Integration Concept and Formula

Anti-differentiation/Integration – opposite of differentiation. It is the process of getting the original

function given a differential equation.

The Indefinite Integral

From your Calculus 1 (Differential Calculus), you learned that a derivative or differential
is obtained from a given function. For example, the derivative of x 3 is 3x2 dx. If we get the
integration of 3x2 dx, the answer is not only x3. It can be x3 + 4, or x3 -7, or x3 + 20. We notice that
the possible answers differs only the value of the constant, therefore the general answer will be x3
+ C, where C is called the arbitrary constant.
Basic Integration Formula
I1. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶
I2. ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎𝑢 + 𝐶 a is constant.
I3. ∫(𝑢 + 𝑣 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥 u and v are function of x.
𝑢𝑛+1
I4. ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑛+1
1
I5. ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶

Examples:
1. Evaluate ∫(5x 4 + 3x 2 + 6)dx
Solution:

∫(5x 4 + 3x 2 + 6)dx = ∫ 5x 4 dx + ∫ 3x 2 dx + ∫ 6dx

= 5 ∫ x 4 dx + 3 ∫ x 2 dx + 6 ∫ dx
𝑥 4+1 𝑥 3+1
= 5 [ 4+1 ] + 𝑐1 + 3 [ 3+1 ] + 𝑐2 + 6𝑥 + 𝑐3

∫(𝟓𝐱 𝟒 + 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟔)𝐝𝐱 = 𝐱 𝟓 + 𝐱 𝟑 + 𝟔𝐱 + 𝐂

2. Evaluate ∫(3x + 4)2 dx

Solution:
∫(3x + 4)2 dx = ∫(9x 2 + 24x + 16)dx
= 9 ∫ x 2 𝑑𝑥 + 24 ∫ xdx + 16 ∫ dx
x2+1 x1+1
= 9 [ 2+1 ] + 24 [ 1+1 ] + 16x + C
 ∫(𝟑𝐱 + 𝟒)𝟐 𝐝𝐱 = 𝟑𝐱 𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝐱 + 𝐂

3 2 2
3. ∫ (𝑥3 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (3𝑥 −3 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 3 ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥
x−3+1
= 3 [ −3+1 ] + 2 ln x + C
𝑥 −2
= 3 [ −2 ] + 2 ln x + C

𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
∫ (𝐱 𝟑 + 𝐱 ) 𝐝𝐱 = − 𝟐𝐱𝟐 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 + 𝐂

4. Evaluate ∫ (𝑥(√𝑥 − 1)) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
∫ (𝑥(√𝑥 − 1)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 1/2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 3/2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 3/2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
+1
𝑥2 𝑥 1+1
= 3 −
+1 1+1
2

𝟐 𝟏
∫ (𝒙(√𝒙 − 𝟏)) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟓/𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟓 𝟐

Integration by Substitution
- Chain Rule for integration.
Examples:
1. ∫(3x + 4)2 dx
Sol’n:
1
Let u = 3x + 4 and du = 3 dx; dx = 3 du

1
∫(3x + 4)2 dx = ∫ u2 ( 3) du
1
= 3 ∫ u2 du
1 u3
= [ ]+C Substitute the value of u
3 3
 (𝟑𝐱+𝟒)𝟑
∫(𝟑𝐱 + 𝟒)𝟐 𝐝𝐱 = 𝟗
+𝐂

2. ∫(𝑥 2 − 1)4 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Sol’n:
1
Let u = 𝑥 2 − 1 and du = 2x dx, hence nf = 2

1
∫(𝑥 2 − 1)4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2
∫(𝑥 2 − 1)4 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
= 2
∫ 𝑢4 du
1 u4+1
= [ ]+C
2 4+1
1 𝑢5
= [ ]+C
2 5

𝟓
(𝐱 𝟐 −𝟏)
∫(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟒 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎
+𝐂