Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Midterm Module in HIST1
Midterm Module in HIST1
TOPICS:
1. The First Voyage around the World and the Pre-hispanic Filipino Culture and Society
2. Our Early Struggles and the Rise of Filipino Nationalism
3. Influences of Spain to Philippine Culture and Society
Methods:
1. In a pair to be arranged by your instructor, browse photos online of your locality (city or town)
that depict the following themes in Fil-Hispanic History:
a) Fashion and Lifestyle
b) Education
c) Architecture
d) Food and Leisure
Only select one photo for each theme.
2. Using PowerPoint or Canva, creatively make a slideshow presentation with relevant description
at the bottom of each picture. There should be one photo and theme for each slide.
3. The first slide should be allotted for the title of the entire presentation. Make your own title based
on the contents of your presentation.
4. At the end of all slides, write your personal reflection as a pair.
5. Divide your tasks based on your personal capacities. Never hesitate to do your work individually
in case that your partner will cease to cooperate along the process.
6. Save your works in .ppt format. Submit by turning in your file in Google Classroom. The file
should be named using this format: Member1_Member2_Title_DegreeProgram.
Example: JuanDelaCruz_MariaSantos_KabankalanTheLittleSpain_BSIT
7. Deadline shall be during the last day of Midterm Examination.
MODULE 4
MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY
Lvl. 4.1 - Limasawa Rerebrace
Introduction:
Much of the European exploration of the Pacific was inspired by two obsessions: the search for the
fastest routes to the spice-rich islands of the Moluccas (modern-day Maluku in Indonesia) and the
theory that somewhere in the South Pacific lay a vast undiscovered southern continent, possibly also
rich in gold, spices, and other trade goods.
European exploration of the Pacific began with the Spanish and the Portuguese. By the late 1500s, the
Spanish had colonized the Philippines and had discovered several of the Caroline Islands in Micronesia, as
well as the Solomon Islands in Melanesia and the Marquesas Islands in Polynesia. Spanish ships, known as
the Manila Galleons, regularly crossed from the Americas to the Philippines but seldom encountered any
islands unless blown off course. The Portuguese, sailing around the Cape of Good Hope to reach the
Moluccas, explored the eastern islands of modern-day Indonesia in the early 1500s and also briefly
encountered the island of New Guinea to the east. In 1600, however, the vast majority of the Pacific still lay
unexplored.
All this began to change in the seventeenth and especially the eighteenth centuries, as explorers,
merchants, and privateers from Holland, France, and England began to explore and chart the unknown
expanse of the Pacific. In the early 1600s, the Dutch seized control of the Moluccas from the Portuguese. As
early as 1605, a Dutch expedition was sent to explore the north coast of Australia and several others
followed. Blown off course on their way to the spice islands, Dutch merchant vessels also encountered and
began to chart the west coast of Australia. The Dutch exploration of the Pacific culminated in the 1642–43
voyage of Abel Tasman, who sailed south of the Australian continent and encountered Tasmania and New
Zealand. He later visited islands in Tonga, Fiji, and the Bismarck Archipelago. At the close of the century,
British navigator William Dampier in 1699–1700 explored portions of Australia, island Southeast Asia, and
the Bismarck Archipelago.
Although other nations also participated, it was the British and the French who dominated Pacific
exploration in the eighteenth century. Beginning in the mid-1700s, the rival nations began to send out
scientific expeditions to explore and chart the islands of the Pacific. French expeditions in this period include
those of Louis Antoine de Bougainville (1766–69), Jean François de la Pérouse (1785–88), Étienne
Marchand (1790–92), and Antoine Raymond-Joseph de Bruni d’Entrecasteaux (1791–93). British explorers
include Samuel Wallis (1767–68) and Philip Carteret (1767–68). But by far the most wide-ranging and
accomplished of the eighteenth-century explorers was the Englishman James Cook, who made three
separate voyages to the Pacific in 1768–71, 1772–75, and 1776–80. During his voyages, Cook not only
encountered many Pacific cultures for the first time, but also assembled the first large-scale collections of
Pacific objects to be brought back to Europe. Due to the efforts of these and many other explorers, by 1800
the myth of a vast southern continent had been dispelled and virtually the entire Pacific basin had been
charted and its diverse cultures brought to the attention of the West.
Last term, we have learned the difference between primary and secondary source. As the country
will celebrate the 500th year of Christianity in the Philippines, let us relive history by reading the following
accounts concerning the Magellanic expedition of the oriental seas. First will be the primary source
account of Antonio Pigafetta to be followed by an annotation, a secondary source.
LESSON INPUTS
Position of Tribes – on the Spaniards, the population of the Philippines seems to have been distributed
by tribes in much the same manner as at present. Then, as now, the Bisayas occupied the central islands of
the archipelago and some of the northern coast of Mindanao. The Bikols, Tagalogs, and Pampangos were in
the same parts of Luzon as we find them today. The Ilokanos occupied the coastal plain facing the China
Sea, but since the arrival of the Spaniards they have expanded considerably and their settlement are now
numerous in Pangasinan, Nueva Vizcaya, and the valley of the Cagayan.
The Number of People – These tribes which today number nearly 7,000,000 souls, at the time of
Magellan’s discovery aggregated not more than 500,000. An early enumeration of the population made by
the Spaniards in 1591, which included practically all of these tribes, gave a population of less than 700,000.
There are other facts too that show us how sparse the population must have been. The Spanish
expeditions found many coasts and islands in the Bisayan group without inhabitants. Occasionally a sail or a
canoe would be seen, and then these would disappear in some small “estero” or mangrove swamp and the
land seem as unpopulated as before. At certain points, like Limasaua, Butuan, and Bohol, the natives were
more numerous, and Cebu was a large and thriving community; but the Spaniards had nearly everywhere to
search for settled places and cultivated lands.
The sparseness of population is also well indicated by the great scarcity of food. The Spaniards had
much difficulty in securing sufficient provisions. A small amount of rice, a pig and a few chickens, were
obtainable here and there, but the Filipinos had no large supplies. After the settlement of Manila was made, a
large part of the food of the city was drawn from China. They very ease with which the Spaniards marched
where they willed and reduced the Filipinos to obedience shows that the latter were weak in numbers.
Laguna de Bay and the Camarines were among the most populous portions of the archipelago. All of these
and others show that the Filipinos were but a small fraction of their present number.
On the other hand, the Negritos seem to have been more numerous, or at least more in evidence. They
were immediately noticed on the island of Negros, where at the present they are few and confined to the
interior; and in the vicinity of Manila and in Batangas, where they are no longer found, they were mingling
with the Tagalog population.
Conditions of Culture
The culture of the various tribes, which is now quite the same throughout the archipelago, presented
some differences. In the southern Bisayas, where the Spaniards first entered the archipelago, there seem to
have been two kinds of natives: the hill dwellers, who lived in the interior of the islands in small numbers, who
wore garments of tree bark and who sometimes built their houses in the trees; and the sea dwellers, who
were very much like the present day Moro tribes south of Mindanao, who are known as the Samal, and who
built their villages over the sea or on the shore and lived much in boats. These were probably later arrivals
than the forest people. From both of these elements the Bisaya Filipinos are descended, but while the coast
people have been entirely absorbed, some of the hill-folk are still pagan and uncivilized, and must be very
much as they were when the Spaniards first came.
The highest grade of culture was in the settlements where there was regular trade with Borneo, Siam,
and China, and especially about Manila, where many Mohamedan Malays had colonized.
Early Filipino Writings – The Filipinos used this writing for setting down their poems and songs, which were
their only literature. None of this, however, has come down to us, and the Filipinos soon adopted the Spanish
alphabet, forming the syllables necessary to write their language from these letters. As all these have
phonetic values, it is still very easy for a Filipino to learn to pronounce and so read his own tongue. These old
characters lingered for a couple of centuries, in certain places. Padre Totanes tell us that it was rare in 1705
to find a person who could use them; but the Tagbanwas, a pagan people on the island of Palawan, use a
similar syllabary to this day. Besides poems, they had songs which they sang as they rowed their canoes, as
they pounded the rice from its husk, and as they gathered for feast or entertainment; and especially there
were songs for the dead. In these songs, says Chirino, they recounted the deeds of their ancestors or their
deities.
The Negritos – Very curious is the accurate mention in this Chinese writing, of the Negritos, the first of
all accounts to be made of the little blacks. “In the interior of the valleys lives a race called Hai-tan (Aeta).
They are of low stature, have reound eyes of a yellow color, curly hair, and their teeth are easily seen
between their lips. (That is, probably, not darkened by betel-chewing or artificial stains.) They build their
nests in the treetops and in each nest lives a family, which only consists of from three to five persons. They
travel about in the densest thicket of the forests, and, without being seen themselves, shoot their arrows at
the passers-by; for this reason they are much feared. If the trader (Chinese) throws them a small porcelain
bowl, they will stoop down to catch it and then run away with it, shouting joyfully.”
Increase in Chinese Trade – These junks also visited the more central islands, but here traffic was
conducted on the ships, the Chinese on arrival announcing themselves by beating gongs and the Filipinos
coming out to them in their light boats. Among other things here offered by the natives for trade are
mentioned “strange cloth,” perhaps sinamay or jusi, and fine mats.
This Chinese trade continued probably quite steadily until the arrival of the Spaniards. Then it received an
enormous increase through the demand for Chinese food products and wares made by the Spaniards, and
because of the value of the Mexican silver which the Spaniards offered in exchange.
Changes Made by the Spaniards – The Spaniards, in enforcing their authority through the islands,
took away the real power from the datos, grouping the barangays into town, or “pueblos,” and making the
datos, headmen, caciques or principales. Something of the old distinction between the dato, or “principal,”
and the common man may be still represented in the “gente ilustrada,” or the more wealthy, eaducated, and
influential class found in each town, and the “gente baja,” or the poor and uneducated.
Classes of Filipinos under the Datos – Beneath the datos, according to Chirino and Morga, there three
classes of Filipinos. First were the free “maharlika,” who paid no tribute to the dato, but who accompanied
him to war, rowed his boat when he went on a journey, and attended him in his house. This class is called by
Morga “timauas.”
Then there was a very large class, who appear to have been freedmen or liberated slaves, who had acquired
their own homes and lived with their families, but who owed to dato or maharlika heavy debts of service; to
sow and harvest in his rice fields, to tend his fish-traps, to row his canoe, to build his house, to attend him
when he had guests, and to perform any other duties that the chief might command,” and their condition of
bondage descended to their children.
Beneath these existed a class of slaves. These were the “siguiguiliris,” and they were numerous. Their
slavery arose in several ways. Some were those who as children had been captured in war and their lives
spared. Some became slaves by selling their freedom in times of hunger. But most of them became slaves
through debt, which descended from father to son. A debt of five or six pesos was enough in some cases to
deprive a man of his freedom.
These slaves were absolutely owned by their lord, who could theoretically sell them like cattle; but, in
spite of its bad possibilities, this Filipino slavery was apparently not of a cruel or distressing nature. The
slaves frequently associated on kindly relations with their masters and were not overworked. This form of
slavery still persists in the Philippines among the Moros of Mindanao and Jolo. Children of slaves inherited
their parents’ slavery. If one parent was free and the other slave, the first, third, and fifth children were free
and the second, fourth, and sixth slaves. This whole matter of inheritance of slavery was curiously worked
out in details.
Life in the Barangay – Community feeling was very strong within the barangay. A man could not leave
his own barangay for life in another without the consent of the community and the payment of money. If a
man of one barrio married a women of another, their children were divided between the two barangays. The
barangay was responsible for the good conduct of its members, and if one of them suffered an injury from a
man outside, the whole barangay had to appeased. Disputes and wrongs between members of the same
barangay were referred to number of old men, who decided the matter in accordance with the customs of the
tribe, which were handed down by tradition.
SUMMARY:
European exploration of the Pacific was inspired by two obsessions: the search for the fastest
routes to the spice-rich islands of the Moluccas (modern-day Maluku in Indonesia) and the
theory that somewhere in the South Pacific lay a vast undiscovered southern continent.
There are other facts too that show us how sparse the population must have been. The Spanish
expeditions found many coasts and islands in the Bisayan group without inhabitants.
The West played a more direct role in shaping political development in the Philippines, but these
prevalent values remained important in shaping future anti-imperialist nationalism.
Introduction:
A strong nationalist movement—one of the earliest and most advanced in Asia—emerged in the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and brought dramatic change to Southeast Asia. Though still only loosely
united under the Spanish control, early Filipino society was quickly developing a new social identity. This
growing commonality was sparked by Spain's introduction of a common religion and language. While
regional, ethnic, and familial identities continued to play critical roles, three great wars against three powerful
colonial adversaries further redefined the Filipino community to include any individual born in the Philippines.
Social and ideological differences took a back seat to the more pressing issue of foreign occupation.
During the Philippine Revolution, the Philippine-American War and the Japanese occupation of World War II,
nationalism thrived in the face of colonial control—a common threat to the Philippines was critical for the
overall mobilization of a Filipino nation. Between the early emergence of Filipino nationalism in the 1850s
and final independence in 1946, Filipinos gradual expanded and embraced a unified, popular identity that
superseded previous regional and ethnic associations. A widespread discontent with Spanish economic and
social oppression created a suitable environment for the re-imagining of Filipino society. As colonial control
moved from Spain to the United States, and then for a time to Japan, the consolidation of Filipino factions
into a single nation accelerated.
One would expect the Philippines—with its ethnic, religious, and linguistic diversity spread over
thousands of islands—to defy any cohesive, national tendency. Yet the country, along with many of its
neighbors throughout Southeast Asia, experienced a profound transformation of identity. The term Filipino as
it is used today did not exist until the late 1800s, and originally referred to Philippine-born Spaniards (creoles).
The new identity of the Filipino arose during the Propaganda Movement of the 1870s, when the writer
Apolinario Mabini redefined the term with a nationalistic connotation in his essays. The ilustrados embraced
unity in their public rhetoric, yet still promoted their regional origins. Despite this, a significant shift had
occurred by 1896, and the Philippines developed a broader understanding of nationhood and national
identity. Foreign colonial control enabled the shift from a local to national consciousness.
The Spanish occupation had created a large, cohesive territory encompassing the individual islands,
and Spanish colonial control united the many disparate peoples as a common Filipino society. Over time, the
shared experience of colonization strengthened this bond and united Filipinos in popular discontent. From
these many islands and tribes emerged a new collective Filipino identity, and under the ilustrados the
concept grew to encompass a wide range of peoples. The Philippines' first strong nationalist movements
were based on anti-colonialism. The artificial borders imposed by foreign rulers crafted the Philippine nation
as it exists today.
LESSON INPUTS
He bitterly assailed and criticized in publications the apparent backwardness of the Spanish ruler’s
method of governing the country which resulted in:
1. the bondage and slavery of the conquered ;
2. the Spanish government’s requirement of forced labor and force military service upon the n
natives;
3. the abuse of power by means of exploitation;
4. the government ruling that any complaint against the authorities was criminal; and
5. Making the people ignorant, destitute and fanatic, thus discouraging the formation of a national
sentiment.
SUMMARY:
The Filipino spirit of nationalism is the earliest and most prominent in Asia during the 19th century
One of the first significant events leading to the Philippine Revolution took place in 1872 at Cavite. The
Catholic Church had tremendous clout in the Philippines, and the friars had dominated most aspects of
Filipino life for centuries.
In Rizal’s political view, a conquered country like the Philippines should not be taken advantage of
but rather should be developed, civilized, educated and trained in the science of self-government.
MODULE 6
INFLUENCES OF SPAIN TO
PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND SOCIETY
Lvl. 6 - Panay Cuisses
INTRODUCTION
The Filipino culture has been characterized as hybrid in nature being a mixture of elements from
different and often incongruous sources such that Filipinos are oriental about family, Chinese about
business, and American about ambitions (Viray, 1968). That is why it is not impossible that even a
Filipino feels alienated with its own culture. The Philippine cultural heritage can be classified under two
categories, intangible and tangible.
Intangible Culture includes oral and written customs and traditions, practices,
representations, expressions, knowledge and skills recognizable within a particular set of
cultural or social values that communities recognize as part of their cultural heritage
Tangible Culture considers built structures with historical, archival, anthropological,
archaeological, artistic and architectural value (Radzuan and Ahmad, 2015).
Usual discussions on Philippine cultural heritage are typically presented through comparison from
the indigenous or pre-colonial period, the colonization period, and post-colonial period. Moreover, the
colonization period is further categorized under the Spanish colonization (1571- 1896), American
colonization (1896-1942, 1945- 1946), and Japanese colonization (1942-1945).
LESSON INPUTS
V. Linguistic Legacy
It is worth mentioning that the Spaniards enriched the Filipino languages through
lexicographic studies produced by the friars. Many Spanish words found their way into the
Tagalog and Visayan languages. The Spanish words somehow fitted into the phonetic patterns
of the Filipino languages. These Spanish words like "mesa" (table), "adobo" (marinated cooked
food), and others are commonly used today in the daily practical transactions of the Filipinos
with each other. Ironically, the friars came up with excellent studies on Filipino culture and
languages even as they sought to overthrow this same culture through their implantation of
Spanish civilization.
The influences from Spain have become permanently embedded in Filipino culture. The Filipino
people themselves have internalized them. They cannot be undone anymore. For good or bad, they
have catapulted the Filipinos into the world of Spanish culture, into the world of Spanish civilization and
its products. Nevertheless, it must be said that the Filipinos did not receive the cultural influences from
Spain sitting down. They responded in a way that demonstrated their capacity to master the new and to
balance the new against the old, in a way that called for their capacity to bring values and principles to
bear with a critical and informed judgment, and in a way that called for them to be able to sift what is
essential from what is trivial. Thus they responded selectively to the novelties the Spaniards brought
with them to the Philippine Islands. The Filipinos accepted only those that fitted their temperament, such
as the "fiesta" that has become one of the most endearing aspects of life in these islands, and made
them blend with their indigenous lifestyle to produce a precious Philippine cultural heritage.
SUMMARY:
Spain definitely lost its world empire in 1898 after the defeat toward the United States army,
dedicating since then its colonial efforts exclusively to Equatorial Guinea and Morocco, in the
African continent.
Wine was the predominant Spanish export product during the prewar period, being also the only
commodity that was sold in quantities that did not fluctuated much. It was followed in importance by
canned foods and ores. The imports were mainly semi-manifactured goods, with specific items from
each country, such as Japanese silk or Philippine tobacco or sugar, as well as occasional imports
as rice.
It is very difficult, however, to know both the exact figures and the specific features, mainly because
much of the merchandise proceeding from or destined to the Far East was exchanged in the ports
of Singapore, Hong-Kong or Port Said, near the Suez Channel.
Among the cultural ties between Spain and East Asia, it is convenient to distinguish the territories
which had been colonies from those that had not been.
The most useful way of dividing the Spanish communities in the Asia-Pacific area during these
years can be into lay and clerical groups, the latter prevailing in all the territories except in the
Philippines.
----------------------------------------------SELF-ASSESSMENT----------------------------------------------
Read and analyze the following questions below. This will test the basic knowledge that you have
gained this semester. Answer key is provided at the references page.
I. IDENTIFICATION
1. A revolution in this European country had fostered ideas of freedom in Spain; the growth of liberalism
in Spain has its repercussions in her colonies including the Philippines.
2. Under Governor General Jose Basco, Spain’s economic policies which aimed to develop the local
economy as a better source of revenue brought new hardships to the people. The Ilocanos were among
the hardest hit since one component of this policy is to monopolize what particular agricultural product?
3. This is the most dominant Spanish product exported globally since the 19th century.
4. Ancient Visayan laws were believed to be inscribed in a document called, The Code of Kalantiaw,
but was proven to be a clever hoax. According to Gregorio Zaide, the hoax was done by Jose E. Marco,
an antique collector from Negros Occidental. Datu Kalantiaw II was supposedly the source of this code.
The kingdom of Madya-as led by Datu Kalantiaw is presently called as ______.
5. A widely-accepted historical data presents that the first catholic mass in the country was held in
Limasawa. This was based on the accounts of ________.
Kobrin, David. Beyond the Textbook: Teaching History Using Primary Sources. Portsmouth, NH:
Heinemann, 1996.
Lesh, Bruce. "Why Won't You Just Tell Us the Answer?" Teaching Historical Thinking in Grades
7-12." Portsmouth,Stenhouse, 2011.
Loewen, James. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got
Wrong. New York: Touchstone, 1995.
National Center for Education Statistics. National Assessment of Educational Progress: Nation’s
Report Card. 2003. <[1]> (last accessed 29 June 2004).
National Center for History in the Schools. National Standards for History. 1996. <[2]> (last
accessed 14 February 2011).
Stearns, P., Seixas, P, Wineburg, S (Eds.). Knowing, Teaching and Learning History: National
and International Perspectives. New York: NYU Press, 2000.
Wineburg, Sam. Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University
Press, 2001.
Online References:
http://bauzon.ph/leslie/papers/spinfluence.html
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