Tipo Plataformas y Equipos Perforación 1

GEOTHERMAL DRILLING AND WELL DESIGN
(SE-830-DR2)
Rig Types and Drilling Platforms
Sverrir Thorhallsson
sverrir.thorhallsson@gmail.com
ISE Geothermal Drilling and Well Design March 2019 ° Sverrir Thorhallsson 1
450 T RIG IN KENYA
Geothermal drilling rig on sitge in Menengai Kenya
RIG TYPES
RIG TYPES
•Practically all drilling rigs are sourced from petroleum drilling. Most are
medium size rigs, hook load (200-450 t). “Million pound rig” = 450 t.
•The rigs are mobile and are transported on trucks (50-100 loads). Highly
mobile rigs have wheels on equipment and use cranes for the rig transport.
Specially built oilfield trucks can drag heavy equipment onto the truck bed.
•The mast is high enough to pull out three (3) drill pipes at a time “triples”,
Some new rigs handle “singles” (1).
•Most rigs are diesel-electric (~2000 kW) with SCR variable speed DC drives.
Some have 3-phase electric motors with variable Hz or hydraulic motors.
•“Top drive” rigs now predominate but older rigs have a “rotary table” to turn
the drill string.
•Modern rigs have a “iron roughneck” and automated pipe handling.
•Additional equipment for oilfield rigs required for geothermal drilling
include: Rotating head BOP, cooling tower for mud, air compressors and
separator for aerated drilling, monitoring of fluid losses.
THE DRILL STRING
Conventional rig Modern top drive rig

•Swivel •Top drive
•Kelly +
•Rotary table
•Drill •Drill
Pipe Pipe
•Drill Collars •Drill Collars

•(Mud motor + MWD) •(Mud motor + MWD)
•Drill bit •Drill bit
DRILLING EQUIPMENT AND HANDLINGS TOOLS
IRON ROUGHNECK TO ADD DRILL PIPES – TO MAKE-UP AND BREAK-OUT THREADS
Iron
roughneck Top
drive
Hydraulic
slips
Jarðboranir hf.
ISE Geothermal Drilling and Well Design March 2019 ° Sverrir Thorhallsson 88 8
ROTARY TABLE VS. TOP DRIVE
ROTARY TABLE TOP DRIVE
Hexagonal kelly
Mousehole Bushing
for storing next
DP to be connected Rotaty table
Top drive motor
TOP DRIVE VS. ROTARY TABLE DRIVE
Top-drive: Rotary table drive:

This is the preferred type of rig for This is the “old” type and such rigs that
geothermal drilling: have not been upgraded find difficulty in
•Efficient bit cooling getting jobs, because:
•Always connected to drill string – can •Only intermittent cooling when running
rotate to avoid getting stuck into hole (while kelly is disengaged).
•Is used for screwing drill pipe and casing •Large fill-in can preclude engaging Kelly
connections when adding a drill pipe.
Drives:
•Hydraulic Drives:
•Electric DC Direct chain drive through a torque
•Electric 3-phase AC converter (very old rigs)
•Electric DC
•Electric 3-phase AC
•Diesel engines
ROTARY TABLE – HYDRAULIC TOP-DRIVE
200 t rig
Jarðboranir hf.
Jarðboranir hf.
RIGS TO DRILL FOR SURFACE CASING – PRE-DRILLING
Some of the advantages of drilling for the the surface casing (30-90 m, 20-
30") with a small rig or auger before bringing in the large drill rig are:
•Troublesome (collapses, losses) near-surface layers are cased off. Saving
valuable time of the more expensive rig.
•Drilling can start with full weight on the bit (WOB) with the big rig, as there
is space for the drill collars.
•The big rig may not be able to handle the large diameters of the surface
hole.
•Types of rigs used for pre-drilling:
• Truck-mounted rotary rigs: (tricone, air hammer, simultaneous casing
system) with drilling fluid a) mud, b) air, c) foam, d) reverse circulation.
• Auger rig.
• Old style cable tool rigs have been used (dropping chisel).
PRE DRILLING – LARGE DIAMETER WELL
SAGA – 55T HOOK LOAD
For pre-drilling of deep wells to ~ 90 m and

drilling of low-temperature wells to ~1500 m.
The rig has top drive and on the photo is
drilling with down hole air hammers
(compressors yellow)
DRILLING RIGS IN ICELAND 2006
Týr JB 5000 m
Óðinn JB 4000 m
Geysir JB 4000 m
Jötunn JB 3300 m
Sleipnir JB 2400 m
Ingólfur RFS 1600 m
Trölli
Saga JB 1350 m
Trölli RFS 1100 m
Langþr. RFS 600 m
Glámur RFS 600 m
Einráður RFS 500 m
Sleipnir Ýmir JB 1000 m
Hrímnir JB 300 m
Alvarr 300 m
Jötunn Trítill RFS 120 m
RÆKTUNARSAMBAND FLÓA OG SKEIÐA – RIG “TRÖLLI”
Mobile rig for

drilling thermal
gradient wells and
slim production
wells to 1100 m.
RIG SELECTION - SIZE
The casing program affects the :

a) rotary table size.
b) hoisting requirements.
c) pump capacity.
•The main factors affecting rig selection are:

Mast total gross capacity (t).
Hook load (t) of mast and draw works.
Size of power generators or directy coupled diesel motors (HP/kW)
Top-drive or rotary table (HP/kW).
Capacity (L/s) and pressure rating (bar) of rig pumps.
Power of mud pumps (HP/kW).
Size of hole in rotary table or rig floor (dia).
Height of substructure (m) to accommodate BOPES.
Racking capacity of drill pipes (m).
Mud tanks, number and volume.
Cooling tower or HX for mud cooling.
Having a rotating head at the top of the BOP stack.
Mobility and number of loads to transport.
DRILLING METHODS USED IN ICELAND
Most
common
Rotary Air hammer Odex Holte Pressure bal.
WEIGHT ON BIT (WOB)
Typical WOB:
1 tonne per
1" of bit diameter
Drill
pipe
Drill
collar
TRI-CONE BIT AND BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLY (BHA)
The journal bearing drill bits are of

the tri-cone type with tungsten
carbide inserts and gauge protection
(to maintain diameter).
The bit has three nozzles built-in for
drilling fluid.
THE MUD CIRCULATION SYSTEM
Tri-cone
drill bit
Check
valve
above bit
Typical for 8-½":
Flow 40 L/s
Presure up to 100 bar
Typical for 12-¼":
Flow 60 L/s
Presure up to 150 bar
UNDERBALANCED OR BALANCED DRILLING
Two methods used to “lighten” the

water column by entering compressed
air – mixing it with the mud or water.
Water flow similar as for conventional
drilling but air is extra.
HOOK LOAD VS. DEPTH
The diagram shows

how deep a rig can
drill, based on the
hook load rating.
COMMON LENGTHS OF DRILL PIPES
RIG TYPES:
1. Coring rigs: 3 m or 6 m, exact lengths
2. Water well rigs 6 m exact or API range 1
3. Rotary truck mounted rigs: singe (x1) API range 1 or 2
4. Medium size rigs: double (x2) API range 2 or single super API range 3 (~12.5 m)
5. Large rigs: tripple (x3) API range 2
CALCULATION OF DRILL STRING WEIGHT IN AIR, WATER AND MUD
Small rig drill string 0,873 0,8667 <-Bouancy factor

Description Length (m) kg/m Weight in air (kg) Weight in water (kg) Weight in mud (kg)
4-1/2" DP 1885 27,71 52.233 45.600 39.521
4-1/2" HWDP 35 61 2.135 1.864 1.615
6 1/4" DC 80 135,24 10.819 9.445 8.186
Total 2000 65.188 56.909 49.323
Large rig drill string 0,873 0,867 <-Bouancy factor

Description Length (m) kg/m Weight in air (kg) Weight in water (kg) Weight in mud (kg)
5" DP 2824 32,55 91.921 80.247 69.550
5" HWDP 56 73,4 4.110 3.588 3.110
6 3/4" DC 120 151,15 18.138 15.834 13.724
Total 3000 114.170 99.670 86.384
For BF (bouancy factor) can also use Archimedes principle:

Input:
Density of steel, roh 7,85 kg/m3
Total weight of drill str., (m) 65,2 t
Calculate:
Volume of steel = m/roh 8,304 m3
Weight of displaced fluid equal to the weight loss:
Water, density 1 8,304 t
Mund, density 1,05 8,719 t
CALCULATION OF MUD PUMP POWER REQUIREMENTS
DEPTH CAPACITY OF JARÐBORANIR HF. RIGS
Ref.:
www.jardboranir.is/?PageID=104
DRILLING PLATFORM
– Function
• Site for the well and cellar
• Support the weight of the drilling rig and ancillaries
• Support cement and mud tanks
• Firm ground for large mobile cranes
• Waste pond and sump next to platform
• Contain waste fluids and oil spills
• Storage area for casing and consumables
• Site offices, spares storage, workshops and canteen
• Vehicle traffic for crew and materials
– Size
• Very small (55 t) 15 x 45 m
• For small rigs (200 t) 50 x 100 m
• Large rigs (400 t) 80 x 200 m
• View geothermal sites in Google Earth. Placemarks links will be provided.
COMPACT DRILLSITE FOR HT WELL (ICELAND)
VERY COMPACT DRILL SITE FOR A TRUCK MOUNTED RIG (55 T)
350 T RIG IN GERMANY
Hekla Energy GmbH.

TYPICAL LAYOUT OF DRILLING PLATFORM IN KENYA (KENGEN)
Ref. Nickson UNU 2012

PNOC RIG SITE AT LIHIR GOLD MINE PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Ref: http://www.energy.com.ph/
WINTER DRILLING: IDDP-1 AT KRAFLA ICELAND
Source: IDDP
RIG SPECIFICATIONS AND RIG-UP VIDEOS
For large rig 350 t:

-Bentec EuroRig 350t, specs HERE
https://www.bentec.com/wp-
content/uploads/2013/04/EuroRig_350t_E_office.pdf
-Video showing raising of a rig HERE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIs2PSE_mNM
-Video of an iron roughneck HERE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_J9mOl-dYg
-Video showing timelapse of drilling and fracking an oilwell with a
large rig HERE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_j7UkuzJTU
For truck-mounted rig 100t:

AC Predator rig – 100 t mobile rig, specs HERE
http://sverrir.toti.is/AC_Predator.pdf
-Video animation of rig-up and drilling HERE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rqmiZtFKiuQ

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GEOTHERMAL DRILLING AND WELL DESIGN

Rig Types and Drilling Platforms

Geothermal drilling rig on sitge in Menengai Kenya

Conventional rig Modern top drive rig

•Drill Collars •Drill Collars

ROTARY TABLE TOP DRIVE

Top-drive: Rotary table drive:

For pre-drilling of deep wells to ~ 90 m and

Mobile rig for

The casing program affects the :

•The main factors affecting rig selection are:

Rotary Air hammer Odex Holte Pressure bal.

The journal bearing drill bits are of

Two methods used to “lighten” the

The diagram shows

Small rig drill string 0,873 0,8667 <-Bouancy factor

Large rig drill string 0,873 0,867 <-Bouancy factor

For BF (bouancy factor) can also use Archimedes principle:

Hekla Energy GmbH.

Ref. Nickson UNU 2012

For large rig 350 t:

For truck-mounted rig 100t:

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