Aneeza Arshad 19012507-042

ANEEZA ARSHAD
19012507-042
ASSIGNMENT NO: 1
'APPLICATIONS OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS'
SUBMITTED TO:
DR.ISHFAQ

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Aneeza Arshad 19012507-042

CONTENTS:

Sr.no contents Pg.no

1 Development and applications of radioactive nanoparticles for imaging 3
of biological systems.
2 Applications of radioactive tracer technology in the real-time 3
measurement of wear and corrosion:

3 SOME VARIED APPLICATIONS OF RADIOACTIVE 5

ISOTOPES TO THE LOCALISATION AND
TREATMENT OF TUMOURS
4 The use of radioactive isotopes to measure the transfer of materials in 6
aquatic food chains
5 Using Stable and Radioactive Isotopes To Trace Atmospherically 7
Deposited Pb in Montane Forest Soils
6 Impacts of deep-rooted fruit trees on recharge of deep soil water using 7
stable and radioactive isotopes
7 Radioactive Isotopes for Adjuvant Cancer Therapy 8

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1-Development and applicationsof radioactive nanoparticles for imaging of

biological systems
Radioactive materials have the patience to carry high payloads of radionuclides for non-invasive
imaging of the regions of interest in the body. In the way, they can be used for nuclear imaging
of the systems such as the disease states. Various methods has arrived to label nanoparticles
using both radiohalogens and radiometals, for single photon emission computed tomography
(SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in laboratory animals. The use of
imaging to develop the radioactive nanoparticles with the long circulation times and minimal
reticuloendothelial uptakes that led to the design of nanoparticle that build for imaging animal
models of the illnesses, such as cancer and the cardiovascular disease. It constructs containing
more than one type of imaging material afforded nanoparticles with multimodal properties, such
as those designed for nuclear,magnetic resonance, and optical detection.Given the close
relationship between diagnosis and therapy, theranostic nanoparticles have also been developed
both to deliver radiotherapy and monitor response by imaging. In this article,The use of
radionuclides to label nanoparticles for development and applications involving noninvasive
detection of normal and abnormal biological functions.
2-Applications of radioactive tracer technology in the real-time measurement
of wear and corrosion:
Radioactive tracer technology is a sensitive tool requiring specialized equipment and regulatory
licensing, but it is in the final analysis both extremely cost effective and powerful. The future
possibilities for incorporation into traditional testing venues are only now being realized,
particularly with respect to real-time testing of intact machinery with concurrent data collection
and parallel technologies, such as acoustical,vibrationl, chemical and thermal analyses.
following are applications;
Engine wear;
Engine wear has been the primary for RATT at SwRI. Typical applications have included
lubricant additive evaluations
dust injection sensitivity studies
engine prelubrication evaluations
component materials and designs
studies of fuel dilution in oil.
These studies have been performed in diesel as well as spark ignition automotive, heavyduty and
marine engines. RATT is an ideal measurement tool for measuring wear in engines for several
reasons.
Hydraulic pump wear
Bulk activation radioactive tracer technology was used to measure the wear and wear rate
suffered by slippers and pistons in a large variable axial piston hydraulic pump when subjected
to various operating during laboratory testing . While this technology has been developed and
over the years at SwRI to measure real-time wear in operating engines and other mechanical
systems, this was our application to such a large hydraulic pump.

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Fig. 4. Simplified hydraulic pump wear test loop schematic.

Wear of prosthetic components;

Hip joint in humans is now done at younger ages and the wear issues are more problematic due
to increased activity and longer residence times. The medical of wear debris generated by such
mechanical joint implants are often severe and can cause protracted disability. New joint
materials have the situation, but prediction and monitoring of wear states remains a high research
priority. Previous in vitro wear attempts using loss or geometrical techniques have been lacking
in sensitivity, especially since new materials with increased performance have been introduced.
Radioactive tracer technology now allows sensitive measurement of early wear phenomena by
implanting radioactive isotopes in wear surfaces and their release while testing on a simulator
Loss of radioactivity can be measured directly from the surface between fluid changes, or the
released radioactivity can be measured in real-time in the fluid bathing the joint during wear
testing. If the distribution of radioactive isotopes in the material is known, loss or release of
radioactivity can be used to calculate volume of material during the wear interval and the rate at
which removal is occurring.

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Crude oil corrosivity:

New sources of crude oils with corrosion potential present uncertainties for refiners. Damage to
refineries is expensive and to metallurgy are problematic; anecdotal evidence often conflicts with
accepted corrosion prediction models. In addition, traditional mass-change-based tests are
difficult to interpret due to the fact that different corrosion mechanisms may give weight gain
rather than weight loss, and some of processes may include both mechanisms, resulting in little
or no weight change. Adhered corrosion products may trap incidental mass, and selective
corrosion that removes a single alloying element may cause changes in material properties with
undetectably small mass changes. the low sensitivity of weight loss measurements requires long
testing times at elevated temperatures. It is known that the corrosion-causing acids thermally
degrade at elevated temperatures and that this degradation over a shorter time scale than the
weight loss tests.

3-SOME VARIED APPLICATIONS OF RADIOACTIVE

ISOTOPES TO THE LOCALISATION AND
TREATMENT OF TUMOURS
The eighteen months' work with radioactive isotopes in the localisation and treatment of
malignant tumours at the Royal Cancer Hospital in London is reported.Examples of the use of
Iodine 131, phosphorus 32, and gold 198 for selective localisation, of gold 198 as a colloidal
suspension for local infiltration and intra-cavitary injection, of sodium 24 and bromine 82 for
intra-cavitary treatment in a latex bag, of tantalum 182 for interstitial implantation, and of
phosphorus 32 in polythene as a surface applicator, are given.
In the first 18 months we treated 96 patients with cancer and used radioactive isotopes
in just over 50 others during the same period as a method of investigation for the purpose of
tumour localisation, assessing the directions and degree of spread of the disease and to see if the
relative absorption in tumour tissue rendered them suitable for treatment.
At the same time iodine was used as an aid in diagnosis for patients with retro-sternal
swelling; phosphorus to see how it was in tumours of the skin and breast, and diiodo- and

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dibromo-fluorescene for attempted tumour localisation in patients of having cerebral tumours.

This work on the localisation of brain tumours is being reported to this congress later in the week
by Dr. J. G. DE WINTER and Mr. E. H. BELCHER. subcutaneous needle scintillation counter
for probing the axilla and parasternal spaces but, although the apparatus is completed and
working in the laboratory, preparations for an international congress have somewhat delayed our
clinical progress.

Fig. 3. Photomicrograph of a portion of tumour removed from thc stomach of a woman of 24

years of agc treated with P 32.

4-The use of radioactive isotopes to measure the transfer of materials in aquatic food chains

Radioisotopes have misused extensively by ecoIogists in transfer studies within food chains.
Unless it is known that no of isotope has occurred during the experiment, the assumption of
linear uptake when in the system is not linear, even over short periods, can to significant errors in
the estimation of ingestion or feeding. If recycling occurs, at least a 3 or 4-compartment,
hydraulic-type model is necessary to even approximate the complicated kinetics of isotopic
transfer in a simple aquatic feeding experiment. In any event, it is essential to follow the uptake
or loss of an isotope (change in specific activity) as a function of time in at least t compartment
before deciding on an appropriate model. If experiments are designed so the maximum number
of rate processes are summed or integrated by the animal, the kinetics can be considerably
simplified. If the food supply is labelled, the rate of change of tracer can be used to give a rate of
ingestion (grazing). If the predator is labelled with a suitable before starting the experiment, the
rate of loss of its burden under experimental conditions can be used to determine respiration or
excretion rates, turnover rates, ingestion, and the size and number of major compartments in the
transfer system.

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5-Using Stable and Radioactive Isotopes To Trace Atmospherically Deposited

Pb in Montane Forest Soils
Atmospheric deposition of lead (Pb) throughout the 1900s resulted in elevated amounts of this
toxic metal even in remote forest soils of the. Soils can act as a net sink for metals and thus
minimize groundwater and surface water contamination. Recent studies utilizing forest floor
temporal data and models of total Pb in precipitation, surface soils, and streams have estimated
the time scale of Pb release from soils. However, due to the limited availability and spatial of
forest floor survey data, other for quantifying anthropogenic Pb movement are needed. This
study uses the isotopic composition (206Pb/207Pb) of soil Pb and measurements of 210Pb and 226Ra
to directly trace the transit of deposited Pb in the soil profile. We also report on the recovery of
an enriched 207Pb dose applied in 1984 to the surface of a soil plot in the coniferous forest at
Camels Hump in Vermont. The isotopic composition of soil Pb in low elevation deciduous
suggests that 65% of the original atmospheric Pb load has migrated from the forest floor to the
upper 10 cm of the mineral soil. Higher elevation sites with coniferous vegetation have thicker
forest floors, which have prevented amounts of Pb from entering the mineral soil. After 17 years,
the soil organic horizon in the coniferous zone prevented any penetration of the applied Pb into
the mineral soil. Using 210Pb budgets in different soil compartments, we determine floor response
times for atmospherically delivered Pb to be approximately 60 years in the low elevation forest
zone and 150 years for the high elevation spruce-fir forest zone at Camels Hump. According to
its distribution in the soil profile, we conclude that a dispersed release of anthropogenic Pb to
groundwater and surface water is possible this century. Our results also offer independent
confirmation of Pb deposition models previously generated for the region.

6-Impacts of deep-rooted fruit trees on recharge of deep soil water using

stable and radioactive isotopes

Deep-rooted fruit trees mine more water from deep soils than their shallow-rooted counterparts.
Understanding how deep soil water (DSW) is and subsequently depleted by deep-rooted fruit
trees, therefore, are important for informing sustainable water management in arid regions. In
this study, we collected soil samples from the surface down to 20 m four land use types
(farmland, 8-year apple orchard, 12-year peach orchard, and 25-year apple orchard) in China's
Loess Plateau. We then measured the soil water content, stable (δ2H and δ18O) and radioactive
(3H) isotopic compositions. The radioactive was used to constrain the age of soil water while the
isotopes were used to determine the types of storms that would have contributed to recharging
the DSW. We then implemented a soil water balance model to identify the mechanisms the
changes in DSW. our results show that water movement in these soils was predominantly via
piston flow. The age of DSW below 8 m was determined to be older than 55 years. Altogether,
these results support an that DSW may have only been recharged by high-intensity, low-
frequency rainfall events during the wet season (July to September), but that the magnitude of

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DSW recharge was likely to be influenced by subsequent water mining by deep-rooted fruit
trees. The deep-rooted fruit trees consumed more DSW than farmland vegetation, substantially
limiting the magnitude of DSW recharge under the orchards. Our simple soil water balance
model, informed by water stable isotopes and supplemented with information from tritium,
provides a technique for partitioning soil water balance (SWB) and insights into the long-term
effects of land use change on water resources in arid regions.
7-Radioactive Isotopes for Adjuvant Cancer Therapy
The most frequent reason for failure to cure most cancers is the vascular spread of the tumor. The
two organs to which metastases most frequently occur are the liver and the lungs. Attempts to
prevent the "take" of the tumor emboli in these organs or to discourage their growth once they
have lodged in these organs have been made by Dr. Warren H. Cole and his associates, utilizing
chemotherapeutic agents. They have demonstrated that certain chemotherapeutic agents,
administered at the same time that tumor inocula are introduced into experimental animals, exert
an influence in discouraging the "take" or growth of such neoplasms. At the clinical level such
efforts have been discouraging. A nationwide study in which chemotherapeutic adjuvant theray
was administered at the time curative resections were performed for cancers of the lung,
stomach, rectum, and breast revealed no beneficial effects for the first three, but a possible
beneficial effect when chemotherapeutic agents were administered shortly after a radical
mastectomy for breast cancer. The great need for methods to combat the vascular spread of
cancer and the failure of available agents to accomplish this to date, demand continued search for
methods which may be effective in controlling the intravas¬ cular dissemination of cancer. This
investigation describes laboratory ex¬ periments in which radioactive isotopes, in the form of
Y°° radiating microspheres, were tested as a means of preventing the "take" of cancers
introduced into the pe¬ ripheral veins of rabbits. Also described is experience with two patients
who received nricrospheres, one of whom also received Yttrium 90 N-hydroxyethylene-diamine
triacetic acid (FDOL) prophylactically, after surgically resecting cancers which have a high
incidence of metastasizing to the lungs, and in the latter instance, to bones.

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REFERENCES:
 pubs.acs.org
 link.springer.com
 tandfonline.com
 inis.iaea.org
 sciencedirect.com
 cabdirect.org