Hybrid Approach to
Cognitive Radio Test Bed
Ramachandra Budihal#, H S Jamadagni*
#
ANRC, Wipro Technologies, INDIA
1
rama.budihal@wipro.com
*
CEDT, Indian Institute of Science, INDIA
2
hsjam@cedt.iisc.ernet.in
Abstract— Cognitive Radios are the advanced wireless systems that
are used to intelligently access the scarce radio resource – the
spectrum. Cognitive radios have ability to sense the ambience,
spectrum usage, geo conditions and fuse these information to
arrive at a spectrum decision which helps to access the network in
a ‘smart’, controlled manner. However, the incumbent licensed
systems are not sure on the robustness and accuracy of the sensing
systems of these Cognitive radios and have serious concern on the
interference caused by ‘false’ detection of spectrum holes. It is very
much important to practically verify the advanced algorithms,
theoretical frameworks for Cognitive radios both in terms of
sensing and switching so as to ensure that the incumbent systems
are fully convinced about its co-existence. Generally, performance
evaluation of these algorithms is done using simulators, test beds
and expensive protocol testers. While each of these has their own
merits and demerits, we propose an architecture that combines the
best of both simulators/emulators and real-time test beds for
scaling up the experiments while keeping testing as realistic as
possible with the harsh wireless environments. We have also
included a sample of early results in a preliminary implementation
of this test bed
Keywords— Realtime, Cognitive radio, performance, scalability,
emulation, simulation, spectrum sensing, spectrum decision,
control channel, co-operative communication, Cognitive mesh
networks, multi-hop, clusters, co-simulation
I. INTRODUCTION
Currently, the wireless systems are characterized by static
allocation of spectrum through the means of auctions, where the
radios that use them have fixed and limited functions without
much required network co-ordination. While there has been
drastic raise in the usage of spectrum in unlicensed bands, these
systems though designed to operate in these bands have had
achieved higher efficiency, are losing out due to increased
interference which is causing a major hurdle in increasing the
network capacity and scalability. Cognitive radio is a new
innovative paradigm to solve the problem through efficient
spectrum utilization. Cognitive radios ‘sense’ the spectrum
before its usage and detect the ‘holes’ that are then ‘smartly’
utilized without causing harmful interference to the primary
incumbent system which has license to use the spectrum. The
expected behavior of the cognitive radios is not completely
characterized in the real-time environments, thereby causing a
serious concern for the regulators and primary licensed users.
There has been an ample amount of solutions/algorithms to
prove the point; however, the concern cannot be really solved in
a theoretical framework. Their concerns can be addressed only
through practical demonstrations, measurements in the real life
scenarios that use these systems and to prove to the point that
usage of these systems is not causing any harmful interference
for primary users and also for cognitive users the appearance of
primary users doesn’t deteriorate its performance or assured
QoS of the overall network. Performance evaluations of the
network protocols and algorithms/applications that are used to
build the smart radio are typically done through the network
simulators, small test beds or some more expensive network
emulators/protocol testers. Network simulators are very well
suited for simulating the large scale networks and some real-
time emulations are also possible; however, there are few
important drawbacks in this, firstly, the abstractions that are
made as a part of the network stacks to make the simulation
feasible hide important issues that can be visualized only when
it is implemented and deployed in large scale. Secondly, the
real-time emulation features that are provided by simulators
such as NS2[1][2], Qualnet [3], OPNET[4], GloMoSim[5] etc.,
are mostly in the network and upper layers[6], and study made
by [7][31][32] shows that even the simple protocol simulations
using different simulators may give diverging results. Discrete
event simulators are very well suited for deploying of large
scale networks in simulated environments, drawing new
scenarios rapidly, but they certainly will lack the accuracy of a
real-time emulation using the real stacks running on physical
and/or virtualized environment and/along with the COTS
(commercially off-the-shelf) based real-time ‘hardware in loop’.
Our approach is a two pronged co-simulation/emulation
approach where we propose to use the real stack for accurate
and more realistic, reliable and repeatable emulations, with a
flexibility to use the discrete event based simulators either
running on generic Linux (user mode) in virtualized
environment or on physical machines and the hardware in loop
– COTS based Software radios such as GNU/USRP radios and
in cases where no real radio is not attached it will be replaced by
a PHY layer radio abstraction layer. Our approach not only gets
the best of both worlds but also is helpful for in reducing the
development time and costs involved in transitioning the system
into a future product line with little rework/redesign.
The main difference between our approach and the existing
simulation environment are – firstly, that we have kept our
priority in using the real-time framework using RT (real-time)
extension for Linux [8], we use a fully pre-emptable HRT (hard
real-time) for scheduling processes that require cycle level
precision especially with the hardware in loop control in a
virtualized/Real environment that has to abide by timing for
real-time framing constraints while giving the flexibility to
scaleup large network through the distributed simulation. In
some of the virtual machines we run the simulators models such
as Qualnet/ NS2. Secondly, we use the real MAC and in places
where hardware in loop cannot be afforded we plan to use
accurately modelled PHY layer devices using SystemC [9], etc.,
This paper is organized as follows: section II provides
overview of the architecture and network elements, section III
gives some descriptions on the virtualized system and hardware
in loop implemention and section IV on the applications and
spectrum sensing operations experiments executed in this
environment, and finally we present our conclusion and future
work in section V
II. ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
Overall architecture of the Testbed is as explained in detail in
section III and is shown in fig 2, which consists of emulated,
simulated and real physical networks controlled by a control
panel. The emulator and simulated systems are running on
VMs(virtual machines) and/or on the real physical RT enabled
Linux platforms. We have chosen a mesh network topology for
experimental purpose; Fig 1 (mesh architecture) shows the
typical setup of the network – generic co-operative mesh
broadband network architecture. The network comprises of
clusters and each cluster has a Cluster Head called Cluster
Spectrum Fusion Centre (CSFC), which takes care of the local
spectrum decision and send the same to the Global Spectrum
Decision System (GDSS) in a single hop if it is in the vicinity
or use neighbourhood CSFCs to Slingshot the local spectrum
decision [10]. The CSFC in a sort acts as inter-cluster level
mesh router passing on information from neighbourhood
clusters to next level. Currently, we are using an ideal command
and control channel and plan to make these channel also a
cognitive with multiple redundant channels or use some sort of
dynamic cognitive sync channel.
A. Architectural Network Elements
1) Cluster Spectrum Fusion Centre (CSFC): This is a
dynamically designated [12],[13] cluster head and its main role
is to manage the radio resources in their cluster like a typical
base station in a cellular network. The cluster is a set of
Cognitive Sensing Nodes (CSN) that is characterized by one-
hop connectivity with the CSFC and use a Cluster Command
and Control Channel (C4) which is not designated with
redundant channels like the GDSS. Between two CSFCs they
use GDSS. Since the temporal resources differ from one cluster
to another the GDSS and C4 cannot have the same frequency
carriers. C4 comprises of two channels one for uplink (CSN →
CSFC) another for downlink (CSFC → CSN). The uplink is
used to relay the bandwidth requirements, spectrum sense
measurements, channel quality measurements confidence level
etc., from CSN to CSFC. CSFC fuse these parameterized data
sent from various CSNs to generate a cluster level spectrum
decision (CLSD) and pass this on through the GDSS to the next
level or the neighbourhood to arrive at a negotiated global
spectrum decision. The global spectrum decision is a network
level agreed decision that is then used by each of the CSFCs to
schedule transmission of labels (time, frequency and geo
mappings of the radio resource) and intimate to the Cognitive
Radio transceiver nodes (CRN). This negotiation process
description is beyond the scope of this paper.
2) Cognitive Sensing Node (CSN): This is a simple
spectrum sensing node which uses one or many of the various
algorithms [13][14][15][16] used for spectrum sensing. The
algorithms that run on each of these CSNs are the algorithms
that are being ‘evaluated’ or ‘tested’ for functionality and
performance on the test bed while we scale up the network and
its elements. The CSNs can be powered by batteries or it can
use a Energy harvesting mechanism to get self power [17].
3) Cognitive Radio Transceiver Node (CRN): This the
actual CR transmitting and receiving node, which also has a
CSN functionality builtin in most of the cases, however, for
simplicity, we can make this as just a ‘parasitic’ Spectrum agile
radio, which depends on other CSNs to sense the spectrum and
use the network based on the agreed QoS and spectrum decision
passed on to it by its respective CSFC. The functionality and
internal architecture of the CRN has be derived from many
interesting papers [18][19][20].
Fig 1 Organization of the network elements
B. Hardware Architecture
Though the system that we propose is hardware agnostic, at
present the hardware that are used for radio is COTS platform
USRP – Universal Software Radio Platform 2.0 which is
available from Ettus Research, there are 5 of them. The RF
boards are addons to the main FPGA board and it comes in
range of frequencies. We are at present using 2.4 GHz ISM
band and plan to use 5 GHz and other unlicensed spectrum in
future. More details can be seen in [21]. These boards are
interfaced to the PCs (Dual Xeon Quad Core with 16GB DDR2
RAM, 1 TB HDD) via USB 2.0 interface. All PCs use Ethernet
for inter-PC communication, which serve as an ideal channel
for communication between the nodes for testing purpose. The
USRP provides an interface between four high speed analog to
digital converters, four high speed digital to analog converters
and a USB 2.0 high speed interface. Daughter boards available
for the USRP provide an interface from the baseband signals
present at the data converters to several useful frequency bands.
The USRP uses two Analog Devices AD9862 Mixed-Signal
Front End (MxFE) processors for analog to digital conversion
(and the reverse). In addition they provide gain control in the
analog path and some signal processing in the digital path. An
Altera Cyclone series FPGA does signal processing for the
transmit and receive paths. The receive path has a mixer and a
decimation unit and the transmit path contains an interpolater,
implemented in the FPGA. Finally a Cypress FX2 interfaces
between the FPGA and a USB 2.0 port. The USRP connects to
a USB port on the host computer where modulation and
demodulation is performed.
C. Software Architectures and options
There are many options for the software interface to the
USRP:
1) OSSIE (Open Source SCA Implementation::Embedded
framework): An SCA compatible component that provides
control and data ports to the USRP. There are several key
sections of the software; the radio control interface, main
program, device object and port implementations[22].
2) GNU Radio toolkit: GNU Radio is a free software
development toolkit that provides the signal processing runtime
and processing blocks to implement software radios using
readily-available, low-cost external RF hardware and
commodity processors. [23].
3) Tools4SDR: This is a toolbox to interface USRP with
windows and matlab [24].
4) Virtualization of nodes: Virtual machines execute within
special boundaries called Partition in single physical machine
which have different level of access to various hardware
components. Partitions can be provided with virtualized
hardware, share a piece of physical hardware among
themselves, or be the sole ‘owner’ of a particular hardware
component. A special purpose virtual machine provides
management functionality and is sufficiently privileged to
create and manipulate other virtual machines called the VMM
(virtual machine manager) or Hypervisor [25].
Currently, we are using the GNU radio toolkit but plan to
evaluate all in near future. The PHY is implemented in C++
with the help of GNU Radio toolset and in combination of
USRP hardware to give the necessary air interface to the test
bed. The MAC is full real time implementation. For
virtualization we are using Xen. The provisioning and de-
provisioning of the VMs and the management is taken care by
the designated Xen Hypervisor and our own VM Manager.
III. THE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND
PRELIMINARY IMPLEMENTATION
The system is organized as shown in the fig 2. Currently, the
systems can be configured as realtime PC based CSNs
comprising of USRP based Radios and RT extension enabled
Linux and in usermode Linux running in Virtualized
environment initiated using Xen [26]. Xen uses a virtualization
architecture called – Para-Virtualization, in which the guest OS
are “aware” – that is, designed to take advantage of the fact –
that they are running in a virtualized environment. With this the
OS is modified to make ‘hypercalls’ to the hypervisor for
privileged operation, instead of regular system calls in a
traditional OS. The virtual machines hosts the real applications
such as a traffic generator – a streaming application or a
network simulator instance such as a model of Qualnet/NS2
running to simulate a scenario of a large scale deployment.
CSNs in the network communicate via direct-memory transfer
when they are part of the same physical machine and via
multicast IP over Ethernet when they are in different machines.
The communication between CSNs and CSFC allows for the
exchange of transport data at the PHY and MAC interface, the
so-called C4 channels. CSNs running in the virtualized
environment filter MAC-layer PDUs on reception based on
radio measurements which are locally simulated, in the sense
that channels that are not destined for a particular receiving
node are dropped. The presence of a particular channel is
potentially used, however, in the calculation of interference in
the PHY abstraction entity discussed in detail in [27][9].
CRN Emulation (physical)
1.Real application
2.Real Transport, Network
and MAC
3.SystemC PHY model
4.RT linux extension
Highspeed Ethernet backbone
`
`
CRN Simulation on VMs
1. Network Models
2. Simulated stacks
Control Panel (physical) 3. Traffic models
4. Channel models
1.VM Control and
5. Mix and match with
` other networks and
configuration UI
2.Status monitor
applications
3.Complete N/W scenario
creation and visualization
4.Timing, sync and scheduling
control
Physical N/W and Hardware in loop
Fig 2 High-level architecture of the testbed platform
The real-time version of the emulator is designed to represent
the behavior of the wireless access technology in a real network
setting while obeying the temporal frame parameters of the air-
interface. It makes use of the open-source real-time operating
system extension to Linux, RTAI [8] to guarantee hard real-time
behavior. With virtualization of the protocol stack, many
instances (approximately about 25 of them Dual Quad-core
Xeon) can reside in the same physical machine. A typical setup
for a large-scale emulation would consist of several PCs in a
cluster network each housing tens of virtual nodes. In
ANRC(Aerospace Network Research Consortium) Lab we are
deploying 15 Dual-Quad-core Xeon servers for connecting the
wired/wireless and other traffic generator applications. The
layer 3 networking protocols reside in the standard linux kernel
or user-space. In typical large scale emulation scenario a
combination of real applications and traffic generators [28][29]
(such as Video streaming) are proposed be used. This targets
large-scale repeatable emulations on a real protocol stack using
real applications. The non real-time version of the emulator runs
in normal Linux user-space and kernel-space and maintains true
frame times on average if the CPU processing power is
sufficient and the Ethernet network is fast enough. Execution is
in non-real time but with a true Linux networking device so that
higher-layer protocols (routing, mobility management, etc.) can
be integrated into the emulation if needed. The real RF front-end
hardware (USRP Radios) are managed through one dedicated
VM in each physical machine and other VMs which want to get
access to this hardware can on time shared basis use the same as
in
IV EXPERIMENT SETUP AND RESULTS
This experiment tries to showcase the major functionality and
features of the testbed by exploiting the functionalities of all the
entities with initial setup, while it can be scaled up with more
hardware resources in future. The overall motivation and
Fig 3a Experiment setup on Testbed
objective of this initial experiment is to demonstrate the working
of testbed, its functionality, some measurements with
representative test cases. However for complete demo, more
real-life usecases has to be designed, deployed, executed &
measured and analysed.
A. Setup
The test setup is as shown in Fig 3a there are two USRP
Radios connected to two PCs – PC1 and PC2; Each of the PCs
are running the realtime extension of Linux and PC3 has the 8
VMs (virtual machines); each one normal usermode linux. PC1
is configured and the traffic producer, connected to USRP
configured as Cognitive Transmitter, PC2 is configured as a
Cognitive Receiver. PC3 has VMs is running a streaming video
through its TCP/IP port routed to VM1 and VM2. VM2 is
playing the streamed video for reference. In VM1 its two ports -
one connected virtually to VM2 that is streaming video and
other through the simulated radiolink. It uses UDP over RTP to
stream out video packets through the Radio at network layer.
More details of the setup can be found in this white paper [30].
VM3, VM4 each of these run a Qualnet model running a video
traffic application over mesh network simulation and is similar
to what is defined in section II. VM5 is used as a generic
network monitoring application and data logger, which can be
accessed by PC4. PC4 is the user interface of the testbed, used
to provision and de-provision the VMs, schedule the simulations
and emulations, run the actual traffic application over the
hardware-in-loop. A Crossbow mote transmitting in two narrow
bands in time multiplex fashion by varying the power randomly
acts as an interferer. The PC4 is the Virtual Machine Monitor
which has the following functionality – has mechanism to list
phyical machines and to provision VMs on them independently,
to resolve conflicts and intimate faults to users, to configure the
no. of CPUs, memory, block devices to be used and associated
file-systems, network ports, their domain information etc., to
configure, schedule applications and deprovision VMs on each
of the physical machines in the network, to collect logs and
trace information etc., PC4 is a laptop with wireless and acts as
a PU (primary user) of the spectrum by pumping appropriate
wireless traffic for the given experiment.
Define Experiment
Application, Traffic Environment
generation model
Collect traces,
Execute model Analyze results
statistics
No
Decision
Yes
Terminate
Fig 3b Experiment’s lifecycle flow
B. Spectrum Sensing and Decision and Cognitive Transmission
Overall experiment lifecycle is as shown in fig 3b. The
experiment is first planned and defined in a XML schema,
which is used to provision, configure and schedule the
operations of VMs and applications on a given physical
machine. The traces and logs are collected through text files for observed frequency band is heavily used by this set-up, it is
final analysis. The overall operation flow of the traffic on the easily recognized from fig 3d that a large number of rather short
hardware-in-loop is as shown in fig 3c. This Spectrum temporal opportunities are still available.
snapshots are continuously taken for about 2 hours at regular
intervals in the 2.4GHz ISM band that is captured with a USRP
at 16M I/Q samples per second (approx.1.8 M samples within
100ms) and then up-sampled to a bandwidth of 20MHz to match
the channelization of IEEE 802.11, i.e., the bandwidth
occupancy of an 802.11g user. A FFT based ED (energy
detector) is used to detect the start and duration of the PU
(primary user or interferer) channel access. The laptop user
performing an FTP bulk download at 54MBit/s on the observed
frequency channel is set-up to provide a representative main PU
(this is just a representative test case, even short video clips with
duration of 3-5 secs were played through wireless for simulating
steady and bursty traffic). There are other undetermined
bluetooth and wifi access users in the vicinity but their powers
are randomly varying as seen in the snapshot. Our cognitive Fig 3d Experiment setup on Testbed
transmitter PC1 and USRP Tx acts as a CSN also and does the
operation of LBT (listen before talking) ie., senses the spectrum The distribution shown in fig 3d is drawn from a sample
in the band of 5 MHz starting from 2.4GHz and transmits the snapshot and is characteristic for the traffic generated by best-
data if spectrum is vacent it streams the video in the designated effort IP-based wireless communications consisting of “short
ISM channel and will change the frequency dynamically with a datagrams” for signalling and random low-profile traffic as well
latency of approximately 20ms after the spectrum decision is as “large packets” for bulk data transfers (x axis represents the
made. PC2 frequency ranging from 2380 MHz to 2520 MHz, y axis
represents sensed signal power in dB, z axis represents time in
Select nth
secs) . From the preliminary observations we have found that
n=n+1 (switch to
channel, next channel) there are combinations of short and long ‘gaps’ in the
acquire distribution of the temporal opportunities while short gaps being
samples Dynamic threshold θ about 10 µs and long ones being 80-100 µs. there are also very
long gaps which give substantial opportunity for spectrum usage
in order of few seconds too. The detail spectrum profiling is a
Windowing work in progress and this experiment is just to demonstrate the
and FFT of PSD Pow[ i ] > θ simple spectrum sensing and decision process, we have shown
Spectrum
samples results of the spectrum occupancy for about 15 thousand
occupied
consecutive readings of the sensing algorithms and initial
observations are made based on this. It is evident from this that
Send packets our initial observation indicate that depending upon the type of
Streaming Spectrum
through USRP user traffic, the temporal opportunities are quite often
Video Vacant
Tx for t secs by
traffic
OFDM[i]
deterministic to an extent and are stationary in short term, which
can be easily predicted if we can observe, understand and learn
Sync the the environment initially. So we devised a simple decision
USRP Rx making process that is rather based on the short term
through an observation mapped over the aprior long term spectrum plan
‘ideal’ channel which was assumed in our experiment case. The long term
Sync to spectrum plan is driven by the spectrum policy at a higher level
Play and the further finetuning of the same is based on the contextual
channel and
received
Video
receive data that is based on the continuous spectrum sensing and
packets subsequent spectrum decision.
Traces of simulations is collected along with the data of real-
Fig 3c Cognitive Transmission operation flow time hardware-in-loop such and analysed according to the
schedules that were planned such as SNR variation with the
and USRP Rx is configured as a simple spectrum sensing node change of power at the receiver end; channel hopping after
(similar to the CSN) and receiver. The spectrum decision ‘holes’ sensing a channel that is occupied by the interferer; the traces
are then transmitted through an ideal control channel ‘ethernet’ showed clearly the match in most of the times at the transmitter
to PC2 which will correlate its decision with that of the and receiver; sync between the transmitter and receiver at-times
transmitter’s each peak in correlation indicates a ‘hit’ or else it had variation and some ‘misses’ at receiver whenever the
will be categorized as a ‘miss’ or false detection. Although the interferer was moved away from it. Overall we exercised the
functionality of the VMM to provision, deprovision VMs and
configure, schedule the applications on VMs running on PC3
and PC1 and PC2, collect traces and data logs from simulations
and emulations for analysis simultaneously. During analysis we
observed that with the lower data rate (low bit rate video) the
simulation and emulation results had correlation and with
increase in data rate and nodes in network- scaled up network,
the results were diverging, by using our architecture we can
easily create a co-operative simulation by using different tools
(qualnet and NS2) along with emulation helped to better the
accuracy of the results as the network scales up especially the
radio network.
V CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
We have presented early results about the ANRC Cognitive
Radio testbed. We have been successfully able to demonstate
the initial proof of concept of incorporting the co-
simulation/emulation methodology for scaling up of the network
environments to real life scenarios which will help not only to
model but also measure the network behavior more reliably and
accurately. This platform helps in collecting the simulation data
through the VMM monitored Qualnet simulations and also the
realtime-real-hardware-in-loop results for a given scenario. This
data can be further analysed to improve the accuracy of large
scale simulations by fusing the real-time hardware-in-loop data
into the specific simulation readings during the analysis.
In longer term we are developing protocols, algorithms that
incorporate a variety of channel feedback schemes and we are
looking at using OFDMA to allow the MAC to schedule
concurrent transmissions of potentially interfering nodes on
orthogonal subcarriers. We feel our testbed is Flexible, as it
provides user several options to provision and deprovision the
VMs (computing, network and storage) at an ease through a
single GUI based control, Scalable, as there is virtually no limit
in deploying the VMs, applications on that and network
elements/simulations, Reliable as it runs on more deterministic
real stacks on real hardware and Repeatable as the behavior of
systems and its dynamics do not change or vary drastically. It
will help to devise, model rather big scenarios and network
experiments by mixing and matching different adaptions of
radio – PHY, MAC and network layers. We are going to scale
up by incorporating complex modes in QualNet and NS2 which
inturn can give a average realtime performance because of the
high end machines we use; these results or models can be
plugged onto the virtual machines which are connected through
IPNE in a distributed environment to the hard-real-time linux
VMs connected to the real hardware RF frontends such as
USRPs, wireless access devices. With our successful
implementation of an experimental testbed it will go a long way
in synthesizing the designs and accurately measure the network
behavior and performance in real-life scanarios such as in a
world-wide aerospace networks etc.,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank our principal sponsors – Wipro Technologies, Boeing,
HCL technologies and IISc who have set up the Aerospace
Network Research Consortium (www.anrc.in) to conduct
cutting edge research in wireless networks and systems that will
leapfrog the next generation Aerospace network into a new
paradigm with a vision of ‘looking an airplane as node in the
sky’. I thank my advisor Prof. H S Jamadagni for his valuable
guidance and advice, my research colleagues Sheshanandan,
Rajdeep, Shruthi, who helped in setting up of the USRP
platform and Kamal Mistry, Devesh for setting up of the Virtual
Machine platforms on with RT extensions. I must also thank T
V Prabhakar for his constant push in conducting the
experiments and motivating me to publish the paper.
REFERENCES
[1] D. Mahrenholz, S. Ivanov, ”Real-Time Network
Emulation with ns-2”, Proceedings of The 8-th IEEE
International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real
Time Applications, Budapest Hungary, October 21-23, 2004.
[2] ns-2. http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.
[3] QualNet User Manual Scalable Network Technologies,
Culver City, CA. http://www.qualnet.com.
[4] OPNET. http://www.opnet.com/.
[5] GloMoSim. http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/projects/glomosim/.
[6] Thomas R. Henderson, Sumit Roy, Sally Floyd and George
F. Riley, “ns3-Project Goals, Workshop on ns-2: the IP network
simulator,” Pisa, Italy October 10, 2006.
[7] D. Cavin, Y. Sasson, and A. Schiper, “On the accuracy of
MANET simulators,” Second ACM international Workshop on
Principles of Mobile Computing, Toulouse, France, October 30
- 31, 2002.
[8] Real-Time Application Interface, www.rtai.org.
[9] Thorsten Grotker, Stan Liao et.al “System Design with
System C” Kluwer Academic publishers 2002
[10] V. Sharma and A. Jayaprakasam, "An Efficient Algorithm
for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio
Networks", National Conference on Communications, 2009
[11] Hirohito Taniguchi, et.al, “Clustering algorithms in ad hoc
networks” Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part II:
Electronics) vol 88 pg 51-59 , 2005
[12] Dario Bottazzi et.al, “Context-Aware Group
Communication in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks” WWIC 2004,
LNCS 2957, pp. 38–47, 2004.
[13] Spectrum sensing: A distributed approach for cognitive
terminals M Gandetto, C Regazzoni - IEEE Journal on Selected
Areas in Communications, 2007
[14] Experimental study of spectrum sensing based on energy
detection and network cooperation
D Cabric, A Tkachenko, RW Brodersen , Proceedings of the
first international workshop on Technology and policy for
accessing spectrum, 2006
[15] Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio
networks G Ganesan, Y Li - New Frontiers in Dynamic
Spectrum Access Networks, 2005
[16] Implementation issues in spectrum sensing for cognitive
radios - D Cabric, SM Mishra, RW Brodersen – 38th Asilomar
Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 2004
[17] Optimal energy management policies for energy
harvesting sensor nodes, Vinod Sharma, Utpal Mukherji, Vinay
Joseph, and S. Gupta, Submitted to IEEE Transactions on
Wireless Communications, 2009.
[18] A real time cognitive radio testbed for physical and
network level experiments, SM Mishra, D Cabric, C Chang, D
Willkomm, et.al - First IEEE Int’l Symposium on Dynamic
Spectrum Access, 2005
[19] Cognitive radio testbed: further details and testing of a
distributed genetic algorithm based CJ Rieser, TW Rondeau,
CW Bostian, TM Gallagher - IEEE Military Communications
Conference, 2004. MILCOM 2004
[20] Cognitive Radio Experiments using Reconfigurable
BEE2, A Tkachenko, D Cabric, RW Brodersen - Asilomar
Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, 2006
[21] www.ettus.com/usrp
[22] ossie.mprg.org
[23] E. Blossom, “GNU Software Radio.” [Online]. Available:
http://www.gnu.org/software/gnuradio/
[24] www.tools4sdr.com
[25] www.xen.org
[26] http://www.xen.org/about/paravirtualization.html
[27] OpenAirInterface, www.openairinterface.org.
[28] VLC Media Player. http://www.videolan.org/vlc/.
[29] http://www.qstream.org
[30] Resources tab in http://www.anrc.in
[31] S. Kurkowski, T. Camp, and M. Colagrosso, “MANET
simulation studies: the incredibles,” SIGMOBILE Mob.
Comput. Commun. Rev.,vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 50–61, October 2005.
[32] G. Judd and P. Steenkiste, “Using emulation to
understand and improve wireless networks and applications,”
in Proceedings of NSDI, Boston, MA, 2005.