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Ginkgo Ephedra Gnetum Welwitschia: Evolutionary History
Ginkgo Ephedra Gnetum Welwitschia: Evolutionary History
Pteridospermae, the so-called "seed ferns", were one of the earliest successful groups of
land plants, and forests dominated by seed ferns were prevalent in the late Paleozoic.
Glossopteris was the most prominent tree genus in the ancient southern supercontinent
of Gondwana during the Permian period.
By the Triassic period, seed ferns had declined in ecological importance, and representatives of
modern gymnosperm groups were abundant and dominant through the end of the Cretaceous, when
the angiosperms radiated.
Evolutionary history[edit]
Main article: Evolutionary history of plants § Seeds
A whole genome duplication event in the ancestor of seed plants occurred about 319 million years
ago.[2] This gave rise to a series of evolutionary changes that resulted in the origin of seed plants.
A middle Devonian (385-million-year-old) precursor to seed plants from Belgium has been identified
predating the earliest seed plants by about 20 million years. Runcaria, small and radially
symmetrical, is an integumented megasporangium surrounded by a cupule.
The megasporangium bears an unopened distal extension protruding above the
mutlilobed integument. It is suspected that the extension was involved in anemophilous
(wind) pollination. Runcaria sheds new light on the sequence of character acquisition leading to the
seed. Runcaria has all of the qualities of seed plants except for a solid seed coat and a system to
guide the pollen to the seed.[3]
gymnosperms
cycads [11]
Ginkgo
Pinaceae (the pine family)
gnetophytes
other conifers
However, the relationships between these groups should not be considered settled. [4][12]
Other classifications group all the seed plants in a single division, with classes for the five groups:
Division Spermatophyta
o Cycadopsida, the cycads
o Ginkgoopsida, the ginkgo
o Pinopsida, the conifers, ("Coniferopsida")
o Gnetopsida, the gnetophytes
o Magnoliopsida, the flowering plants, or Angiospermopsida
A more modern classification ranks these groups as separate divisions (sometimes under
the Superdivision Spermatophyta):