CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The previous chapter put much attention on the rationale of studying mathematics  and students’
performance so as to provide justification for this study. This part establishes conceptual framework on
variables influencing teaching and learning of mathematics

Variables that influence mathematics teaching and learning are provided in the conceptual
framework below. Sitko (2013) defined conceptual framework as the set of ideas, assumptions,
expectations, beliefs, and theories that underpin and inform the research.
The teaching and learning methods, as well as the students' cultural backgrounds, have an impact
on their mathematics achievement. Teacher-centered methods, student-centered methods, and the
types of homework assignments available to students are examples of teaching approaches.
Individual work, as supplied by the teacher or in textbooks, and group conversations while
tackling problems are examples of learning approaches. The interaction between teachers and
students, as well as how pupils are punished and homework assignments, may all have an impact
on a student's mathematics performance (Sitko, 2013). In schools, however, the learning
environment had an impact on pupils' concentration.
 Contextual   Predictor   Mediating   Outcomes
variables  variables  variables  variables
(Context) (Input) (Process) (Product)

∙ Learning   ∙ Students   ∙ Teacher’s   ∙ Student’s  

environment  cultural   characteristics  performances
∙ Location of   background  ∙ Student’s   in  
schools  ∙ Teacher and  characteristics  mathematics 
∙ Teacher  Students’   ∙ Learning
students   power   Skills ∙ Fear ∙ The quality
relationship  relationship  of the   of  
∙ Teaching   ∙ Students’   subject  teaching
methods  learning   ∙ Teaching
∙ Teaching and  background  styles ∙ practices ∙
learning   ∙ Teaching   Students  
resources  ability  confidence  Logical
∙ Relevance of  text ∙ Students’  ∙ Teachers  
books  attitude  personality  reasoning 
∙ Teacher   ∙ Perceived  
qualification  importance of   ∙ Learners
∙ Syllabus the subject creativity  in
problems  
solving