tIc-f]

- m-Tm-hen
ae-bmfw
`mKw 1

Ãm≥tU¿Uv IV

tIc-f-k¿°m¿
hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ip∏v

Xbm-dm-°n-bXv
kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw
2016
 tZio-b-Km\w
P\-KW- a- \
- -A- [ - n-\m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X ` - m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]©m-_k - n‘p KpP-dmØ admTm
{ZmhnU DXv°e - - _w-Km,
hn‘y-ln-am-Ne - b - a- p\mKwKm,
D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh-ip-`\ - mta PmtK,
Xh-ip` Bin-j a - m-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm
P\-KW - a - w-Ke - Z- m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

{]Xn⁄
C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚
ktlm-Z-co- ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln-°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw
sshhn[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬
Rm≥ A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.
Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw
apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw
t£a-Øn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n {]bXv\n°pw.

St
Staa t e Council of EEduc
duc
ducaa tional R esear
Resear ch and TTrr aining (SCER
esearch T)
(SCERT)
Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : scertkerala@gmail.com
Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT
First Edition : 2015, Reprint : 2016
Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30
© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
{]nbs∏´ Ip´nItf,
amXr- ` m- j m--] - T - \ - Ø ns‚ {]m[m\yw \mƒ°p- \ mƒ
h¿[n®phcn-I-bm-W-t√m.

IY-Ifpw hnh-cW
- ß - fpw hmbn-®m-kz-Zn-®pw Ihn-XI
- ƒ
sNm√n ckn®pw amXr-`m-jb- psS am[pcyw \pW-bp-hm≥
th≠n Xbm-dm-°nbXmWv Cu ]mT-]p-kvXI - w. hmbn®pw
hc®pw ]mSnbpw Fgp-Xnbpw apt∂-dp-tºmƒ ]T\w
ckI-c-am-bn-Øo-cpw.

Aßs\ `mj- b neqsS Np‰p- ] m- S n- t e°p IS∂p

sN√m\pw \mSns‚ \≥a-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øm\pw hos≠Sp-
°m\pw Cu ]pkvXIw \n߃°p klmbI-am-bn-
Øocs´.
kvt\ltØmsS,
tUm. ]n. F. ^mØna
Ub-d-IvS¿
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.
 D≈-S°w
1. AarXw
• shÆ-°-Æ≥ ................................................... 08
• kvt\lw Xm≥ i‡n .................................... 12
• IpS-bn-√m-Ø-h¿ .............................................. 18
2. lcnXw
• Fs‚ ]\n-\o¿s®Sn ....................................... 24
• Rmh¬°mSv .................................................... 27
3. alnXw
• ]Ømbw ............................................................ 38
• Hma-\-bpsS HmWw ......................................... 43
4. cknXw
• s\lvdp-t{Sm^n h≈w-Ifn ........................... 51
• Bcp ]Tn-∏n°pw? .......................................... 57
5. a[pcw
• DuWns‚ tafw ................................................. 66
• Xmfpw XI-cbpw ............................................. 69
A¿Ykq-NnI

Rm≥ Fs∂-°p-dn®v

]T-\-t\-´-߃

XpS¿hmb-\-bv°p≈ ]pkvX-I-߃