-r

_I TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
-I MODULE 01 - POPULATION STUDIES

-I LESSON #
PAGE

-l 01 What is DemograPhY

.02
...
How Population Differs Between Developed and Dev6loping
I

:i 03 The Malthusian Population Theory 7

04 The Neo-Malthusian Population Theory """:"""""""" l0

"T
il 05 Theory
The Demographic Transition

The Marxist Population Theory

13

16

iI
I
06

07 Sources of Population Statistics .'... I8

08 The Population Composition of the Caribbean 21

-t 09
10
Caribbean Population Growth Rate -

Population Fyramid
Lt+
2()

_l: 11 Population Control PolicY

t2 Development ....
31

35
\
I
I MODULE 02 - SOCIAL ORDER, SOCIAL CONTROL AND DEVIANCE

LESSON #
;

I t3 What is Social Order 38

41
14 What is Deviance

I 15

16
The Functionalist Perspective on Deviance ' '. ..
The Conflict Perspective ...
44
+t
49
l7 The Interactionist Perspective on Deviance .....
l,
ll 18 What is Official Punishment ......
54

19 Social Distribution of Crime 56

59
''1
20 The Issue of Deviance/Crime -. i r .. '

J -fut .".:
MODULE 03 _ SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY

LESSON #

21 Concept and Development 63

22 Theories of Development and Underdevelopment 66

23 The ModemizationTheory 6q

24 The World System Theory ...' 73

2s The GlobalizationTheory 75

26 What is Industrialization 7 6
27 What is Bureaucracy ... ffi
28 The Problem in Defining PovertY 82'
29 The Culture of Poverty Approach on the Causes and Persistence
of Poverty .. . ' .: .
\.'" " 85
30 Socio-economic Conditions that lead to Poverty sq

31 Approaches used to Develop Poverty Alleviation Policies el

APPENDIX
2007 PastPaper 02 .... e+
2008 Past Paper 02 ....
qb
€1 - d J qq
2oq ?w:? 9^b" oL - -r
 'ff-ol
J-*ss ctr
focuses on the cornposition
This is the scientific study of population. Demography
gror,r,th and movement of population and their
implications'

I
1. Crude Birth Rate ^,\,\ -r-^-..-,^+:^
ffiberof1ivebirthsperl000ofpopulationinag1\renyear.
*
CBR: # of live births 1000
I Total PoPulation

2. Crude Death Rate

-
I ffideaths per 1000 of population in a givenyear'
CDR: # of deathg * 1000
Totd PoPulation
I
-
3. Fecunditv
of a r,voman or nun to produce a live child'
Th"Tth-'tiologieal abilrt--v

I 4 Fertili8 an individual. couple, a group

This refers to the actual reproductive pertbrmance of
I or a PoPulation

5. Gener+l Fertilitv Rate .

r . i* ^ .,:_.^-.,oo. a
I This refers to tneffiIE of live births in a given
for every 1000 women ln the
year rnr
the age group 15 - 44yrs is used'
age group 15 - 49yrs- [n some cormtries
*
GFR: # of l2irths 1000
I f. poPulation l5-49

6. Aee FertilifY RaJq

- SPecificthe
I Tfi, ,"fe.t to
specific age grouP.
number of live births in a gil.en year per 1000 rvomen in a

ASFR: # of births *
If
1000
# of women in a sPeci{ic age group

l(' Z.N4lgral hlcreas€

This is an increase in the population u'here total
given courtry for a particular year' Natural decrease
births exceeds total deaths m a
is the opPosite.

I 8. Life ExoectancY
This is an estimate of the average number of .vear
a person ma-'v expect to lirre in a

I
given country.

9. Infant iVlortalitY Rafe

less than one -vear of age per 1000
This refers to thei--U*, of deaths to infants

I live births in a given Year. *

IMR = # of deatirs to infants < ll'r 1000

I
Total live births

l
I
10.Dependency Ratio
This ratio compares the number of dependents with the number of peoplc in tltc
working population. Dependents comprise those over 65yrs old plus those less tlran
l5yrs old.
DRO: Po-r+ * or, * 100
P rs- o<

I 1. Popqlatisn Growth Rate J

This refers to the rate at which the population changes due to the number of births. I
deaths and migration, in a given year.

r
"H;::"-::,:j:rPoPura'[iongrow'1h:
: population
Pr
:
earlier time.
at an i
B births that occurred since Pr
D : deaths that occurred since Pr t
I : those who joined the population since pr
E : those who moved out ofihe population since pr
f
One way to calculate the population growth rate (PGR)
\r ur\/ is
rD by
L'J using rL
L,IE lbllowirrg
uDr,B the
formula: .'
:-,: :*"^ ::::";'"'rQLw
PGR:(B_p)+0_E)* 100
f
Total Population
'fo ascertain the present population size of a country you
can use the formula:
f
p:-p, I (B_D)+fl_E) _l
12. Migration t )
This refers to the movement of a people across a specific geographical bounclaq
for the purpose of establishing a new residence. The can be-peimanent or scpri -,
J
I
permanent.
J
13. Types of Migration t-
r External or international migration which is the movenrent o1' pcoplc |
between countries. -I
NB. External migration is categorized as in - migration and out - migration. L_.,
o country.
Internal Migration refers to the movement of people within a I
I
International migration is comprised of immigration and emigration.
I
Immigration refers to the number of people coming into a parlicular country in a L_
gir en year'.
I
year.
Emigration refers to the number of people moving out of a country in a givcn
I
Net migration is the difference between the figure fbr immigration unrl L-
emigration' It can be positive or negative
e
r=,l J
 Net migration (M) : I - E. In a more complicated form net migration cau bc
calculated using the formula: (Pz - P,) - (B - D).

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Candidates will be required to:

L Calculate the relevant population statistics e.g. CBR, CDR, Net Migration.
II. Discuss some possible socio - economic conditions that these population
statistics may be indicators of. (implications)
ill. Define the terms -
o Population
o Population change
. Doubling time
IV. Discuss some of the main push and pull factors why Caribbean people arc
migrating to places such as the U.S.A, Canada and the U.K.
V. Explain how fertility, mortality and migration relate to population grow'th.
VI. Complete the 12 multiple choice items in the Mustapha's book P. 15 - 18.

LESSON TARGET

Lesson #01 targets objectives #01 and 02 of Module 1.

RECOMMENPED READINGS

1. Sociology For Caribbean Stuclents Vol.2, by Mustapha (2006) P.7- 15.

2. Sociology, A Global Introduction by Macionis/ Plumm er (2002)P. 594 -- 601.

3. Modules In Social Studies With SBA by Ramsawak/[Jmraw P. 188 -- 192.

t,
 LESSON #02

Develoning Countries
and technologicaliy
Developed countries are those that are most industrialized
advancerl. This takes in countries suoh as the
u.s.A-, Canada, England, Japal
Developing countries refer to the
and the member states of the European union'
America, Africa and
poorer countries such as the Caribilean, South and Central
parts of Asia.
countries' A few
Fofrtutio, statistics differ between developed and..developing
quantitative measures will be used to dissuss the differences-
r crude birth rate - this tends to be much lower in the developed '
level of education'
countries. This is often due to the relatively higher
opportunities etc'
the wider use of contraceptives, Sreater ernployment
A
. Crude death rate -This is relatively lower in the developed countries'
to this, such as
number of socio-economic factors have contributed
of education, cleaner
better quality food is avarlable,the higher level
physical *n,i,on*"nt and gteater health eonsciousness.
o Life expectancy rate at birth - This is higher in the developed
lifestyle
countries due to better health care, houses, food, clothes,
jobs, higher level
choices, avaiiability of more and better paying
and a

of general sanitation,
o Migration - Developed countiies report a much higher level of in- --
pull
milation than develtping countries. This may be due to various
fu"to.. such as better *d.,"utio.t and job opportunities, higher wages,
health care'
better infrastructure, l0wer violent crime rate, better
o Dependency ratio - The overall dependency ratio tend to be much
the
higher in thi developing countries. In the developed countries
five years age category but
delendency ,Jlo is hgf,e. at the over sixty
lower at.th; under fouiteen years age catggory thy those
of the
developing countries. This is due to a higher level of life expectfficY,
low fertili!, rate, better health care facilities and programmes for
the
aged.
o Infant mortality rate - This tends to be much lower in the developed
due to a more comprshensive immunization
programme' better
";*iri"r
pre-nataland ante-natal healih care, low level of malnutrition etc'
developed
o General fertility rate - This tends to be much lower in the
considerably to
countries than in the developing countries' This is due
greaterjob opportunities,thl people are more educated, the wider use of
contraceptives among oth'er factors'

t
L
E
L
 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Candidates will be required to :

I.AnalyzethepolicyofanamedCaribbeanterritorytoaddressitfertility
that a named caribbean territory
c.uld usc trr
. II. frll;,r* a set of policies
out-migration'
curb its high level of
that may affect a caribbean
IlL Assess ,ori" of the likely "oir"qr"rrces
be having a hig! crude birth
rate'
territory *f iJ-"V
1y. Evaluate trr. oitrr" health programmes being currently
"rr""tiveness witir special focus on the
used in a named caribbean territory
dependentsorthosemostvulnerablewithinthesociety.
may be misleading'
V. Explain *flyit'" J"pendency ratio

Wo'rld
Population Statistics Across The

S6urce: rvu,n,.prb.tlIg (MID 2001)

Death Rate of Infant Total

Life I
I'op'
COI]NTRIES Pop Birth I
I
I
E,xpecta I'er
Per Natural morta fertility
I
I

Mid I Per I I
I

ncy at
I
sqLlarc
2oo1 1 000 1000 Increas lity rate I

milc
I

i
e o/o Rate Birth
(mill l Pop. Pop.
ion)

M F

09 0.6 7.1 2.1 l4 80 77

USA 284. 15
5 '76 81 08
0.3 5.5 1.4
31 .0 11 08
CANADA 24 ', a. 7A t_\ 624
I^I\/ATr-A 2.6 20 05 1.5
1.6 70 75 1(r20
09 0.5 14.2
I]ABADOS 0.3 T4
t3 77 lb+
6
cUsA
'I'RINDAD/
-l 11-3 t4
t4
07
08
o.7
0.6
7
17.1 t.7 68 It 656
1.3
TOBAGO 4.7 47 5l 650
1.8 80.0
I-IAI'I'I 7.0 -)J
IJ 78 132
05 1.9 25 2.8
MEXICO 99.6 24 r00
r7 72 76
2.9 z5 05 2.0
PANAMA 35 2.4 65 72 52
171 22 07 1.5
BRAZIL
I 40 2.5 62 6tt 0ti
0.7 21 08 1.3
GI]YANA 44 3.5 65 68 i81
28 07 2.1
E,GYPT 69.8 42 47 196
2.7 153 6.3
5.4 47 20
SIERRA
t,h,ONE 97 5.9 51 53
65.4 44 15 2.9
ETHIOPIA
!?

r-
{t

J
1

II. Critically assess the relevance of the Neo-Malthusian theory to the

current Caribbean society.
1
III. Compare and contrast the Malthusian and the Neo-Malthusian theory
-t
with regards to a named Caribbean territory.
J
l

IV. Discuss any recent Caribbean study on population control policies rvith
reference to a named Caribbean territory.
_]

I LESSON TARGET

Lesson #04 targets objective 04 of module 01.

II

RECOMMENDBD READTNGS
-
l. Population, an introduction To concepts and issues by John weeks I)
-J
l 72 -76.
2. Sociology for Caribbean students by Nasser Mustapha (2006) p. 33
-
35.
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1

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1
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I
ANGOLA 12.3 50 25 2.5 198 6.9 37 39 26
57 2.9 s2 54 92
SOUI'II 43.6 25 14 1.1
AFRICA
ISRAEL 6.4 22 06 1.6 5.3 3.0 76 80 791
AFGHANIST 26.8 43 19 2.4 154 6.0 46 44 r06
AN '77
.IAPAN t27. 09 08 4.2 3.4 1.3 84 872
1

a1
NOR'I'H 22 21 07 1.4 88 L.J 67 t) 472
KOREA
11 75 80 635
T-]NIT'ED 60 12 11 0.1 5.7
KINDOM

ROMANIA 22.4 10 l2 -0.2 18.6 1.3 67 74 243

RUSSIA 144 09 r5 -0.6 16 t.2 59 72 22
AUSTRALIA 19.4 13 07 0.6 5.7 1.1 76 82 06

Lesson Target

Lesson # 02targets objective # 03 of Module 1

RECOMME,NDE,D READINGS

1. Population- An Introduction To Concepts And Issues by John Wecks

P.165-206.

2. Modules In Social Studies by Ramsawak/umraw (2001) P. 193-206.

WI
1'
t
JI LESSON #03

I
.TheMalthusiantheoryisbasedontheworkofThomasRobertMalthus.an
the coneerfl''of lvtralthus wisr
l Englishman (1766-1834).
',lEhis theory'expl.ains
growth and'food supplye
ffiEewffii* relationship between population
l Malthus purported that the world's population
tends to grow more rapidly than

it'
l the fbod supply nesded to sustain
Malthus claimed that the world population would increase exponentially (2' a'

l fbocl supply would increase arithmetica]tly

tl, l6) while
that if this trend is allowed to continue,
(2,3,4,5). [{e argucd
it would lead to widespread misery
lor

l the ma.iority of people. This misery would manifest itself in various tbrms
sucit

l as t-amine' malnutrition and diseases'

Malthusarguedthatmanisrationalandwillputinplacethenecessary
typcs ol-
growth. Malthus made mention of two

l measures to control population

illeasures that will contribute to the control of population

growth' These arc

l positive chechs and preventive checks'

l What Are These Positive Checks

Malthus believed that the threat of starvation

would give rise to adverse social

l practices that may kiil off the people

even before starvation of itself

prematurely weaken and destroy the

does stl'

hrtman fianre '

'l'hese

l These measures will

includc
checks by Malthus' These checks
fiteasures are referred to as positive .I-hcsc
and ove! indulgences eg' alcoholisrrr.
wars, strenuous work, epidernics,
rates'
_1 measures will increase the death

I What
vYnaL Arq r rvrvr'"-' - Ch
f,uE'., Preventiie
are these ---
O.,ig*O to lower the birth rates' In ttleory,
preventivc chccl<s

J These checks u..

would include all possible means of birth

control such as abstinence,
objected to the use of birth oontrol
contraceptives and abortion. Malthus
_1 measures within marriage. He argued
that the use of contraceptives' aborti<tti

J
,.4.

and adultery is immoral, Ir{althus focused fully on rRoral restraint as the only
acceptable means of reducing population growth. He recommended celibacy,
delaying marriage and the spacing of children further apar1.
Ivlalthus strongly objected to the 'poor laws" which had granted welfare
bendfits to the poor. He thought this would only encourage poor people to
reproduce at a more rapid rate.

Malthus proposed certain measures to eradicate poverty. These include

r create jobs instead of welfare

o reduce family size

r increase foodproductron
o increaseeducationopportunities
. delay marriage until you can afford it
r abstinence

Criticisms of Malthus

FIe farled to realize the positive effects of technology to increase

food supply considerably - mass production.

II. He refused to accept other forms of birth control apart from moral
resfraint

m He confused moral and scientific issues with regards to preventive

checks.
J
T
) RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

_l Candidates will be required to :

I. Explain the basic differences between positive and preventive checl<s.

_l II. Discuss the relevance of the Malthusian theory to a named Caribhban
territory.
_l ilI. Malthus' theory on population growth is not suitable for the Caribbean

_l society. Discuss this statement, making reference to any caribbean

study.
T

e Main ['oc althusian Th

: moral restraint
the increases in food supply
_l the negative effects of overpopulation

J LESSOI{ TARGET
_l Lesson #03 targets objective#4 of Module 1.

J RECOMMENDED READINGS

1.
J 2.
Sociology For Caribbean Students Vol.2 by Mustapha (2006) P. 2tt-31"
Sociology, A Global Introduction (2002) by Macionis/Plurnrner P. 602.

J 3. Population An Introduction To concepts And Issues by .lohn weeks

(1 ee6)

J P. 63-68.

t
J
J
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 LESSON # 4

The Neo-Malthusian Theory On Populatign

'l'he Neo-Malthusian theory is more

or less a revised version of the Malthusiarr
thcory" It agrees in some points but diftbrs in other points.
'[he'Nco-Malthusian theory supports
two main ideologies-
L sclective procreation
2. planned parenthood.
i

Se.lgctive Procreation
l-,-
f' '['hc Eugenicist movement ernerged
in the nineteenth century. It prornotecl thc
I world view that only certain races should be allowed to have children eg. thc
r,vhitcs. Undesirable races such as blacks and Chinese shoulcl be prel,cnted lr"r:rrr
I having children, so that over time only whites woulel inhabit the earth.

l Planned Parenthood
'fhis cclncept was promoted by Margaret Sanger and Annie Besant in
the c:arl),
- i. twentieth century in the [J.S.A. 'Ihis proposal received significant llnancial

-tI support fiorn rnany firms and foundations to promote birth control espcciiil!_v
fbr peoplc in places such as Africa, L,atin America and the Caribbcan. -l-his
proposal rvas.justified by the claim that these countries sufTer the rnost fiorlr
aa_
rrassrve unernployfllent, poverty and malnutrition.

l 'l'he planned parenthood policy

was met with sorne success in China since
1970, where the fertility rate fell fiom 5.9 births per wornen to I .9 in 1912.
f.-
In India it was rnet with less success as the people opposeil the use ol'condorrs

t and other birth control measures. Instead fertility increased. Anrong those
people was T'harnan Singh who believecl that lnany children rneant richcs.

In the 1960's and 1970's Garrett Har<iin and Paul trhrlich ll,ere the oncs
; \,r,lrr)

prornoted thc Neo-Malthusian thcory on population.

i
4
L-
L{
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Similarities Between Neo-Malthusians And Malthusians

l. That population control is inevitable.

II. That rapid population growth is connected to poverty'

How Do.Thev Differ

I. 'I'he Neo-Malthusians accept other fonns of birth control apart tionr

rnoral restraint.
It. 'l'he Neo-Malthusians proposed ttrat only certain races should bc
allowed to have children.
III. The Neo-Malthusians do not support Malthus' ideas of positive checks
where the forces of war, famine, diseases and overindulgences wcrLr
seen as means of controlling the population grorvth rate.

Criticisms Qf The Ngo-Malthusian Theory

L Some heads of governrrents ofthe developing countries including cl-litia
i1 the 1960's opposed the idea of planned parenthood and selective
procreation as an attempt to keep down the population oI'these coutrtricr
fbr fbar of being overthrown.
Il. 'l'hc {eveloping countries have been exploited by population conlrol

policies. Since 1925, Puerto Rican women have been used as guinca
.l
pigs for testing the effectiveness of various birth control tueasures. hi:-

has reportedly pushed up the rate clf wornen suff'ering fi'on-r cervical

cancer.

IIl. It is claimed that South Aflica during apartheid, had inrpose-d

sterilization of hundreds of young black women since the 1950's.

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Candidates are required to:

L l)iscuss the differences between the concepts * selective' procrcation ancl

planned parenthood.
ffi
 LESSON #05

,qThe Demographic transition model (DTM) describes a transtbrmation in

in both birth and death fates' This is
human condition associated with a decline
advancement that a country or
linked to the levels of social and economic
regionrnaybeexperiencing.Asacountryexperienceseconomicdeveloprncnt.
of living of its people increase' This theory
the lit-e expectancy and the standard
statesthatwhenthishappensthesizesoffamiliesstarttodecline.Someclfthc
reasons for this are as follow:
I. The delaY in mariage
IL More and more women becoming career oriented
III'Anin;reaseintheavailabitityanduseofbirthcontrollneasures.

last one hundred and fifty yc-ars'

Most of these social changes occur over the
75 million pef year' However' it is
The worlil population increases by about
projected to fall to about 33 million by 2050.
significantly' most of this r'vill

occur in the developing countries'

ol-
based primarily on the interpretation
The demographic transition theory is
in lg2g ' Five stages of social
warren Thompson, (an American demographer)
transformation will be discussed in light of this theory'

t*t the birth and death rales

nis refers to the pre_industrial society where
i are corresPondinglY high'
,.,,
I
I
Stage2
there is a rapid fall in the
At this stage the birth rate remains high but 'i.\

deathrates,duemainlytoimprovementinfoodsupply,sanitation,healthcarc
fall into this stage where they
I
i

and education. The developing countries

growth'
experience a rapid increase in population

I ---l
trA
l-"'f'

I
 Stage 3
At this stage birth rate starts to fa, significantly
arong with the death
rates' The decline in the birth rates
is due mainly to access to contraception.
thc
increase in wages, urbanization, increase
in the status of women and the
increase in parentar investment in
their children,s education.
The caribbean is mainry at this stage
of the transition

Stage 4
At this stage both the birth and death rates
are low, resulting in a sta6le
population growth' The Total fertility
rate (TFR) in 1997 is less than 2.5
Ibr
countries at this stage such as the
u.s.A ., canada,china, Brazir,Trinidad
and
most of Europe.

Stage 5
At this stage the birth rates fall below the
replacement level resulting in
depopulation. The popuration growth
rate goes berow zero insome instanccs.
Some of the countries incruded in
this category or stage are Germany. Itary.
the
U.K and Japan.

I. It cannot necessariry predict the future as it is only

a rnodure.
II' The DTM makes no comment on change in popuration
due to migration.
III' It is too simpristic as it sees sociar changes in a predictabre
rnanner.
However, social changes may be inhibited
by various unforeseeablL,
events such as war, famine. diseases
or naturar disasters.
 I
i
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
-,
I
Candidates are required to:

; I. Explain how the following concepts contribute to a decline in tbrtility ratcs:

I
o technology
-,
o urbanization
I

o the increase in the status of women

-l
I
o education
-_
II Assess the extent to which the DTM can be applied to a named,Caribbean
territory.
-

<q

_.i LESSON TARGET

'1 Lesson #05 targets bbjective # 04 of Module 1.

-J RECOMMENDED READINGS
_] 1. Population, An Introduction To Concepts And Issues by John Wecks
P.77 *83
_]
2. Sociology For Caribbean students by Mustapha (2006) P. 36 44.
''l
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 LESSON # 06

rxist Populatio
This theory is based mainly on the work
of Karl Marx and Friedrich lingcls.
Marx argued that population growth is class related.
He argued that capital
accumulation is dependent upon the supply of
labour. The working class is
encouraged to have many chirdren to create
a great suppry of rabour for the
-]
capitalist.

l Marx clairned that areserve army of labour was

of the capitalist system. when there is an
principle of demand and supply wiil be
necessary for the rnaintenancc
influx in the suppry of labour, the
applied. That is, wages wilr be chcaper
: when there is an influx in the suppry of rabour.

I competition for scarce positions. To Marx,

As a result there wiil be a
fhis will keep wages low ancl

I
enhance worker,s productivity levels.
l-he Marxist population theory was in response
to the work of Malthus. Marx

I was critical of Malthus in several ways.

I L
II'
Marx saw nothing wrong with birth control.

I Marx belie'ed that with the use of technorogy food

pace with population grou,th.
suppry can keep

Ir. Marx did not believe that poverty should be blamed

on the poor, but
J instead on the capitalist system.

l
t
IV. Marx rejected Malthus's claim that world population
cause of social ills, but that social ills
growth was rhe
resulted fiom capitalism.
v. Marx opposed the idea of morar restraint. He argued
I fairly organizedthen popuration rerated problems
that if society is
i
wilr disappear.

I
I

I I. He gave the impression that no real population

problems exist under
communism.
I M)
 I LESSON #07
L:
tl Sources 0f Population Statistics
L_, I. census III. immigration
Ii II. surveys IV. Official statistics eg. births and death registration
L_
Uses Of Population Statistics
(
'i I. It indicates the level of human development in a particular country.

L: II. It assists with the evaluation of various social policies and programmes

I with respect to their effectiveness.

L: III. It allows for comparison to be made between countries w-ith similar

I
population related policies.
L: IV. It helps to identifz social trends eg. murder,rape HIV/AIDS etc'

l
i

What Is Census
J
A census is a systematic survey designed to find out demographic data about

-.J the whole population of a given country at a giventime. Census is usually done
every ten years.
-]
_] Information That May Be Obtained Through a Census
I. sex ratio IV. age distribution

-l II.
III.
size
population
income levels
V. types of households
VI. types of employment

l Some Reasons Why Census Might Not Be Accurate

J I. Some persons may not be seen by the census takers for various reasons.
IL People may submit false infonnation.
-t IIL Some data may not be recorded at all.

I IV. Some persons may refuse to cooperate with the census exercise.

I M
 II. He down played the fact that rapid population growth can promote
' various social ills.
III. Marx ignored the fact that a person's lifestyle can contribute toward
poverty on his part.

The relevance Of The Marxist Perspective to The Caribbean

l. The use of technology can increase the supply of food considerabl-v.
Il. Birth control is necessarY.
lll. Social inequalities can promote social unrests, industrial actions and
poverty.
IV. There should be equal rights for all classes of people regarding
population issues.

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
Candidates are required to:
l. Assess the relevance of the Marxist perspective on population gr<lwth to
a named Caribbean territory.

II. Explain what Marx meant when he said that population growth is class-
related.

LESSON TARGET
Lesson # 06 targets objective#A4 of Module 1-

RECOMMENDED READINGS

I. Population, An lntroduction To'Concepts And Issues by John Wecks. l'

69 - 72.

u. Sociology For Caribbean Students (2006) by Mustapha. P. 3l * 33'

E)
How Does Census Differ From Other Surveys
surveys are based on a sample of the population while a census is usually
census is
based on the entire population. Surveys are done at any time while

usually done everY ten Years.

The Human Development Index

basic
This is a composite index that measures average achievement in three
dirnensions of human development. These three dimensions are:
I. a long and healthY life
II. a decent standard of living
IIL a sound education

These have to do with the development of the human capital.

HDI :

country
The HDI helps to determine the quality of life the people in a given
may be experiencing.

RESEACH ACTIVITIES

Candidates are required to :

1. Identify four organizations or places that provide population statistics in

a named territory.

II. Discuss how population statistics is important to any three organizations

within a named territory.

g{Ncensus.
III. Discuss iwo main advantages that surveys Savs
?'
r!
l-r
I
.B
I
-
LESSON TARGET
-,

Lesson #07 targets objective 3 of Module 1.

lJ
-t

RECOMMENDED READINGS

I. Population, An Introduction To Concepts And Issues by John Weeks P.

4 _ 28.

J II. Sociology For Caribbean Students by Mustapha (2006) P. 19 - 27 .

J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
1\ ,

l LESSON # 08

l
I This lesson will focus on the following social elements
religion and occupation
- age,sex, ethnicity.

I Asc
The Caribbean has a relatively young population with over 25o/o under tificcn
years of age' The life expectancy rate for most territories has significantly

increased to an average oYZO years.

I COLINTRIES 04 under 15 %t5-64 o/o 65+

ANTIGUA 28 64 08
BARBADOS 2t
I CTIBA 22
69
68
10
10
GUYANA 31 64 05
I HAITI 41 55 04
JAMAICA 31 62 07
MARTINIQUE L.) 67 IO
I ST. LUCIA 32 62 06
THE BAHAMAS 30 62 08
TRINIDAD 25 65 10
I Table showing age distritrution in the cariuuean zOot
Source- wwtv.prb.org UNdp.org.

N/B See Mustapha (2Wfr6)P. 47 for the 2015 projections for these Caribbean
territories.
Sex
Sex is determined basically by biological characteristics, as it distinguishes
male from female. sex composition significantly assists demographers to
predict population growth rates. The higher the percentage of females in thc
I5

- 49 aga category, the more likely the population growth rates will increase
rapidly.
The 2001 population census in Jamaica shows that females to males ratio is
approximately 50:50. The ratio is basically the same throughout the Ctaribbeap.

a
Ethnicitv
Ethnicity is not to be confused with race. Race is basically detennined by
physical characteristics while ethnicity is determined mainly by cultural
characteristics. It is socially constructed. One race can be associated with a
number of ethnic groups. Most of the English Speaking Caribbean territorics
are predominantly of afro Caribbean descent. flowever, Guyana and Triniclatl

are different as they have roughly the same number of lndo Caribbean People

as Afro Caribbean. This prornoted much racial tension between these twcr
groups. Many of these indo Caribbean people adopt the culture of the mainland

- India. Therefore, ethnicity becomes a serious issue in both Guyana and

Trinidad.

Religign
This refers to the existence of some supernatural being that has a controlling
influence on life. Christianity is the dominant religion in the Caribbean. Some
of the other religions practiced in the Caribbean are Islam, Hinduism and
Rastafarianism. Syncretism is a distinct feature of Caribbean religion.
Syncretism ref'ers to the fusing of beliefs, practices, attitudes and values frorn
diverse religions. Some of the main syncretic religious groups in the Caribbean
are - Voodoo in Haiti, Pocomania in Jamaica, Shango and spiritual tsaptist in

Trinidad and Grenada.

Occunations
During the early history of the Caribbean, occupation was defined according to
sex and race. Men controlled most of the jobs, while the women focused lrorc
on domestic work. With the over three hundred years of white occupational
dominance, the class system was based significantly one one's occupation. T'he
whites had all the top jobs and the blacks had the menial jobs. Derek (iordorr
argued that not much has changed in Jarnaica since the end of the white

supremacy regime. He claims that despite the expansion in education, blacks o1'
'Ihc
the lower class origin were not represented in top middle class positions-
-]
J situation in Trinidad and Barbados are similar to that of Jamaica according to

J C.L.R. James. James stated that "Our West lndian classes are for the rnost part
coloured people of some education in a formerly slave society." However. witlr

J the tremendous strides that our women are making in pursuit of education and
professional careers, the picture is changing somewhat. A number of top

J rniddle class jobs are now taken by women and men from humble beginning.
It is still clear, however, that most of the unskilled or semi-skilled jobs are:

J occupied by people frorn the black lower classes of the society.

J Candidates are required to:

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

J L Write shorJ notes on -

o
J o
primary occupation
secondary occupation

J o
r
tertiay occupation
quaternary occupation

J II. Discuss the main transformations that are occurring in Caribbean

J occupations.
III. Discuss why a country's population composition is important with

J regards to its population growth rates.

J LESSON TARGET

J Lesson #08 targets objective 5 of Module 1.

-l SUGGBSTED READII{GS
l. Population - An Introduction To Concepts And Issues by .lohn Weeks l>. 257

-j 2.
-260.
Sociology For Caribbean Students by Mustapha (2006)P. 46 - 6A.

-J @
J
.Iamaica, Haiti, Guyana and the Turks & Caicos are the territories that tend tt-r

have the highest levels of out-migration, where economic factors form the

basis.

Natural disasters have also influences out-migration on the part of a few

territories such as Montserrat and St. Vincent. Volcano threats have lbrced
many people to migrate frorn these places. Political instability and violent
crimes has forced many people to migrate from Haiti, and to a lesser extent
from Jamaica and Trinidad.
N/B It is important for students to be acquainted with the various socio-
economic implications of Caribbean migration.

2. Urbanisation
Urbanisation refers to the movement of people from rural areas to towns and
cities, or the transformation of the rural areas to corrrnercial centers.
The U.N. Report of 1990 stated that 47oh of the Caribbean population live in
urban areas. This has further increased to 56oh in 2001 ,

Most of Caribbean Urbanisation took place after independence with the coming
of the multinational corporations. According to Lloyd Best of Trinidad, the
rnultinational companies brought a false sense of hope to the region as they
failed to provide the level of employment for the local people as was projected.
Instead the process of industrializrtion by invitation created several social
problems for the region.

3. Age
The life expectancy at birth for most Caribbean territories is steadily improving
to about 70 years at present. Ho*.r..,'*ith the exception of Barbados ancl
Cuba, most territories have less than 10% of their population over 65 years ol'
age. Despite the various population control measures in place, the Carihbean

population has over 20% of its people under l5 years of age.

E
 LESSON #09

Some of the territories with the lowest population growth ,it" ur" Grenada 0.1,

Barbados 0.3, Cuba 0.7, St. Kitts 0.7, and Guyana 0'l '

Those with the highest population growth rate are Belize 2'l,Haiti 2'0,The
Bahamas 1.9 and St. Lucia 1.4'

Population change refers to the increase or decrease in population caused by

migration or natural means.

In addition to natural means (births and deaths) there are other factors which
affect the population change of a particular society. These factors are-

1. Migration
Migration has been a historical process that has helped to shape the
composition and size of the Caribbean population. Migration has been driven
factors
by several pull and push factors. Histori cally, it is evident that economic
provide the main basis for rnigration' The push factors are more likely to
tri gger off out-rni grati on .

The Caribbean demographic structure is shaped by the large influx of

Europeans, followed later by the Africans and Asians. The 'Tews, Syrianqand
the other races frorn the Middle East followed'
By the 1940's many Caribbean people started to migrate to Panama, Costa
Rica, the U.K., Canadaand the U.S.A. In the 1970's a number of people
migrated between the caribbean territories, with the Bahamas and the
cayman

Islands being the main destinations'

t
J 4. Health

-l The state of health of the people for most Caribbean territories has improved

f
steadily for the past two or three decades. The level of malnutrition has
declined considerably for most territories. However, a2002 LNDP Report has
revealed that over 40 million people were living with HIV/AIDS world widc.

J and that the Caribbean region is a high risk area where HIV/AIDS is

concemed. Caribbean women are out living their male counter parts rnainly

J because they are more health conscious and lead a more restricted lifestyle. It is

J also established that people from the lower social class tend to die earlier lhan

those from the middle class. This is so because of several economic reasons

J which tend to influence one's lifestyle.

J RESEACH ACTIVITIES

J Candidates are required to:

I. Discuss conditions that may give rise to voluntary and forced rnigration.

J IL
ilL
Critically assess the pros and cons of international migration.
Apalyse some basic problerns caused by urbanization in a named

-I Caribbean territory.

IV.
J Explain how health and nutrition contribute to the population trends in a

named Caribbean territory.

J V. Discuss some basic population trends of the Caribbean society.

J LESSON TARGET
rl Lesson #09 targets objective #5 of Module 1.

J RECOMMENDED READINGS
Sociology For Caribbean Students by Mustapha (2006) P. 6I
J - 73.
1.

2. Modules In Social Studies by Ramsawak and Umraw- P- 206 - 207 .

J
 Ftes*ur'*sg: l'{utnari

age group rryith the other aqe groups;ust atrove

itl{riecreasrng birttr rat'e is characteristic of
most deveioped countries' Such countries
sonietinies depend upon itrtrrigrants to fully
r-rtilise titeti physicai resoui'ces
Fyran'lld C rel-rresenG a situatic'it \ryltert:
i.he birrli rat-e i:j ncither iricreasing tltrr il(rcreas-
-l'he
!nq sigrtificartiy. lrifth rate over tlte years
iE alrnost constant.
It is intel'estincl to trcte tire percentaqc of
popuiation over sixiy years of age in Pyranridt
A,'B and C. lt ra;ii} be seen that Fyramid A
(ieveloning countries vuith high birt.h rales) has
a smalier percentage c.if pnpulation in these
age groups than Pirranrids B and t" it ls'lhe
r6spinsit,lliry* oi governniertts tc ntake special
provisioris fcir the aged. Thiis, -Qovernrnents
of deveii:peo countries, where I'here is a higiler
in
standaro' of iivilig, has a iarger pcpulaLion
these age grouBS to cater- for than rJevrrlopirrg
countries,
]I ttxt of' rhe rtsPottsibilitts af a go,-erwnt.enl ts ia rfia{€
sprr'iai pril r'ilitrr;.r .fttr i hc a{{:d-

l d
l Se€Evfr€ies

l age group {Years}

80r"

l
75-7$
?0-74
[c- ov
6S-M {#

l
4E_{o f6
50 -- 54 -g
f'rd fi*
45, 4$ l*-
40-+4 ffi
35-33

J 30*34
40- lY
afi*34
15- 1s
J '10
5--.S
CI--4
- 14

4 3?',i tr 1? 3 4
T Berseffitfise #f p0pLli&ticlrT

J fr-*
d
4

J
t,""t i
t. -.':J lu:*;

J
J'.. Besources: Human

age group (years)

tE+ 85+
r-t{ 80*84
7:t- ?t 75-79
7l-71 7A -74
3t-09 65-69
T _84 60-64
55-S 55-59
s-51 g(s 50-54
o
{5-19 45*49
tl[-14 4g-*4 (E
:Ii-39 E 35-39 E
t0 -3,'1 o
$r 30*34 o
qr
E-8 25 -29
8 -21 20 -74
t5-19 15-19
10 -14 ffi -14
5-9 5-9
0-4 0-4
86 42024 86424246u
percentage of PoPulation percentage of PoPulation
(A) Increasing bifth rate (B) Decreasing bit{fi rate

The age: sex information obtained from

J a census is put in the form of a population pyra-

mid. A population pyramid is a graphical rep-
resentation of the composition of a given popu-
age group (years)
85+
80-84

J lation.
The pyramids A. B and C represent the
age : sex distributions of different populatiops.
75 -79
70
65-69
-74

I Fyralirid.Arepresents a country with an

increasing birth
cause the 0 -
rat€. T[is c]n be seen be-
4 year age group has a larger
60-64
55-59
50-54
o
population than any of the other age groups' 45-49
40 *44 o (E
This charasteristic of a high bitth rate is common
: to developing countries such as the Caribbean'
35-39 (U E
(l,
30-34 E r.-
With a high birth rate governments must 25 -29
concem themselves with providing ed99g!9!9! 2g -24
and feqfeational facilities ful
15-19
;#;1.i6". Ii rnust be understooiltF-a-IJhE- 10-14
-VO-.-*g people will soon be joining the labour 5-9
more-job
t force, Strategies tn creato larQe-
entrants into the labour force must also be con-
0-4
8642 02 4
Percentage of population
sidered,
Pyramid B represents a country where
the birth rate is decreasing, This inference (C) Constant bilth rate
can be drawn by comparing the 0 - 4 year
 Lesson # l0

The PoPulation

Thisisalsoknownastheage-sexpyramid'Itisaspecialbarchartthatshows
groups in a population. The males are usually
the distribution of the various age
right
vshile the females are shown on the
shown on the left side of the pyramid
hand side.

growth of the
The population pyamid will represent the specific population

given country. Mostpopulationpyramidswillreflectoneofthefollowingtypes

of growth:

t. Bgpid-GroytL apex. It indicates high

amid has a broad base and a narrow
rate'
birth and ieath-.ates and a low life expectancy

2. Slow Growth
- frIirJdt. This indicates a
*ction of this PYramid is wider than the base' The U'S'A is
in life expectancy at birth'
decline in fertility and an increase
typical of this PYramid'

3. Negative Gro\dh . . . *-.^L,,,iror rLqn fl

Themiddlesect,onoftheplramidismuchwiderthanthebase.TheapexlS
also getting wider d;;;; i;t**ed
life expectancy. Birth^rate is low and the
death rate is *ro ro*. c"rr"*v is
includei in this type of plramid.

or convex in shape'
A population pyramid maybe concave

t ApyramidthatrepresentsabroadbaseandnalTowapexconstitutesa
concave plramid. il;;;;; ptramid has a smaller base and a wide middle
d.o"lroped countries are represented
I section. The apex is also expanding
by convex
concave PYramid.
pv.u-iirir,i];,il";#developing countries are represented
by a

I RESEARCU.CTIVTTIES

I Candidates are required to:

\ L write short notes on stationary,

expansive and constrictive pyramids'

I II:...
revealed by a population
Identify four pieces of information that maybe

l
pyramid.

l
III. Discuss any three factors that could cause a country's population

pyramid to shift from rapid growth to slow growth.

IV. What challenges could be posed to the government of a country which
population pyramid is expanding at the apex?

LESSON TARGET

Lesson #10 target objective 5 of module 1.

RECOMMENDED READINGS

t. Module in Social Studies by Ramsawak and Umraw (P. I88-190)

2. Sociology For Caribbean Students by Mustapha (2006) (P.
122-123)

O u)o,nen lOertrl rT11rt '. o r ren+uol

@ tncrealc U/ry^n^+'
)'h
@ Rroluc* U,Jir^t (rtnt€,

"P
s'
$
t
\'r I

1
o
r
$
J
<=.s
@
\
R/.
:f
IJ
./

LESSO]Y #11

Population Control Policy

J This is a set of measures designed by the government to influence changes

within the population e.g. the fertility rate and migration.

J Despite all the modern technology that is now available and the socio-

J
economic advancements that have been achieved, the concems expressed by
Malthus for urgent population control policies are still relevant today.

J The world is presently faced with unprecedented dernand for:

o oil
J . food - especially corn and rice.
r potable water
J o the control of toxic waste and other pollutants
J o jobs
o proper affordable health care
J o adequate housing
o friendly physical environment.
J AII these critical demands only serve to increase the growing need for

J fundamental population control policies to be drafted and implemented.

Africa and Latin America are recording the highest population growth rate in

J the world. Almost 50oh of the Sub-sahara Africa population is under age I 5
yrs. This region is reported to have the highest incidence of the lowest lif-e

J expectancy rate in the world.

This lesson will briefly take a look at some of the population control policies iri

t India, Singapore, China and Jarnaica.

J INDIA

J Since the 1960's, India has been ernbarking on a number of population policie:s.

Some of these are:

J
 I. A thorough family planning education in school and health clinics'
II. The reorganization of primary health care facilities in urban slum areas'
III. The reserve of specified number of hospital bed for tubal ligation
operations

IV, The renovation of intra uterine device (l.U.D.) rooms in rural fanrily
welfare centers attached to primary health care facilities.
V. Incentives are given to males who take the vasectomy operation.

SINGAPORE
I. Between 1969-1972. population disincentives were administered against
parents who had more than two children. They would lose certain

welfare benefits, tax rebates etc.

II. Family life education was introduced.
III. The "Stop At Two" policy was promoted-
IV. Voluntary sterilization and abortion was promoted'
V. In 1986, the "Stop At Two" policy was abolished and was replaced by
the "Have Three Or More if You Can Afford It" policy. This was

necessary as the fertility rate fell to 1.44 children per woman, below the

replacement rate of 2.L This prompted the government to promote a

public campaign to inform the people of the joy of marriage and
parenthood. Material incentives were offered to parents who were
having their fourth child. A $20,000 tax rebate was offered to parents
who have their fourth child after January 01,1978.

CHINA
I. The government introduced the one-child policy in 1979. Fines were
imposed on those who violate this policy. They could also lose their
bonuses at the workplace. However, Chinese nationals returning fi'onr

overseas can have a second child.

II. There is now a family planning programme which involves the

distribution of free contraceptives and free pre-natal classes for wolnen.
 III. There is health care assistance for pregnant women'

JAMAICA
l. The promotion of family life education in school'
too many'
II. Two-children policy under the slogan two is better than
use of
lII. A public education campaign promoting the availability and
various forms of contraceptives through the National
family Planning

Board.
IV. A national campaign on HIV/AIDS'
V. The promotion of primary health care services
VI. Migration Policies
eg' NI{F and
vII. National health and welfare programmes for the elderly
PATH.
to provide greater
vIlI. The upgrading of the Registrar general Department
accuracy in national records'
J
J RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
Candidates are required to:

J I. Population policies are critical to the development

of the Caribbean'

Discuss this staternent in light of a named Caribbean

territory'

J il. Explain some of the basic population control policies of

the U'S' A'
policies of a named
IIl. Assess the effectiveness of the population control
J Caribbean territory.
some bith
Explain why people may not be willing to participate in
J IV.
control Programmes'

-l
Lesson # 11 targets objective#06 of Module l'
-
RECOMMENDED READINGS
I.ModuleslnSocialstudiesbyRamsawakandUmraw.P.lg3_199.
@(
J
_l IIL There is health care assistance for pregnant women.

-l
JAMAICA
-l
I
I. The prornotion of family life education in school.
II. Two-children policy under the slogan two is better than too many.
--l
i
III. A public education campaign promoting the availability and use of
various forms of contraceptives through the National farnily Planning
-l
J I
Board.
IV. A national campaign on HIV/AIDS.
_l V. The promotion of primary health care services
VI. Migration policies
J VII. National health and welfare programmes for the elderly eg. NI{F and

PATH.
_l VIII. The upgrading of the Registrar general Department to provide greater
: accuracy in national records.

-i
I RESBARCH ACTTVITIES
Candidates are required to:

_l L Population policies are critical to the development of the Caribbean.

-I Discuss this staternent in light of a named Caribbean territory.

I

il. Explain some of the basic population control policies of the U.S. A'
-l
II. Assess the effectiveness of the population control policies of a narned

Caribbean territory.
IV. Explain why people may not be willing to participate in sorne birlh
control programmes.

., I
LESSON TARGET
r- Lesson # 11 targets objective #06 of Module l.

- RECOMMENDED READINGS
I. Modules In Social Studies by Ramsawak and Umraw. P.1g3 - 1gg.
-J
Il.sociologyForCaribbeanStudentsbyMustapha(2006)P.82_83.
John Weeks P'
III. Population - An Introduction To Concepts And Issues'
127 - 163.
J
Jft LESSON # 12

Development
This can be defined as the progressive process of cultural, political and socio-
5 economic change which shapes people's lives- Development
generally leads to

improvement in the quality of life of the people within the country'

/

J Population Density

J This refers to the average number of people living on every square kilorreter
in

a country.

J Population density : Total population

Area

J
J This refers to the number of people that a country or area can support
witl-rout

!J adversely affecting its ability to support future generations.

Overpopulation
This refers to the condition where the economic resources in a given area
are

J not enough to support the population of that area'

J Population and development In The Caribbean

It is evident that the population statistics of a country can affect its

J development and the vice versa. The general level of education of the
nray determine significantly the level of economic development that
a
people

t particular country may experience. Agricultural activities are on the declinc

in

I'ron]
the rural areas due to rural-urban migration. The caribbean also suffbrs
like tlrc
bfain drain due to the migration of several of its professionals to places
u.s. A., canadaand the U.K. This significantly affects labour productivity
adversely. W
l--
 and an
a decline in its fertility rate
The caribbean has been experiencing
relatively high level of
in its life expectancy at birth rate' However' the
increase

unemploymentandcrimeposeaseriousthreattodevelopmentinanumberclf
The threat of
such as Jamaica, Haiti and Trinidad to a lesser extent'
territories
to
abuse also provide great hindrances
HIV/AIDS and the increase in substance
are mainly tiorn
caribbean development. This is especially so as these victims

theunderfortyyearsagegroup.Thesepeopleareintheprirneoftheirwork
lif-e.
caribbean
skills among the people of the
The general lack of relevant technical
tomeetthedemandsoftheworkplaceisalsoposingathreattothe
develoPment of the region'
made by the region,s women
in education
However, the recent strides being
andprofessionaltrainingarehavingapositiveimpactonCaribbean
develoPment. .
Caribbean
The lack of the father figure and
male margitalization among many
regiou's
development' Too many of the
farnilies is also hampering the region's
a sound education due to the
lack of financial
children are being deprived of
absence
support from their fathers or the
indiscipline caused by their frequent

in the home.
country is its people, and whatever
The most important resources of any
the human
development that will occur depend
heavily on the development of

capital.

Candidates are required to:

I.Discussthestatement-..FertilitycontrolisthekeytoCaribbean
development" with reference
to a named territory'

II.Ana|yzetheimplicationsofoverpopulationtoanamedCaribbean
territory.

@
 7 0f Module 1'
Irsson #l2tatgets objective

Ramsawak and Umraw P'

194-200'
1. Modules In Social Studies by
2.Population-AnlntroductionToConceptsAndlssuesbyJohnWeeks.
P.429 - 450.
by Mustapha' P' 82 - 85'
3. Sociology For Caribbean Students