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Mod1 2slides
Mod1 2slides
Construction Materials
Course Instructor
Prof. Chi-sun Poon
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Course Layout
Concrete (10 weeks)
Module I. Introduction and Basic Concepts
p
Definition
Advantages of concrete as a construction material
Comparison between structural concrete and steel
Types of structural concrete (Plain concrete, Reinforced cement concrete,
Prestressed concrete)
Constituent materials of concrete – a brief introduction (cement,
aggregates water and admixtures)
aggregates,
Production of concrete – a brief review
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Module II. Cement (contd.)
Hydration of cement
Types of Portland cement
Tests to evaluate physical and mechanical properties of cement
2
Module VI. Testing of Hardened Concrete
Compressive strength tests
- Destructive tests (Cube test, Cylinder test, Core test)
- Non-destructive tests (Rebound hammer, Penetration resistance,
Pull out,
Pull- out Ultrasonic Pulse velocity)
Tensile strength test
Flexural test (modulus of rupture)
Bond strength test
Module IX.
IX Special Concretes
High performance concrete
Fiber reinforced concrete
Roller compacted concrete
Light weight concrete
Polymer composites
3
Module X. Durability of Concrete
Permeability of concrete
Sulphate attack
Attack by sea water
Acid attack
Alkali-aggregate reaction
Corrosion of reinforcement
Text Book
A.M. Neville and J.J. Brooks. 1990. “Concrete Technology”. Longman and
Hall, London.
Reference Books
A.M. Neville. 1995. “Properties of Concrete”. Longman and Hall, London.
J.F. Young; S. Mindless; R.J. Gray; and A. Bentur. 1998. “The Science and
Technology of Civil Engineering Materials”. Prentice-Hall International Inc.,
New York.
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Steel (4 weeks)
Module I. Introduction and Basic Concepts
Definition
Advantages
g of steel construction
Chemical composition of steel
Steel production mechanism
Types of structural steel
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Text Book
G.W. Owens; P.R. Knowles; and P.J. Dowling. 1992. “Steel Designers
Manual (5th Edition)”. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London.
Reference Books
C.G. Salmon and J.E. Johnson. 1980. “Steel Structures (2nd Edition)”. Harper
& Row, Publishers, New York.
J.F. Young; S. Mindless; R.J. Gray; and A. Bentur. 1998. “The Science and
Technology of Civil Engineering Materials”. Prentice-Hall International Inc.,
Newyork.
Assessment Method
• 70% Examination
• 30% Coursework
Course Work
• Laboratory Reports 30%
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Course Handouts http://www.cse.polyu.edu.hk/~cecspoon/
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Concrete
Concrete is a stone-like composite material prepared by careful
proportioning of cement, aggregates and water mixed in a suitable
manner to
t give
i the
th required
i d physical
h i l and d mechanical
h i l properties.
ti
Cement
Aggregates Concrete
Water
8
Advantages of Concrete over Steel Structures
NERGY-SAVING
NGINEERING PROPERTIES
CONOMICAL
COLOGICAL
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Advantages of Concrete over Steel Structures
Engineering Properties
• Maintenance
No corrosion.
No surface treatment in normal environment.
• Fire Resistance
• Resistance to Cyclic Loading
The fatigue strength of steel structures is greatly influenced by local
stress fields in welded joints, corrosion pittings and sudden changes
in geometry while concrete structures have no such problems.
Till 1996, the fatigue failure of concrete structures was only 10% of
the steel structures.
• Control of Deflections
For the same span, deflection in concrete structures are less due to rigid
shape and greater moment of inertia by forming deep hollow sections.
• Ease of Production
Constituent materials easily available. No need of any complex plant.
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Advantages of Concrete over Steel Structures
Economic Considerations
• Constituent materials are cheapp and easilyy available.
• Less requirement of skilled labor and machinery.
Energy Considerations
Kw h/ton) 10000
Production of 1 ton of 8000
Amount of Energy (K
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Response of Concrete and Steel under Loading
Brittle
Ductile
Types of Concrete
Based upon Weight
• Normal Weight Concrete
Density = 2400 kg/m3
Prepared by natural sand and gravel or crushed-rock aggregates.
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Types of Concrete
Based upon Strength
• Normal Strength Concrete
Compressive Strength = 20 - 40 MPa
Used in all sorts of ordinary construction works.
Types of Concrete
Based upon Structural Action
• Plain Cement Concrete (P.C.C.)
Essentially consists of cement, aggregates, water and/or admixtures.
Used for non-structural applications like base for foundations and
pavements, shotcreting etc.
P.C.C
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Types of Concrete
Based upon Structural Action
• Reinforced Cement Concrete (R.C.C.)
A concrete usually containing steel bars and is designed on the
assumption that the two materials act together in resisting forces.
Used in all structural applications like beams, columns, piles etc.
R.C.C
steel
steel
Types of Concrete
Based upon Structural Action
• Prestressed Concrete (P.C.)
A concrete in which by tensioning steel tendons, prestress of such
magnitude and distribution is introduced that the tensile stresses resulting
from the service loads are counteracted to a desired degree.
Used for girders of long span bridges, large roof slab where large
deflections are a problem.
Steel tendon
P.C.
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Fabrication of Prestressed Concrete
Pre-tensioning
In this method, the prestressing strands are tensioned between massive
abutments in a casting yard prior to placing the concrete in the beam
forms. The beam is poured around the tension strands, and after the
concrete has attained sufficient strength, the jacking pressure is
released. This transfers the prestressing force to the concrete by bond
and friction along the strands.
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Constituent
C tit t
Materials
of Concrete
Conventional Concrete
Cement
Aggregates Concrete
Water
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Moder n Concrete
Cement
Aggregates
Concrete
Admixtures
Water
Cement
A powdered mixture of calcareous (lime) and argillaceous (clay)
minerals, burned at a clinckering temperature and finely grinded upon
g
cooling.
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Aggregates
Classification of Aggregates
• Coarse Aggregates
All those particles which are larger than 4.75 mm (retained on No. 4
sieve). The size usually varies between 4.75-50 mm. They form
around 55%-70% of the total aggregate mass.
• Fine Aggregates
Particles smaller than 4.75 mm (passed through No. 4 sieve). Their
size usually varies between 4.75 mm - 75m (No. 200 sieve). They
form around 30%-45% of the total aggregate mass.
Fine Coarse
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Admixtures
Admixtures are mineral or organic substances which are added to
change or improve all/some of the properties of concrete in fresh
or hardened state. Theyy are usuallyy added during
g concrete mixing
g
and can be distinguished from Additives which are added at the
cement manufacturing stage.
Types of Admixtures
• Accelerators
• Set-retarders
• Water-reducers or Superplasticizers
• Mineral Admixtures or Pozzolans
Accelerators
They are added to accelerate the hardening or the development of
early strength of concrete. Accelerators are commonly used in
g
emergency y repairs
p or in under-water concrete works.
Set-retarders
These are admixtures which delay the setting of concrete.
Retarders are useful when concreting in hot weather, when the
normal setting time is shortened by the higher temperature, and in
preventing
p g the formation of cold jjoints between successive lifts.
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Superplasticizers
Mineral Admixtures/Pozzolans
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Advantages of Adding Mineral Admixtures
Water
• The quality of mixing water is very important as impurities in it
may interfere with the setting of the cement, may adversely
affect
ff the
h strength
h off the
h concrete or cause staining
i i off iits
surface, and may also lead to corrosion of the reinforcement.
• The water fit for drinking is considered to be suitable for
concrete making and curing.
• In mixing water, the amount of dissolved solids should not be
more than 2000 ppm (preferably less than 1000 ppm) and it
should not have any color or odor.
• Sea water or any other water containing large amount of
chlorides or other alkalis should be avoided.
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Production of Concrete
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Types of Concrete Production
In-situ concrete
Ready-mixed concrete
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Ready Mixed Concrete Production
Advantages
Close q
quality
y control of batching
g which reduces the variability
y of
the desired properties of the hardened concrete.
Use on public sites or in highway construction where there is a
little space for a mixing plant and aggregate stockpiles.
Use of agitator trucks to ensure care in transportation, thus
preventing segregation and maintain workability.
Convenient and saving of time.
Entryy and p
parking
gpproblems at congested
g sites.
Non-availability in small amounts.
Advance order is required.
Requirement of tower crane or pumps to place concrete.
Non-availability in emergencies.
More chances of wastage.
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Properties of Good Concrete
Consistency in the Fresh State: The mix should be fluid enough
to be transported and compacted easily to the desired degree.
Questions/Queries ???
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