INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

 ENVIRONMENT: Refers to immediate and distance surrounding of man which

comprises Abiotic, biotic, and cultural environment.
TYPES
a) Physical Environment (A-biotic)
b) Biological Environment (Biotic)
c) Social/cultural Environment)1
 HEALTH: According to WHO Refers to a complete state of physical, mental and social
well-being of an individual not merely absence of disease or infirmity.
 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH: is the branch of public health that deal with the
control of all factors in man physical environment which exercise or may exercise
deleterious effect to his physical development health and survival.
COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
a. Waste management
b. Food hygiene and safety
c. Vector/Pest control
d. Pollution control
e. Water resources management
f. Occupational health and safety
g. Air quality control
h. School sanitation
i. Health education and promotion
j. Environmental impact assessment
k. Control of border frontiers

OBJECTIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

 To enhance environmental beauty

 To prevent the spread of disease
 To prevent accident and injury
 To prevent pollution of environmental media
  To enhance health and comfortable living

WASTE: Can be described as unwanted, discarded or useless material that is no longer useful to
its original purpose but can be useful when recycled.

WASTE MANAGEMENT: is the process of safe handling of waste in a good manner from site
generation to final disposal site.

TYPES OF WASTE

 Solid waste
 Liquid
 Gaseous

SOLID -----------------------LIQUID ------------------------------ GASSEOUS

1. Garbage 1. Laundry sewage 1. Smoke

2. Ashes 2. Bathroom sewage 2. Smoq

3. Dust 3. Storm H2o 3. Mist

SOURCES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF WASTE

SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE (REFUSE)

a) Domestic source
b) Agricultural source
c) Industrial source
d) Municipal source
e) Hospital source

METHOD OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE COMMUNITY

a) Burning
b) Composting
c) Sanitary land fill
d) Control tipping
e) Incineration
WASTE WATER

Waste water: is any water that has been contaminated by human use.

OR

Waste water is used water from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or
agricultural activities, surface runoff or storm water and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration.
(https://en.m.wikipedia.org)

TYPES OF WASTE WATER

 Grey water(sullage)
 Black water (sewage)

Grey water: this is wastewater that originates from non-toilet and food fixture such as, birth
room sink, laundry machine, spas, and bathtubs and so on

Black water: this is waste water originated from toilets mixed with excreter and faeces

SOURCE OF LUQUID WASTE

f) Domestic source e.g. Bath room sewage, kitchen, sink.

g) Agricultural source e.g. irrigation
h) Industrial source e.g .industrial discharge as sewage
i) Municipal source

SOURCE OF GASSEOUSE WASTE

i. Bush burning
ii. Automobiles engine
iii. Wind storm
iv. Harmattan
COMMUNITY SEWAGE DISPOSAL MECHANISM (METHOD OF LIQUID WASTE
DISPOSAL)

a) Pit latrine
b) Ventilated Improve pit latrine
c) Water closet(water system)
d) Aqua privy
e) Trench latrine
f) Open defecation etc

PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE OF WASTE

 It favors flies infestation

 It attract rodent and vermin’s
 Possibility of Land and Water pollution is very high
 It can lead to fire hazard (Outbreak)

DISSEASES ASSOCIATE WITH WASTE

 Malaria
 Cholera
 Typhoid
 Infective hepatitis
 Poliomyelitis
 Ascariasis
 Lung cancer
 Pneumonia
 Dysentery

VECTORS/PESTS CONTROL: Refers to a living creatures, mostly arthropod which are

capable of transmitting disease to man. Whereas Pests is define as any animal either vertebrate
in case of rodents or invertebrates in case of arthropods which is capable of causing annoyance,
disturbance, discomfort as well as transmitting disease to man. A pest can be seen as a living
creature that is disturbing or worry- some to man.

MEDICAL IMPORTANCE OF PEST/VECTORS

1. Transmission of disease to man either biologically or mechanically.

 2. Annoyance thus causes poor relaxation poor sleeping and fatigue.
3. Bite and sting which causes irritation, pain, shock, boil or lesion
4. Destruction of man food
5. Destruction of properties e.g household

PESTS/VECTORS OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE

a) Rodents:- musmuscullus, (house mouse) Rattus rattus(black rat)

b) Mosquitoes of various species
c) Common houseflies of various species
d) Black flies of various species
e) Bed bug of various species
f) Cockroaches of various species
g) Mite and tick
h) Human lice e.g body, head and public lice.

TYPES OF VECTORS

 Mechanical vector
 Biological vectors

METHOD OF VECTORS CONTROL

1. Physical Control
2. Biological control
3. Chemical control
4. Mechanical control
5. Genetic control
6. Personal protection

PERSONAL PROTECTION

a) Use of mosquito bed net

b) Screening of house(doors/windoors)
c) Use of insect repellant
d) Wearing of protective wears
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

a) Bush clearing
b) Removal and disposal of refuse, empty cans etc
c) Standard environmental sanitation

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

 Use of predators or natural enemies

 Use of parasite such as worm
 Planting of larbicide tree

CHEMICAL CONTROL

1. Use of contact poison, stomach poison, fumigant.

MECHANICAL CONTROL

 Destruction by hand or broom

 Trapping e.g break borne traps, cage trap etc

FOOD: Can be define as any substance solid, liquid or semi liquid which when ingestion
provide body energy, material for growth and mechanism for defense against infection.

FUNCTION OF FOOD

a. It provide energy
b. It provide new material for growth
c. It protect the body from diseases
d. It regulate the body temperature
e. It replace worn out tissue

TYPES OF FOOD

1. Vegetables
2. Fruits
3. Grains, beans, and Nuts
4. Meat and poultry
 5. Fish and seafood
6. Dairy foods

SOURCES OF FOOD

 Plants source
 Animals source

FOOD HYGIENE: Refers to scientific rule that must be observed in cultivation, transportation,
storage, preservation, and processing of food to ensure its safety and good quality keeping.

OBJECTIVES OF FOOD HYGIENE

 To free food from pathogens

 To free food from toxic chemical
 To prevent food spoilage
 To maintain food nutrient intact
 To ensure abundant food in the society

HOW FOOD CAN BE CONTAMINATED

1) Indiscriminate use of chemical e.g insecticide, herbicide etc

2) When food is cultivated in contaminated soil/water
3) Harvesting of poisoning plant or fish for food mistakenly
4) Use of dirty ,contaminated or unprotected vehicles for
conveying/transporting food stuff
5) Non provision/use of protective equipment for food production

AGENTS OF FOOD CONTAMINATION

a) Microbes
b) Parasite worm
c) Insect
d) Dust and particulate matters
e) Chemicals(especially toxic)
FOOD BORNE RELATED HEALTH PROBLEM

 Bacteria and other micro-organisms infection e.g cholera,typhoid,dysentery etc

 Bacteria toxin eg clostridium botulinum
 Parasite worm e.g Tape worm (taenia saginata,taenia solium
 Chemical poison e.g insectide,herbicide etc
 Natural plant poison/animal eg hydrogen cynide from cassava

FOOD PRESERVATION:-Refers to a process of keeping food without spoilage or

contamination

METHOD OF FOOD PRESERVATION

a) Refrigeration
b) Salting
c) Smoking
d) Drying
e) Pickling
f) Freezing

WATER (H2O/AQUA): Refers to a universal solvent that compose of two molecule of

hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen ratio 2:1 (H20)

OR Water can be define as the combination of two chemical two molecules of hydrogen and one

USES OF WATER

 Is use for drinking and cooking

 Bathing and washing of clothes
 Fire fighting
 Industrial activities
 Recreation e.g swimming, boating
 Is use for transportation

SOURCES OF WATER

1. Rain water
2. Surface water
 3. Underground water

WHOLESOME WATER: Can simply be define as any water that does not possess any effect
to the users

RAW WATER: Refers to water that does not subject to any procedure to remove harmful
substances from it. And also enable causes health problems to the users.

QUALITIES OF WHOLESOME WATER (SAFE DRINKING H20)

a) It Should be colourless, testless and ourdourless

b) It must be free from suspended matters
c) It must be free from organic matters
d) It must be free from pathogenic organisms
e) It should be potable i.e good and harmless

WATER PURIFICATION: Refers to the method of making raw water to be potable.

METHOD OF WATER PURIFICATION

1. Conventional/Large scale/municipal water purification method

2. Nonconventional/small scale/domestic water purification method
1. SMALL SCALE/DOMESTIC WATER PURIFICATION METHOD
a. Filtration
b. Boiling
c. Storage
d. Allumination (chlorination)
2. CONVENTIONAL/LARGE SCAL/MUNICIPAL WATER PURIFICATION
METHOD
a) Screening
b) Aeration
c) Coagulation
d) Flocculation
e) Sedimentation
f) Filtration
g) Chlorination
h) PH Correction
 i) Storage reservoirs

WATER RELATED DISEASES

1 water borne diseases cholera, typhoid ,dysentery, hepatitis
2 Water arthropod Malaria, onchocerciasis,
3 Water base/impounded infection Scistosomiasis, guinea worm
4 Water shortage, Scabies, conjuctivities
5 Water chemical shortage or Goitre, fluorosis
excess

POLLUTION: Refers to the release or introduction of any substances into the environment do
to man activities that can be injurious or detrimental to human, animals or plant health.

POLLUTION: Is the presence of substance in the environment which has harmful or poisonous
effects.

POLLUTION: Refers to contamination of air, water, or soil by substances that are harmful to
living organisms

TYPES OF POLLUTION

 Air Pollution
 Land Pollution
 Water Pollution

AIR POLLUTION: Refers to a release of harmful substances into the atmosphere in form of
smoke, fumes, mist, smoq etc

SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

 Decomposition of organic matters

 Automobile exhaust (CO,NO,SO2)
 Chlorofluorocarbon
 Natural sources

EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution is considered as the major environmental risk factor in the incidence and progress
of some diseases.

1. It causes respiratory disorder or infection such as influenza, asbestosis, Asthma,

lung cancer etc
2. Air pollution causes damages to plant trees, flowers as a result of acid rain lead to
poor production of agricultural product
3. Air pollution causes ozone layer depletion which lead to poor photosynthesis to
plants and can causes skin cancer to man.

CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION

a. Uses of alternative fuel which are environmental friendly should be preferred and
encourage e.g kerosene should be use at homes instead of fire wood.
b. Enforcement of pollution related laws to industrialized nation federal environmental
protection agency (FEPA) to avoid indiscriminate pollution of the atmosphere
c. A forestation (planting of trees) should be encouraged to absorb the excess pollutants
especially industrial area.
d. Health educating the people on the danger of air pollution and how to avoid it.

WATER POLLUTION: Can be define as the presences of toxic or pollutants in water that
degrade the qualities of water or impair the usefulness of water

CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION

a. Agricultural sewage discharges

b. Domestic sewage discharges
c. Industrial effluent or sewage discharges
d. Oil spillage
e. Deliberate uses of chemicals for fishing

EFFECT OF WATER POLLUTION

1. Water pollution causes infectious disease that can be spread through contaminated
water. Some of these water-borne diseases are typhoid, cholera, paratyphoid
fever, cholera, amoebiasis etc
2. It causes death of aquatic life (plants/animals)
3. It increase the cost of water treatment
 4. Drinking of water or eating fish contaminated with heavy metals causes ill-health
and death also may occur.

CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION

a. Avoid disposal of refuse into water bodies

b. Disposal of sewage in to rivers, lakes should be avoided
c. Liquid waste from industries should be treated before discharge
d. Avoid indiscriminate use of agro-chemicals such as pesticide, herbicide and
insecticide etc.

LAND POLLUTION: Can be describe as the unfavorable alteration of surface the soil as a
result of man activities which degrade its quality, render it infertile and become unsuitable for
plant and animal to live.

SOURCES OF LAND POLLUTION

 Agro chemicals e.g insecticide, herbicide

 Industrial waste e.g indiscriminate discharge of industrial effluent on land
 Domestic refuse e.g garbage. Rubbish.
 Oil spillage e.g indiscriminate discharge of raw and used petroleum.

EFFECT OF LAND POLLUTION

 Loss of soil fertility

 Loss of bio diversities (plants and animals )
 It also lead to air and water pollution
 It predispose man to diseases

CONTROL OF LAND POLLUTION

i. Sewage should be properly treated before discharge on the land

ii. Agro-chemicals should be use extra care
iii. Organic manure should be used instead of chemical fertilizer
iv. Refuse should be properly collected and dispose
HOUSE: can be define as the physical structure that man use for shelter
 HOUSE: is an act of providing house or shelter.

ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENT OF GOOD HOUSE

a. Adequate lightening and ventilation

b. Adequate space for air movement
c. Adequate potable water supply
d. Provision of sanitary conveniences
e. Provision of kitchen facilities
f. Provision of first aid box

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARD:- Refers to any substance or material in the

environment that possess deleterious effect to man as well as eco-system at large.

CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARD

a. Physical e.g excessive heat ,radiation, excessive light, excessive cold

b. Biological hazard e.g microbe
c. Chemical hazard e.g pesticide
d. Socio-cultural(psychological) e.g working condition

METHOD OF CONTROLLING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARD

a) Substitution
b) Segregation
c) Proper environmental sanitation
d) Through the of protective wears
e) Legislation (Enforcement of related regulation)

SANITATION: Refers to the arrangement to protect public health, especially for efficient
disposal of sewage

ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION: it involve the activities which result in provision of

clean environment, adequate construction of dwellings, proper drainage, control of waste and
pollution through adequate disposal of refuse and sewage, and the elimination of the breeding
places of mosquitoes and vector of communicable diseases.
CLIMATE CHANGE:-Refers to the unusual changing pattern of weather due to the man
activities

GLOBAL WARMING (GREEN HOUSE EFFECT)

Plant and trees absorbed the gasses emitted in the course of natural occurring events such as
volcanic eruption, forest fire and decaying vegetables etc to generate materials necessary for
their growth and turn the byproduct oxygen to the atmosphere. But the industries and
transportation processes emit too much gas to the atmosphere which cannot be absorbed by the
forest areas. The unabsorbed gases now create an envelope round the earth and prevent the
excess heat radiated by the earth back into space as infrared rays from dissipating into the upper
atmosphere. This causes the global temperature to rise 176, technically called global warming.
Therefore global warming can be defined as rising temperature which may result to warm the
globe.

CAUSES OF CLIMATIC CHANGE AND GLOBAL WARMING

 Burning of fossil fuels

 Industrial emission
 Automobile emission
 Bush burning
 Deforestation

EFFECTS

 Respiratory tract infection /attack

 Death
 It can lead to Ozone layer depletion
 Suffocation