^0.25;

4
C. Results of MATLAB code
The results of MATLAB code for all the
mentioned conductors is as follows:
D. Observations and analysis
Figure 3: Inductive reactance and capacitance of
ACSR pigeon conductor
Figure 4: Inductive reactance and capacitance of
ACSS ostrich conductor
Figure 5: Inductive reactance and capacitance of AAC
poppy conductor
Figure 6: Inductive reactance and capacitance of
AAAC cairo conductor
From the results shown previously, we observed
the following two orders:
Order of inductance:
Pigeon > poppy > ostrich > cairo
Order of Capacitance:
Cairo > ostrich > pigeon > poppy
From datasheet, we took radius and GMR of
conductors. To have an analysis, we mention
their order too.
Order of Radii:
Cairo > ostrich > pigeon > poppy
Order of GMR:
Cairo > ostrich > poppy > pigeon
Let’s talk about Inductance first. Inductance of a
conductor is inversely proportional to GMR of
the conductors in accordance with (1). GMR of
bundled conductor is proportional to the GMR of
individual conductors. So the inductance would
follow the reverse order of GMR which has been
seen.
On the other hand, capacitance is directly
proportional to GMR of bundled conductors as
seen from (2). But GMR of bundled conductor
does not depend on GMR of individual
conductor, rather it is proportional to the actual
radius of individual conductor. So in other
words, the capacitance would follow the same
order as followed by radii of conductor. This can
be seen in the up-mentioned orders as well.
5
 III. DISCUSSION V. REFERENCES
In this experiment, we saw that the effect of [1] H. Saadat , Power System Analysis , McGraw-
Hill, New York, 1999, pp. 158–159, 165-166.
bundling on the inductance and capacitance
[2] EE-415 Power System Analysis Laboratory
of the transmission line. When a 3-phase Manual, Dr. Muhammad Arif, Pieas, 2018.
transposed double circuit line is used, the [online]. Available:
phase groups are bundled. Due to this https://canvas.pieas.edu.pk/courses/876/files?prev
iew=155923 , accessed on: March 28, 2021.
bundling, the GMR increases. The GMR of [3] TransPowr® Bare Overhead Conductors for
phase group a-a’ is greater than the GMR of Transmission and Distribution [online].
a or a’ because of the bundle spacing in Available: http://general-
cable.dcatalog.com/v/Electric-Utility-(US)/
between them. This increase in GMR results
in the decrease in inductance and increase in
capacitance of transmission line. Decrease in
inductance accounts for minimizing the
power losses whereas the increase in
capacitance draws more and more charging
current which cancels the lagging component
of current in line hence reducing the net line
current. In this way, it not only reduces the
power losses but also improves the power
factor of the system.

The other thing we noticed that in formula of

inductance of single conductor, Geometric
mean radius is used while actual radius is
used in the formula of capacitance. This is
because GMR is the fictitious radius of the
conductor which incorporates the external
flux linkages in it, not the internal flux
linkages. Generally, analysis of effect of
surrounding conductors on a single conductor
in transmission system is carried out so the
equation of inductance was modified to only
incorporate the external flux linkages in it
where such was not the requirement in
capacitance equation.

IV. CONCLUSION
In this lab we learnt about the calculations of
GMD and GMR to find inductance and
capacitance of double circuit lines. We also
learnt to make use of datasheet for solving
our problems. Through this experiment, we
mainly went through the advantages of
bundling conductors over unbundled ones.