2013년 1학기 공업수학A 중간고사 practice exam 풀이

<First-order ODEs>
I. Find the curve through the point     in the -plane having at each of its
 
points the slope    .
 
sol.) 문제에서의 curve는 다음 IVP를 만족한다.
 
slope:    and     .
 
 
Let       . Then      .
 
   
     ⇒    : separable.
   
 
    ⇒       
 

⇒   ln             
Since       ,
      ln         

⇒   ln               
Since     ,  ln    ∴     ln.
∴   ln       ln   : equation for given curve.
여기서 다음처럼 더 정리해주어도 좋다.
   ln  ln       .

⇒         

II. Find an integrating factor for the following equations.


(1)  ′    .

 
sol.)  ′    : linear equation and       .
 

          
        ln   


(2)     sin     cos    .

sol.) Let      sin  and    cos . Then
       cos   cos 
    exp 

   exp    
 cos 



(3)     sin        sin    .


sol.)

Let      sin  and      sin . Then
  
        sin      cos 

    exp 

   exp    
    sin 

 exp    cot     exp   ln sin     csc  .



Therefore, either   csc or    csc are integrating factors.

III. Solve the following first-order ODEs.

 
(1)    .
 

 
   
sol.)    ⇒   : homogeneous ODE.
   
 


Let    ⇒    ⇒ ′  ′   .

   
ODE에 대입해서 정리하면, ′     ⇒ ′  
 

 
⇒       
   

 
⇒  
 
     ln    
  


⇒  ln       tan      ln    

  
   를 대입해서 정리하면, ln     tan

 


        .


(2) ′       ln.


sol.) 이것은           ln이고   인 Bernoulli Equation이다.

′
⇒      라 치환. ⇒  ′   이다.


 ′     ln : linear w. r. t. .

    
integrating factor는        ln    이고, factor를 양변에 곱해서 정리하

면,
 ln
⇒   ′   
 
 ln
⇒  
 

 
⇒     ln    
 
 
(Note) Setting   ln,     and

ln  

       


      ln    


∴    ln     



⇒   ∵       .

  ln   


(3)         .

sol.)         
Let            .
 
Then       .
 
Find      s.t.     and     .

              
 
     

 
           
 

⇒           

∴            .
       : general solution.

<Higher-order ODEs>
IV. Solve the following higher-order ODEs.
(1)     ′′  ′    .(Hint:     is a solution.)
sol.) Let     .
Then   ′  ′   and  ′′  ′′  ′ .
ODE에 대입하면,
    ′′  ′    ′       .
정리하면,
     ′′      ′  .
Let   ′ ⇒  ′  ′′ .
Then       ′        .
       
    ⇒   : separable.
 
      
우변을 부분 분수 이용해서 표현한 후 적분한다.

ln       

 .
   
⇒ ln    ln    ln     ln   
  ln     
  
 
     .
 

    

 

 ln    이다. 따라서 
       ln  .

       ln    : general solution.

(2) ′′  ′        ′    .

sol.) ′′   ′             ′    
       ⇒        ⇒     
           : general solution.
 ′           
        
 ′           
⇒      
∴         : particular solution.

(3) ′′  ′        

  
sol.)   ′′  ′      => auxiliary equation :     , so   ±  
  
 
∴    cos   ln     sin   ln  
 

(4) ′′  ′     

sol.) (i)     : characteristic equation.     .

      
       
(ii) To use method of undetermined coefficients, set           since  
is a solution of the homogeneous ODE. So,
  ′             
⇒  ′′                
 에 대입
⇒                                        
양변 비교하면      ,
         .
(iii)                      .
 
(5) ′′    tan       .

sol.) (i)      : characteristic equation.   ± .
    cos   sin
(ii) Find   by variation of parameter.
Let   cos     sin.

   
cos  sin
sin  cos  
 cos    sin    

    tan.
By variation of parameters,
      

    

     


 cos  tan sin   sin  tan cos 

 cos  sec  cos    sin  sin 

 cosln sec  tan   sin   sin  cos 


 cos ln sec  tan        

(iii)         cos    sin   cos  ln sec  tan   .

<Modeling>
V. Mixing Problem : Suppose that brine containing    runs into a tank
initially filled with   of water containing   of salt. If the brine enters at
 min , the mixture is kept uniform by stirring, and the mixture flows out at
the rate of  min . Let  denote the amount of salt at time  . Set up the IVP
for  .

sol.) ′        
  

VI. Newton's law of Cooling

A thermometer reading  is brought into a room where the thermometer is
 ;  minute later the thermometer reading is  .
If the thermometer reading is   at  minutes after the thermometer is first
brought into the room and   is according to Newton's law of cooling, find
  .

sol.)        

             

    
  
ln        
      
      ⇒   

          ⇒   


∴        

 
혹은     ⇒   ln 
 
 
ln    ln     
 
                


VII. Mass-Spring System : Find the steady-state oscillation   of the mass-spring

system
with          and the driving force     cos.
Assume that displacement and velocity are zero when   .
sol.) Set up : ′′  ′     cos      ′    
1)       cos     sin  .
2) method of undetermined coefficient에 의해   를 구한다.
    cos    sin  라 두면,
  ′     sin      cos  ,
  ″    cos      sin  .

미분방정식에 대입해서 정리하면,

   는              를 만족한다.
 
따라서        .
 
 
    cos     sin  .
 
3) general solution은
 
      cos     sin     cos    sin 이고,
 
초기조건이 어떤 값으로 주어지든,
 
steady-state oscillation은  cos     sin   이다.
 

<Power series solutions>

∞
VIII. Use the power series  

   to solve the differential equation

 ″    ′  .
(1) Find a recursion formula for coefficients  .
∞ ∞ ∞
sol.)   

   이라 두면,  ′  

        ″        

     이고,
 ∞ ∞
방정식에 대입하면,       

       

      .

Index-shifting에 의해 식을 정리하면,
∞ ∞

        



      



 .

Recursion formula 를 구하기 위해 식을 정리하면,

∞
           

            .

   
  
따라서, recursion formula :  
 이다.

  
     

         
 ∀ ≥ 

(2) Find      and  .

sol.) Recursion formula 로부터
      이므로         ⋯   이고,
  
    ,     ,     ..... 을 얻는다.
  
 
따라서               
 

(3) Solve the initial value problem with      ′     

 
sol.)                ⋯  : general solution (   : arb. const.).
 
Since     ′   ,       .
 
따라서                ⋯  : particular solution
 