Col

legeofArts,
SciencesandEducat
ion
Abuy
ogCommuni tyCol
lege
Abuyog,Leyte

ACTI
VITYSHEETFORPRELI
MS
LESSON1:I
NTELLECTUALREVOLUTI
ONSTHATDEFI
NEDSOCI
ETY
Ber
nadet
hP.Lapada
BSENTREP1B

Di
rect
ions:Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ionscompl
etel
y.
1.Whati
syourper
sonal
def
ini
ti
onofsci
ence?Wr
it
eyouranswerbel
ow.
Sci
enceisawayoflear
ninghowthi
ngswork.I
tisal
soasystemati
cattemptto
est
abli
shknowl
edgethathel
psexpl
ainnat
ural
andphysi
caloccur
rencesthr
ough
obj
ecti
vemeans.
2.Whatdoy
ouknowaboutt
hesci
ent
if
icr
evol
uti
on?Wr
it
eyouranswerbel
ow.
Itwast heperi
odofenlightment
.Itexplai
nstheemer genceorbir
thofmoder n
scienceasar esul
tofthesedevelopmentf r
om thediscipl
i
nesmentioned.Andis
verysigni
fi
cantinthedev el
opmentofhumanbei ngs,t
ransfor
mati
onoft he
societyandintheformationofscient
if
icideas.

Di
rect
ions:Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ionscompl
etel
y.
1.Wr
it
esomeoft
hehi
ghl
i
ght
soft
hesci
ent
if
icr
evol
uti
onbel
ow.
TheSci ent
ifi
cRev oluti
onwaschar act
eri
zedbyanemphasisonabstract
reasoning,quanti
tativethought,anunderst
andingofhownatur
eworks,thevi
ew
ofnat ur
easamachi ne,andthedev el
opmentofanexperi
mentalsci
enti
fi
c
met hod.Scient
ifi
crev ol
ution,whichemphasizedsyst
emati
cexperi
mentati
onas
themostv alidresearchmet hod, r
esul
tedindevel
opmentsinmathemati
cs,
 physi
cs,
ast
ronomy,bi
ology,andchemi
str
y.Thesedev
elopment
str
ansf
ormed
thevi
ewsofsoci
etyaboutnatur
e.
2.Howdi
dsci
ent
ist
scont
ri
but
etot
hedev
elopmentofsci
ence?Wr
it
eyouranswer
bel
ow.
Scient
ist
scontr
ibut
edtothedev
elopmentofsci
encebyanal
ysi
s,di
scov
eri
ngand
explai
nedtheevol
uti
on.

&
Di
rect
ions:
Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ionscompl
etel
y.
OnCoper
nicus:
1.Whati
sthecont
ri
but
ionofCoper
nicust
othephi
l
osophyofsci
ence?
Nicol
ausCoperni
cusdevel
opaheli
ocentr
icviewofcosmost
hatdi
spl
aced
humansfrom t
hephysi
calcent
eroftheuniv
er se.
2.Whatl
essonscoul
dbel
ear
nedf
rom t
heexper
iencesofCoper
nicus?
Thel
essonscoul
dbel
ear
nedf
rom t
heexper
iencesofCoper
nicusar
e:
Conf
ir
mationbi
asisourtendencyt ocherrypi
cki nf
ormat
ionwhi
chconfi
rms
pr
eexi
sti
ngbeli
efsori
deas.It’
st hereasonwhyt wopeopl
ewithopposi
ngvi
ews
onatopi
ccanseethesameev i
dence, andsti
llcomeawaybothval
idat
edbyit
.
Weseeonlywhatwearepr eparedtocompr ehend.
Seekoutdi
sconf
ir
mingev i
dence.Headfort
hesourceoftheopposi
ngargument
.
Underst
andhowproponentsofanargumentorbel
i
efarri
vedatthei
rconcl
usi
on.
Deter
minewhytheybel
ievewhattheydo.
Devel
opi
ngnewperspect
ive,
wehaveaccesstoasmuchi
nfor
mationaswe
want,
butnobodywant
stodot hewor
krequi
redtohav
eanopi
nion.
3.Howcansci
encei
nfl
uencer
eli
giont
oday
?
Evoluti
onhasal way sbeenconsi deredabat tl
egroundbet weenr eli
gionand
sci
ence.Despi tet hatperceptions,therearesomei ndicat
ionsthatreli
gious
beli
efshaveinfluencedandcont i
nuet oinfl
uencesomecur r
entinterpr
etationsin
evoluti
onarybiology.Thehi stori
calreali
tyisthatscienceandr eligi
onhav emor e
oft
enbeencompl ement ar
yt oeachot herandt her elat
ionshiphasbeendy nami c.
Scienceandr el
igionar ebothi mportantfacetsofmoder nlif
eandmanyoft he
questionsinthisser i
esdeal withissuest hatareatt heint
ersecti
onofsci ence
andr el
igi
on.
OnFr
eud:
1.Lookupothersour
cesfrom booksandont
hei
nter
net
.Whatar
ethe
cont
rov
ersiesonFreud’
sideas?
Freudbel
i
ev edthathisdiscoveryoftheOedipalcomplexandr elat
edtheori
es
suchacastrati
onanxietyandpeni senvywerehisgreatestaccompl i
shments,
theset
heori
esar eperhapshismostcr it
ici
zed.Femalepsy choanaly
stsuchas
KarenHorneyandot herfeministt
hinker
shav edescr
ibedhi sideasasdist
orted.
2.Howcany
ouexpl
ainFr
eudi
ani
deasasasci
ent
ist
?
Thisisamet hodoft reati
ngment ali
ll
nessest hatf ocusesont heunconsci ous
ment alpr
ocesses.It'
salsoknownas" deeppsy chology."Freudalsocreatedthe
conceptofid,ego,andsuper ego,whichher eferredt oast he"thr
eeagenci esof
thehumanpsy che.
"Thei drepresentsourprimal dri
ves,suchasl ustandanger.
SigmundFr eudstressedt heunconsciousmi nd'si mportance,andoneof
Freudiantheor
y '
scent r
alassumpt i
onsisthattheunconsci ousmi nddrives
behav i
ortoalargerextentthanindivi
dual
sbel ieve.Psy choanalysi
s'purposeis
tobringtheunconscioust oconsciousness.
Oneoft hemosti mpor tantgoalsofpsy choanalysisistoassistpat i
ent sin
i
dentifyi
ngthehiddeni deas,behav i
ors,anddesi r
est hatarecausi ngissuesi n
thei
rdailyl
ives.Theaimi stoassistpatient
scompr ehendt hefactorst hathave
l
edt olong-
term probl
emsandanegat i
veout lookonl if
e.Peopl ecanexper ience
catharsi
sandacqui r
ei nsightintothei
rcur r
entstateofmi nd,accordi
ngt o
psychoanalysi
s,bybringingt hecontentoft heunconsci ousintoconsci ous
awareness.Aper soncanf i
ndr el
ieffr
om psy chologicalpainthrought his
procedure.

OnDar
win:
1.Whati
sDar
win’
scont
ri
but
iont
osci
ence?
Darwi
n'sgr
eatestcontri
buti
ontoscienceist
hathecompl et
edtheCoper ni
can
Revol
uti
onbydr awi
ngoutf orbiol
ogythenot
ionofnatureasasy st
em ofmat ter
i
nmot i
ongovernedbynat ural
laws.WithDar
win'
sdiscoveryofnatur
alselecti
on,
theor
igi
nandadapt at
ionsoforganismswerebroughtint
otherealm ofscience.
2.HowcanDar
win’
sev
olut
ionar
ytheor
yinf
luencet
hef
oll
owi
ngf
iel
dsi
nmoder
n
t
imes:
a.Economy
?
Theeff
ect softheunderst
andi
ngofev ol
uti
onhasnotonl yr
esult
edin
agri
cul
turalgi
antsineconomy,butalsomedical
giants.Bot
hofthese
aremajorinfl
uencesinl
ocalandglobaleconomy.Tradedealsar
edone
 ar
oundprot
ect
ionofmedi
cal
int
ell
ect
ual
proper
ti
esandagr
icul
tur
al
pr
oduce.
b.Agr
icul
tur
e?
Alotinagriculturehasbeent ouchedbyev oluti
on,andsinceanci ent
ti
mes.Ther easont hatwehav ewheatandnotgr ass,orwhyt he
dessertbananay oueati snotgreen,small,bit
terandf ul
lofseeds, or
whyy ouhav ebr occoliandcauli
flowerinsteadofwi ldmust ar
d, i
sdue
toselecti
on.Wi ththeunder st
andingoft hemechani smsi nv olvedin
evolut
ion,mappi ngofgenesandgeneedi ting,agri
cultur
al sci
ent i
sts
cannowcr eateentirel
ynewcr ops,li
kegol denr i
ce(riceplusagenef or
betacarotene)orwheatcr opsthatcansur v i
vesalti
ersoil
.
c.Pol
i
tical
sci
ence?
Directl
y,there’
sli
ttl
einf
luence.Indi
rectl
y(seEconomyandRel i
gion)
theef f
ectishuge.Globaleconomy ,andhencegl obalpol
it
ics,
involves
thoset r
adedeal smenti
oned. Theknowledgebaseoft hosesciences
andt heeconomi caladvantagestheygainisinconfli
ctwit
hsomeof
thereli
giousbasev oter
sint hoseareas,whichinturnhascontri
buted
toanongoi ngshif
tingl
obal andeconomi calpowertoregi
onst hat
doesn’thav easmuchf undament ali
stsinpower.
d.Rel
i
gion?
Exceptforafewfundament ali
stdenomi nati
ons,mainlypar
tsoftheUS
Evangeli
calcommuni tyandtheMiddle-EastMuslim communiti
es,
rel
igionhasmostlyshruggeditsshoulder.Thosefundamental
ist
shave
seriousl
ygotthei
rknickersi
nat wist
.
LESSON1A:CRADLESOFEARLYSCI
ENCE

Dir
ecti
ons:Basedonwhatyouhavelear
nedaboutt
hedi
ff
erentci
vi
li
zat
ions,
howdi
d
sci
enceshapedthei
rev
erydayl
li
fe?
May
anCi
vi
li
zat
ion
TheAnci entMayansdev elopedthescienceofastronomy,cal
endarsy st
ems,and
hi
er oglyphicwrit
ing.Theywer ealsoknownforcreatingel
aborateceremonial
architecture,
suchaspy r
ami ds,t
emples,pal
aces,andobservatori
es.These
st
r uctureswer eallbui
ltwithoutmetalt
ools.
I
ncanCi
vi
li
zat
ion
 Bycut t
ingfl
atplanesint
othemountain,t
heI ncaswereabletocr
eateareasof
suit
ablefarmland.Boundedbystonewall
s, t
heseareasareablet
owi t
hstandthe
problemsassociatedwithMountai
nclimates.Alongwithdomest
icat
edspecies
ofplantssuit
edt ohar
shcondit
ions,t
heIncaswer eabletofar
m.
Egy
pti
anCi
vi
li
zat
ion
Theydev
elopedway
stomeasur
etimeanddi
stances,
andappl
i
edt
hei
r
knowl
edgetomonument
alar
chi
tect
ure.
Azt
ecCi
vi
li
zat
ion
Aztecsciencerel
iedheavi
l
yonmat h,
suchasthedesignofthei
rcalendar.Aztec
astr
onomywasal soanimpor
tantcomponentofthei
rcal
endar,
whichr ef
lected
heavi
lyont hei
rgods.TheAzt
ecswerealsoadvancedint
hedev el
opmentof
medicine.

&
Di
rect
ions:Rev
iewthehi
stor
yofsci
enceandmakeat
imel
i
nehi
ghl
i
ght
ingt
hemaj
or
di
scover
iesanddev
elopmentsi
nsci
ence.
DATE MAJOR DI
SCOVERER
DISCOVERI ES
1600 arth'
sMagnet i
c
FieldTheEarth
functi
onsasal arge
magnet ,
ali
gning
thesmallmagnet
usedasacompass
needlewithit
sfield.

1637 TheSci enti

fi
c RenéDescar
tes
Met hodA
resear chercreates
at heor y,t
estsit
usingv ari
ous
met hods, andthen
revisesi tbasedon
ther esultsofthe
testsand
exper i
ment s.

1643 TheMer
cur
y Ev
angel
i
sta
 Baromet erIti
sa Tor
ri
cel
li
devicefor
measur ingair
pressureata
specifi
cspot .
1666 LawofGr avit
yThi
s IssacNewton
i
sconsi deredthe
beginningof
moder nastronomy.

1675 Mi croscopi c AntonVan

Or ganismsHe Leeuwenhoek
mostl i
kel ysaw
prot ozoaf ort he
fi
rstt i
me, followed
bybact eriaf ew
year slater.Hewas
abl etoi solate
those" ext remel y
l
ittleanimal cules"
from sev eral
sour ces.

1676 TheSpeedofLight Ol
eRømer
Rømerwast hefi
rst
torecor
decli
pses
ofJupit
er'
smoon
Iotodeter
minethe
speedofli
ght.

Nov
ember4,
1745 TheLey denJarIt Ewal dJür
gen
wast hefir
stdevice Geor
gvonKl
eist
thatcouldstore
l
ar geamount sof
electr
iccharge.

Mar
ch20,
1800 TheEl ectr
ic Al
essandr
oVol
ta
Bat t
eryVolt a
stackedal ternat
ing
zincandsi lver
discssepar atedby
brine-soakedl i
nen
i
nahaphazar d
manner .He
const ruct
edt he
pile,whichincluded
 upt othi
rt
ydi sks,
in
theshapeofa
torpedofi
sh's
electr
icorgan.

Oct
ober16,
1846 Anest hesiaDur ing Wil
l
iam Mor
ton
medi cal t
reat ments,
thesemedi ci
nes
preventy ouf rom
feel
ingpai n.
Mor t
onwast he
fi
rstper sont o
successf ully
demonst rateether
anest hesiadur i
ng
surger yinpubl i
c.
Hei scr editedwi t
h
getti
ngsur gical
anesthet i
c
accept ancei nthe
medi cal
communi t
y .

1869 ThePer iodicTabl e Dmi t

riMendeleev
Mendel eev
scribbl edt he
chemi cal element s'
sy mbol s,arranged
them accor dingt o
theirat omi c
wei ght s,and
creat edt heper iodi c
table.
Nov
ember8,
1895 X-ray sWhen Wil
hel
m Conrad
Rönt genwas Rönt
gen
exami ningi f
cathoder ay scoul d
travel throughgl ass
i
nhi slab, hesawa
glowcomi ngf r
om
anear bychemi cally
coat edscr een.
Becauseoft heir
unknownnat ur
e, he
calledt her aysthat
gener at edt he
 i
lluminationX-r
ays.
Itisahuge
scienti
fi
c
breakthroughthat
,
bymaki ngt he
unseenv isi
ble,
woul dassista
variet
yof
professi
ons, most
notablymedi ci
ne.

1898 Radi um and Mari

eandPi
err
e
Pol onium Int heir Cur
ie
i
nv est i
gationof
pitchblende, Cur i
es
discov eredt he
element sradium
andpol onium.Al so,
bot helement sar e
radioact i
vebut
offerbenef i
ts.For
i
nst ance, radium
rayswer eut i
lized
tot reatav arietyof
ail
ment s,including
l
upus, cancer ,and
neur ological
disor ders.

1913 TheAt omi c Henr

yMosel
ey
NumberMosel ey
usedx- rayst o
discovert heatomi c
numberor bita
potentialwel l
createdbyt he
nucleus.Theor bit
s
form asuccessi on
ofincreasi ng
energyshel l
s.The
mostst ablenuclei
haveent i
relyfi
ll
ed
outershel ls.

1967 Ant
i-
cancerAgent
s JaneCookeWr
ight
Wri
ghtstudi
edthe
 associ at i
on
betweenpat i
ent
andt issuecul ture
responseand
dev i
sednewcancer
treatmentdel iv ery
met hods.Hundr eds
ofmedi cati
ons
wer eexami nedf or
theirabi li
tyto
eradicat ehuman
cancer s, and
resear cher sst udied
howt hesedr ugs
couldbet estedi n
cellcul ture.Her
wor kt ransformed
cancerr esear ch
andhowdoct or s
treatcancer
patient s.

Oct
ober22,
2004 Gr apheneI t'
sa AndreKonst
anti
n
super -
conduct ive Geim
car bonsheetbui lt
from si ngle-at om
thicksheet s.I ti
s
thewor ld'st hinnest
mat erial,aswel las
oneoft he
strongestand
har dest .Itisa
super i
oral t
er nativ
e
tosi li
conwi th
numer ous
appl icat i
ons.
2007 Adv ancementi n Dr.Ger
oHütter
HI VCur eEv en
thoughHI V/ AIDS
remai nsoneoft he
wor ld'swor st
diseases, no
def init
iv ecur ehas
beendev eloped.
Howev er ,ont he
sai dy ear ,Hüt ter
wast hefi
r stt
o
eff
ectiv
elycure
TimothyRayBr own,
anHIV/ AI
DS
pati
ent,by
tr
ansferri
ngbone
marrowf rom an
HIV-i
mmune
pati
ent.