ANEEZA ARSHAD

19012507-042
ASSIGNMENT NO: 1
'APPLICATIONS OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS'
SUBMITTED TO:
DR.ISHFAQ
CONTENTS:

Sr.no contents Pg.no

Development and applications of radioactive nanoparticles for imaging
1 of biological systems.

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Development and applications
of radioactive nanoparticles for
imaging of biological systems
Radioactive nanoparticles have the ability to carry high payloads of radionuclides for
noninvasive imaging of regions of interest inside the body. In this way, they can be used for
nuclear imaging of systems such as normal physiology and disease states. Various methods have
been developed to label nanoparticles using both radiometals and radiohalogens, for single-
photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET)
imaging in laboratory animals. The use of imaging to develop radioactive nanoparticles with
long circulation times and minimal reticuloendothelial uptakes led to the design of nanoparticle
constructs for imaging animal models of chronic illnesses, such as cancer and cardiovascular
disease. Further improvements in targeting were made by modifying these constructs with
vectors having high affinity and specificity for diseased tissue. In addition, constructs containing
more than one type of imaging material afforded nanoparticles with multimodal properties, such
as those designed for nuclear,magnetic resonance, and/or optical detection.Given the close
relationship between diagnosis and therapy, theranostic nanoparticles have also been developed
both to deliver radiotherapy and monitor response by imaging. In this article, we review the use
of radionuclides to label nanoparticles for development and applications involving noninvasive
detection of normal and abnormal biological functions.
Radionucleoi 𝛽− 𝛾 𝛽+ Nanoparticle Application Objective
d example
76
Br x x Targeted PET Selectively
dendrimers detect ischemia
13N

Applications of radioactive tracer technology in

the real-time measurement of wear and
corrosion:
Radioactive tracer technology is a unique and sensitive tool requiring specialized equipment and regulatory
licensing, but it is in the final analysis both extremely cost effective and powerful. The future possibilities for
incorporation into traditional testing venues are only now being realized, particularly with respect to sophisticated
real-time testing of intact machinery with concurrent data collection and parallel technologies, such as
acoustical,vibrational, chemical and thermal analyses.
following are applications;
Engine wear;
Engine wear has been the primary application for RATT at SwRI. Typical applications have included lubricant
additive evaluations, dust injection sensitivity studies, engine prelubrication evaluations, component materials and
designs, and studies of fuel dilution in oil. These studies have been performed in diesel as well as spark ignition
automotive, heavyduty and marine engines. RATT is an ideal measurement tool for measuring wear in engines for
several reasons.
Hydraulic pump wear
Bulk activation radioactive tracer technology was used to measure the instantaneous wear and wear rate suffered by
slippers and pistons in a large variable displacement axial piston hydraulic pump when subjected to various
operating conditions during laboratory testing [3]. While this technology has been developed and nurtured over the
years at SwRI to measure real-time wear in operating engines and other mechanical systems, this was our first
application to such a large hydraulic pump.

Fig. 4. Simplified hydraulic pump wear test loop schematic.

Wear of prosthetic components;

Hip joint replacement in humans is now done at younger ages and the associated wear issues are more problematic
due to increased activity and longer residence times. The medical complications of wear debris generated by such
mechanical joint implants are often severe and can cause protracted disability. New joint materials have improved
the situation, but prediction and monitoring of wear states remains a high research
priority. Previous in vitro wear measurement attempts using mass loss or geometrical techniques have been lacking
in sensitivity, especially since new materials with increased performance have been introduced. Radioactive tracer
technology now allows sensitive measurement of early wear phenomena by implanting radioactive isotopes in wear
surfaces and monitoring their release while testing on a simulator [4].Loss of radioactivity can be measured directly
from the surface between fluid changes, or the released radioactivity can be measured in real-time in the fluid
bathing the joint during wear testing. If the distribution of radioactive isotopes in the material is known, loss or
release of radioactivity can be used to calculate volume of material removed during the wear interval and the rate at
which removal is occurring.
Crude oil corrosivity:
New sources of crude oils with unknown corrosion potential present uncertainties for refiners. Damage to refineries
is expensive and upgrades to metallurgy are problematic; anecdotal evidence often conflicts with accepted corrosion
prediction models. In addition, traditional mass-change-based corrosion tests are difficult to interpret due to the fact
that different corrosion mechanisms may give weight gain rather than weight loss, and some types of processes may
include both mechanisms, resulting in little or no weight change. Adhered corrosion products may trap incidental
mass, and selective corrosion that removes a single alloying element may cause changes in material properties with
undetectably small mass changes. In addition, the low sensitivity of weight loss measurements requires long testing
times at elevated temperatures. It is known that the corrosion-causing acids thermally degrade at elevated
temperatures and that this degradation occurs over a shorter time scale than the weight loss tests.

SOME VARIED APPLICATIONS OF RADIOACTIVE

ISOTOPES TO THE LOCALISATION AND
TREATMENT OF TUMOURS
The first eighteen months' work with radioactive isotopes in the localisation and
treatment of malignant tumours at the Royal Cancer Hospital in London is reported.
Examples of the use of Iodine 131, phosphorus 32, and gold 198 for selective localisation,
of gold 198 as a colloidal suspension for local infiltration and intra-cavitary injection,
of sodium 24 and bromine 82 for intra-cavitary treatment in a latex bag, of tantalum
182 for interstitial implantation, and of phosphorus 32 in polythene as a surface applicator,
are given.
In the first 18 months we treated
96 patients with cancer and used radioactive isotopes in just over 50
others during the same period as a method of investigation for the purpose
of tumour localisation, assessing the directions and degree of spread
of the disease and to see if the relative absorption in tumour tissue
rendered them suitable for treatment. Fig. 1 sets out these 96 cases.
At the same time iodine was used as an aid in diagnosis for patients
with retro-sternal swelling; phosphorus to see how it was taken up in tumours of the skin and breast,
and diiodo- and dibromo-fluorescene
for attempted tumour localisation in patients suspected of having cerebral
tumours. This work on the localisation of brain tumours is being reported
to this congress later in the week by Dr. J. G. DE WINTER and Mr. E. H.
BELCHER. I had hoped to report to you the first measurements made
on patients with carcinoma of the breast using Professor W. V. MAYNEORD'S
subcutaneous needle scintillation counter for probing the axilla
and parasternal spaces but, although the apparatus is completed and
working in the laboratory, preparations for an international congress
have somewhat delayed our clinical progress.

Fig. 3. Photomicrograph of a portion of tumour removed from thc stomach of a woman of 24 years of agc treated with P
32.

Common Industrial Devices and

Other Uses of Radioactive Sources