Diploma in Civil Engineering

DCC 30122
FLUID MECHANICS

CHAPTER 2
MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE

PREPARED:
AZMI BIN MOHAMMAD
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
POLITEKNIK SULTAN AZLAN SHAH
Diploma in Civil Engineering

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO):

CLO 1:

Explain the fundamental and principles in fluid mechanics engineering. (C2, PLO1)

PROGRAMME LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLO):

PLO 1 :
Explain the fundamental and principles in fluid mechanics engineering. (C2, PLO1).
PRESSURE

❑ Pressure is defined as normal force exerted per

unit area. It always acts normal direction to the
surface contact. If F is the total force distributed
over area A, then the intensity of pressure is
represented as

𝐹
𝑃= ……(eq 2.1)
𝐴

❑ The unit of pressure in SI system is given on N/m2.

PRESSURE

PRESSURE
❑ The fluid pressure is directly proportional to the
depth and not influenced by the size and shape
of the body

Figure 2.1

Pressure point A = Pressure point B = Pressure point C = Pressure point

∴ PA = PB = PC = PD (because all points have the same depth, h)
PRESSURE

PRESSURE
Consider a cylinder
containing some liquid
as shown in Figure 2.3.
The liquid will exert
pressure on all sides as
well as bottom of the
cylinder. There will be
some pressure on the
cylinder base due to
weight of the liquid in it.
Figure 2.3
 *Notes

……. (eq 2.2)

• The pressure is always expresses in

pascal (briefly written as Pa)

• 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
PRESSURE

❑ The pressure head, h is defined as the height of a

column of liquid of specific weight,  required to give a
pressure difference of P.

𝑃
ℎ=
𝜌𝑔

❑ Unit in Meter or m
PRESSURE HEAD

PRESSURE HEAD

❑ For the same pressure

intensity, P the height of
fluid columns will be
different, according to
their specific gravity
(Figure 2.4)
Figure 2.4: Equivalent fluid
columns for the same
pressure
PRESSURE HEAD

PRESSURE HEAD
Example 1
A container is filled with a fluid at a gauge pressure of 200kN/m2.
What is the head in terms of water (density of 1000 kg/m3)?
What is the head in terms of mercury (relative density = 13.6)
If the atmospheric pressure is 100kPa, what is the absolute pressure in the
container?

Solution:
h = P/ρg = 200 x 103/(1000 x 9.81)
= 20.39 m of water
h = P/ρHgg = 200 x 103/(136000 x 9.81)
= 1.50 m of mercury
P = Pgauge + Patm = 200 + 100 = 300kPa
PRESSURE HEAD

PRESSURE HEAD
Example 2
Determine the pressure at a point in a liquid if the head is 60mm of
mercury.

Solution:
From Equation (2.14) the pressure is;
P = ρgh = 13600(9.81)(0.06) = 8005 Pa = 8.005 kPa

Example 3
A container is filled with oil of specific gravity 0.85. Determine the
pressure at a depth of 2.5m. What is the head in mm of water?

Solution:
P = ρoilgh = (0.85 x 1000)(9.81)(2.5) = 20850 Pa = 20.85kPa
The head in mm of water is given by;
h = P/ρwg = 20850/(1000 x 9.81) = 2.125 m of water
TYPES OF PRESSURE

TYPES OF PRESSURE
Atmospheric Pressure ( Patm )
• The pressure variation in the atmosphere is usually due to the changes in density
and elevation
• When there is air movement, there will be even greater variation in pressure
(since it is not static anymore).
• The pressure variation in the atmosphere is very complicated because the
atmosphere is not static. It is important to measure the atmospheric pressure as,
it effects the measurement of pressure in fluids.
• For most engineering purposes, the atmospheric pressure is taken as I bar,
which is equal to approximately 100 000 Pa.
• Is the pressure caused by the weight of air in the
earth's surface.- Atmospheric pressure (Patm) varies
according to altitude measured from sea level
• At sea level, atmospheric pressure is about 101 kN/m2
equivalent to 10.3m water head and 760mm mercury
head.
Patm = 101 kN/m2 = 10.3m water head = 760mm mercury head
TYPES OF PRESSURE

Absolute Pressure ( Pabs )

❖The actual pressure at a given position.
❖It is measured relative to absolute vacuum
(absolute zero pressure)

Gauge Pressure ( Pgauge )

• Most pressure-measuring devices, are calibrated to read
zero in the atmosphere and so they indicated the
difference between the absolute and the atmospheric.
This different is called gauge pressure,
• Pgauge can be positive or negative.
TYPES OF PRESSURE

Figure 2.5 : Diagram show relationship between atmospheric

pressure, gauge pressure and absolute pressure

Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure

Relationship between Pressure and Elevation

Relationship between Pressure and Elevation

• The term elevation means the vertical distance from some reference level to
a point of interest and is called z.
• A change in elevation between two points is called h.
• Elevation will always be measured positively in the upward direction.
• In other words, a higher point has a larger elevation than a lower point.
• Fig below shows the illustration of reference level for elevation.
Relationship between Pressure and Elevation

Relationship between Pressure and Elevation

The change in pressure in a homogeneous liquid at rest
due to a change in elevation can be calculated from

Change of
elevation
Pressure
Change
Density
EXAMPLE

Example 4:

Calculate the change in water pressure from the surface to a depth of 5 m.

Solution:

**If the surface of the water is exposed to the atmosphere, the

pressure there is 0 Pa(gage). Descending in the water (decreasing
elevation) produces an increase in pressure. Therefore, at 5 m the
pressure is 49050 N/m2 (gage).
EXAMPLE

Example 5:

Determine the gauge and absolute pressure at a depth of 10m

in a tank filled with water. The atmospheric pressure is
100kN/m2.

Solution:
The gauge pressure is:
P = ρgh = 1000(9.81)(10) = 98100 N/m2 = 98.1kN/m2.
The absolute pressure is:
P = Pgauge + Patm
= 98.1 + 100 = 198.1kN/m2 = 198.1kPa
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Barometer, Piezometer and U-tube

Manometer

Pressure Measurement

❖ Fluid pressure can be measured with a certain

pressure gauge
i) Barometer (Aneroid and Bourdon pressure gauge)
ii) Piezometer
iii) Manometer
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

1) Barometer
• Barometers are used to measure the atmospheric pressure. The simplest
barometer would consist of a long test tube placed in an open container
consisting of mercury as shown in Figure 2.4.
• The tube should be more than 760mm long (since the atmospheric
pressure at sea level is equivalent to 760mm head of mercury).
• The tube should have one end closed and this end is placed at the top
while the open end is placed at the bottom.
Vacuum

P h
A B

Figure 2.4: Simple barometer

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

• With the mercury filling the tube, the tube is then raised higher than
760mm above the mercury level in the open container while
maintaining the mercury in the tube.
• A vacuum will be created at the top.
• The pressure in the tube at point B should be the same as the
pressure at point A (atmospheric) at the surface in the open container.
• This is because they are at the same elevation. But, the pressure at
B is equal to that caused by the mercury column of height h.

• At sea level, atmospheric pressure is about 101 kN/m2

equivalent to 10.3m water head and 760mm mercury head
• Standard of mercury barometer pressure is 760mm mercury head
(760mm Hg)
• ρHg = 13.6 ρair = 13.6 x 103 kg/m3

Patm = 10.3 m water head = 760mm mercury head

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

1) Barometer
Barometer Empty space
(a vacuum)

Hg

Weight of the
mercury in
the column

Weight of the
atmosphere
(atmospheric
pressure)
 Barometer
Water column
(34.0 ft. high
or 10.4 m)

• Mercury filled
760 mm = 1 atm Atmospheric
pressure

• Water filled
10400 mm = 1
Mercury column
(30.0 in. high
or 76 cm)

atm
The barometer measures
air pressure
 Mount Everest

Sea level On top of Mount Everest

Sea level
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Example 6:

How much atmospheric pressure if barometer water

give10.3 m readings.

Solution:

Patm = ρagha
= 1000kg/m3 x 9.81m/s2 x 10.3 m
= 101043 N/m2
≈ 101 kN/m2
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

2) Piezometer

h h

Figure (2.7i) : Piezometer side view Figure (2.7ii) : Piezometer sectional view
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

❑ Piezometer is a tool that measures fluid pressure in a pipe

that poked one end open tube vertically into the pipeline.
❑ When liquid flows through the pipes, the liquid in the
piezometer rises to a height, h from the pipe center line.
❑ The height to which the liquid rises will give the head in the
liquid and can be converted to pressure
❑ Then, the pressure on the pipe center line is N/m2 or h
meter liquid head
Measurement of Pressure: Piezometer Tube

Disadvantages:
po
1)The pressure in the container has to be
greater than atmospheric pressure.
Move Up the
Tube 2) Pressure must be relatively small to
Closed End “Container” maintain a small column of fluid.
pA
(abs) 3) The measurement of pressure must be
of a liquid.

Then in terms of gage pressure, the equation for a Piezometer Tube:

Note: pA = p1 because they are at the same level

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Example 7:

If the liquid in the pipe is water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3) and h is 30 cm,

calculate the pressure in the pipe (Point A)

30cm

Solution :

Pa = ρgh
= 1000 x 9.81 x 0.3
= 2.9 kN/m2
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Manometer
❖ Manometer is a tool that made from u tube and filled with a liquid such as mercury,
kerosene, oil, etc. A manometer makes use of two or more liquids with different specific
gravity.
❖ The choice of manometer fluid depends on the pressure range to be measured.
❖ However on the other hand, if the pressure to be measured is small then, lighter liquid
such as oil will be used.
❖ The tube connecting the fluid is usually bent and not straight. Sometimes there are more
than one bend.
❖ Multiple bends enable the manometer to measure higher pressures.
❖ Manometers can also be used to measure the difference in pressure between two
containers or conduits. This type of manometer is called a differential manometer.
❖ There are three types of manometer, which:
1.) Simple Manometer
2.) Differential Manometer
3.) Inversely Differential Manometer
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Manometer
1.) Simple Manometer
1. A simple manometer is a tube bent in U-shape.
2. One end of which is attached to the gauge point and the other is
open to the atmosphere as shown in (Figure 2.6).
3. The liquid used in the bent tube or simple manometer is generally
mercury which is 13.6 times heavier than water.
4. Now consider a simple manometer connected to a pipe containing a
light liquid under high pressure.
5. The high pressure in the pipe will force the heavy liquid, in the left-
hand limb of the U-tube, to move downward.
6. This downward movement of the heavy liquid in the left-hand limb will
cause a corresponding rise of the heavy liquid in the right-hand limb.
7. The horizontal surface, at which the heavy and light liquid meet in the
left-hand limb is know as a common surface or datum line.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Manometer

Patm
h1 = Height of the liquid in the left-hand limb
above the common surface in cm.

A
h2 = Height of the heavy liquid in the right-
hand limb above the common surface in cm.
x

PA = Pressure in the pipe, expressed in terms

of head of water in cm.

ωP = Specific weight of the light liquid.

SQ = Specific gravity of the heavy liquid.

The pressure in the left-hand limb and the

right-hand limb above the datum line is equal.
Pp = PA + ρagz (patm = 0) Pressure, PB at B = Pressure, PC at C
PQ = Patm + ρrgy

Pp = PQ
PA + ρagz = Patm + ρrgy
PA = Patm + ρrgy - ρagz
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

SIMPLE MANOMETER

Figure 2.8

• It consists of a tube bent un U-shape, one end of which

is attached to the gauge point and the other is open to
the atmosphere as shown in Figure 2.8 (a) and (b)
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Example 8 : Simple manometer

The pressure of water in a

pipeline was measured by
means of simple manometer
containing mercury. The
reading of manometer is shown
in Figure 2.10. Determine the
static pressure of water in the
pipe. Take density of mercury is
13.6 x 103 kg/m3. Figure 2.10
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Solution:

Patm = 0

B C
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Solution:
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Example 9 : Simple manometer

A simple manometer containing

mercury was used to find the
negative pressure in the pipe
containing water as shown in
Figure 2.11. The right limb of the
manometer was open to
atmosphere. Find the negative
pressure below the atmosphere
if the manometer readings are
given in the Figure 2.11. Take
density of mercury is 13.6 x 103
kg/m3.

Figure 2.11
Solution:

𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒃(𝑷𝒛 ) = 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 (𝑷𝒛 )

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃𝐴 + (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 0
𝑃𝐴 + 1000 × 9.81 × 0.02 + 13600 × 9.81 × 0.05 = 0
𝑃𝐴 + 196.2 + 6670.8 = 0
𝑷𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 = −𝟔𝟖𝟔𝟕 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Example 10 : Simple manometer

A simple manometer is used to measure

the pressure of oil flowing in the
pipeline. Its right limb is open to the
atmosphere and the left limb is
connected to the pipe. The centre of the
pipe is 90mm below the level of mercury
in the right limb. If difference of mercury
levels in the two limbs is 150mm, find
the pressure of oil in the pipe. Given
density of mercury = 13.6 x 103 kg/m3.
Figure 2.12
and specific gravity of oil = 0.8.
Solution:

𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒃(𝑷𝒛 ) = 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 (𝑷𝒛 )

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃𝐴 + (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 + 0
𝑃𝐴 + 1000 × 9.81 × 0.04 = 13600 × 9.81 × 0.08
𝑃𝐴 + 392.4 = 10673.28
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 10673.28 − 392.4

𝑷𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 𝑵/𝒎𝟐

Measurement of Pressure: differential
U-Tube Manometer
Measuring a Pressure Differential

Closed End
pB “Container”

Final notes:
Closed End 1)Common gage fluids are Hg and Water,
“Container” some oils, and must be immiscible.
pA
2)Temp. must be considered in very
accurate measurements, as the gage fluid
properties can change.

3) Capillarity can play a role, but in many

cases each meniscus will cancel.

Datum
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Manometer
2.) Differential Manometer

❖It is a device used for measuring the difference

of pressure, between two points in pipe, or in
two different pipes.

❖Its consist of a U-tube containing a heavy liquid,

whose ends are connected to the points, whose
difference pressure is required to be found out.

❖A differential manometer whose ends are

connected with two different points A and B as
shown in Figure 2.12 (a) and (b).
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

❖Assume the pressure at points A is more than

that at point B. The greater pressure at A will
force the heavy liquid in U-tube to move
downwards.

❖This downward movement of heavy liquid, in

the left limb, will cause a corresponding rise of
the heavy liquid in the right limb as shown in
Figure 2.15 (a)
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Figure 2.15 (a) : A and B at Figure 2.15 (b) : A and B at

the same level and different levels and
containing same liquid containing same liquids
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Example 11 : Differential manometer

A differential manometer
(Figure 2.16) connected at the
point A and B at the same level
in a pipe containing an oil of
specific gravity 0.8, shows a
difference in mercury levels as
100mm. Determine the
difference in pressure at the Figure 2.16
two points. Given density of
mercury = 13.6 x 103 kg/m3.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Solution:

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃𝐴 + (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 0
𝑃𝐴 + 1000 × 9.81 × 0.02 + 13600 × 9.81 × 0.05 = 0
𝑃𝐴 + 196.2 + 6670.8 = 0
𝑷𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 = −𝟔𝟖𝟔𝟕 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Example 12 : Differential manometer

A differential manometer
containing mercury was
used to measure the
difference of pressures in
two pipes containing water
as shown in Figure 2.17.
Find the difference of
Figure 2.17
pressure in pipe.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Solution:

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃𝐴 + (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 + 0
𝑃𝐴 + 1000 × 9.81 × 0.04 = 13600 × 9.81 × 0.08
𝑃𝐴 + 392.4 = 10673.28
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 10673.28 − 392.4

𝑷𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 𝑵/𝒎𝟐

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Manometer
3.) Inverted Differential
Manometer

❖ An inverted differential
manometer is used for
measuring difference of low
pressure, where accuracy is
the prime consideration.

❖ It consists of an inverted U-
tube, containing a light liquid Figure 2.18 :
whose two ends are Inverted differential
connected to the points whose manometer
difference of pressure is to be
found out.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Example 13 : Inverted Differential manometer

An inverted differential
manometer having an oil of
specific gravity 0.75 was
connected to two different
pipes carrying water under
pressure as shown in Figure
2.19. Determine the pressure
Figure 2.19
in the pipe B. Take the
pressure in the pipe A as
1.5m of water.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Solution:

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑃𝐴 − (𝜌𝑔ℎ1 )𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝐵 − (𝜌𝑔ℎ2 )𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 − (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝑜𝑖𝑙
1000 × 9.81 × 1.5 − 1000 × 9.81 × 0.2 = 𝑃𝐵 − 1000 × 9.81 × 0.05 − (750 × 9.81 × 0.1)

14715 − 1962 = 𝑃𝐵 − 490.5 − 735.75

12753 = 𝑃𝐵 − 1226.25
𝑃𝐵 = 12753 + 1226.25
𝑷𝑩 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟕𝟗. 𝟐𝟓 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

EXERCISE

1. A simple manometer containing

mercury is used to measure the
pressure of water flowing in
pipeline (Figure 2.21). The
mercury level in the open tube is
60 mm higher than that on the
left tube. If the height of the
water in the left is 50 mm,
determine the pressure in the Figure 2.21: Simple manometer
pipe.

2. A differential manometer was

connected with two points at the
same level in pipe containing
liquid of specific gravity 0.85 as
shown in Figure 2.22. Find the
difference at the two points, if
the difference of mercury level be
150 mm. Figure 2.18
Figure 2.22: Differential manometer
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

3. A U-tube differential
manometer (Figure 2.23)
connects two pressure pipes A
and B. The pipes A contains
carbon tetrachloride having a
specific gravity 1.6 under a
pressure 120kPa. The pipe B
contains oil f specific gravity 0.8
under a pressure of 200kPa.
The pipe A lies 2.5m above
pipe B. Find the difference of
pressures measured by Figure 2.23: Differential manometer
mercury as fluid filling U-tube.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

4. An inverted differential
manometer , when
connected to two pipes
A and B, gives the
readings as shown in
Figure 2.24. Determine
the pressure in the tube
B, if the pressure in the
pipe A be 50kPa.

Figure 2.24
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

5. Consider a double-fluid
manometer attached to
an air pipe shown in
Figure 2.25. If the
specific gravity of one
fluid is 13.55, determine
the specific gravity of
the other fluid for the
indicated absolute
pressure of air. Take
the atmospheric
pressure to be 100 kPa.

Figure 2.25
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

6. A manometer is used to
measure the pressure
of a gas in a tank. The
fluid used has a specific
gravity of 0.85, and the
manometer column
height is 55 cm as
shown in Figure 2.26. If
the local atmospheric
pressure is 96 kPa,
determine the absolute
pressure within the Figure 2.26
tank.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Figure 2.30

7. A differential manometer is connected to two pipes as

shown in Figure 2.30. Pipe A containing carbon
tetrachloride (s.g = 1.594) and pipe B is containing an
oil with specific gravity 0.8. Find the difference of
mercury level, if the pressure difference in two pipe be
78.48 kN/m2.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Figure 2.31

8. Figure 2.31 shows a U-tube differential manometer

connection two pressure pipes X and Y. The pipe X
contains a liquid of specific gravity 1.45 under a pressure
of 120 kN/m2. Pipe Y contains a liquid with specific gravity
0.8 under a pressure of 180 kN/m2. Find the difference
measured by mercury as fluid filling u-tube.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Figure 2.32

9. Figure 2.32 shows an inverted differential manometer

having an oil of specific gravity 0.8 connected to two
different pipes carrying water under pressure. Determine
the pressure in pipe Q if the pressure in pipe P is 3m of
water.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Figure 2.33

10. An inverted differential manometer, when connected to

two pipes A and B, gives the readings as shown in Figure
2.33. Determine the pressure in tube B, if the pressure in
tube A be 10m of water .