DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
BABU BANARASI DAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
& MANAGEMENT

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project entitled “PROJECT TITLE” submitted by

STUDENT NAME 1 [University Roll No.], STUDENT NAME 2

[University Roll No.] and STUDENT NAME 3 [University Roll No.] in the

partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology

(Electrical Engineering) of Dr. A. P. J. ABDUL KALAM Technical University, is a record of

students’ own work carried under our supervision and guidance. The project report embodies

results of original work and studies carried out by students and the contents do not form the

basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else.

Prof. FACULTY NAME Prof. RAFIK AHMAD

(Designation) (Head of Department EE)

(Project Guide)

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
BABU BANARASI DAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
MANAGEMENT

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project entitled “PROJECT TITLE” submitted by

us in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology (Electrical Engineering) of Dr .A. P. J. ABDUL

KALAM Technical University is record of our own work carried under the

supervision and guidance of Prof. FACULTY NAME (Designation).

To the best of our knowledge this project has not been submitted to Dr. A. P. J.

ABDUL KALAM Technical University or any other University or Institute for

the award of any degree.

STUDENT NAME 1 STUDENT NAME 1 STUDENT NAME 1

[University Roll No.] [University Roll No.] [University Roll No.]

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the sense of great pleasure and satisfaction we present this project entitled

“PROJECT TITLE”.

The completion of this project is no doubt a product of invaluable support and

contribution of number of people.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to my guide Prof. FACULTY

NAME (Department of Electrical Engineering) for his continuous help and

valuable suggestions and also providing encouraging environment, without

which our project and its documentation would not have been possible.

The completion of any task is not only the reward to the person activity involved

in accomplishing it, but also the person involved in inspiring and guiding. We

are grateful to our friends for their constant motivation and comments that has

helped us to complete this report.

We are also grateful to Prof. FACULTY MEMBER (Designation) for his

valuable help, encouragement and inspiration.

STUDENT NAME 1 STUDENT NAME 1 STUDENT NAME 1

[University Roll No.] [University Roll No.] [University Roll No.]

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 PREFACE
The use of renewable energy resources will lead to the safe environment and safe health
of the living bodies all over the earth. Keeping this fact in mind that renewable energy
sources are inexhaustible and eco-friendly one must focus for total energy generation
by this method. Under our project we have designed and estimated approximate cost
for a load consumption of 200 units per day. Our plant rating is 50KW.
Chapter 2. Photovoltaic panels offer consumers the ability to generate electricity in a
clean, quiet and renewable way and we use in series and parallel combination of PV
cell for getting the more electricity. We are using poly-crystalline PV panels.
Chapter 3. We are design a Solar PV system for the -----------------. And factors are
considered to designing of solar system and the solar radiation.
Chapter 4. We are calculate the load and site location of ------------. And also find the
size of plant.
Chapter 5. In this chapter we are calculate the total material cost and financial overview
of plants. And also analysis the bill saving.
Chapter 6. In this chapter we clear that solar PV system is cost effective and free from
pollution. Solar power is more available compared to other renewable source of energy.
So in future if technology are developed to enhance the efficiency of PV system than
this form of energy are more economical and it is also used with hybrid systems as
combined of Wind and Solar PV System.

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 ABSTRACT

Solar Energy a clean renewable resource with zero emission, has got tremendous
potential of energy which can be harnessed using a variety of devices. With recent
developments, solar energy systems are easily available for industrial and domestic use
with the added advantage of minimum maintenance.
The depletion of fossil fuel resources on a worldwide basis has necessitated an urgent
search for alternative energy sources to meet up the present day demands. Solar energy
is clean, inexhaustible and environment-friendly potential resource among renewable
energy options. But neither a standalone solar photovoltaic system nor a wind energy
system can provide a continuous supply of energy due to seasonal and periodic
variations. Therefore, in order to satisfy the load demand, grid connected energy
systems are now being implemented that combine solar and conventional conservation
units. The objective of this work is to estimate the potential of a solar PV plant for a
load consumption up to 200 units per day. Annual energy generation and further
payback period of the plant is also calculated. Cost estimation for the 50KWplant is
also done in this project report to show whether it is economically viable or not.

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 TABLE OF CONTANT

CERTIFICATE i
DECLARATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

PREFACE iv

ABSTRACT v

TABLE OF CONTANT vi-ix

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 1-12

1.1 ENERGY CLASSIFICATION 2

1.1.1 Primary and Secondary Energy 2

1.1.2 Commercial Energy and Non Commercial Energy 3

1.1.3 Renewable and Non- Renewable Energy 3

1.2 WHY DO WE PREFER SUN NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

SOURCE THAN ANOTHER NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES 4

1.3 WHAT IS SOLAR 6

1.3.1 Sunlight 6

1.4 ENERGY FROM THE SUN 7

1.5 POWER GENERATION CAPACITY IN INDIA 7

1.6 RENEWAL ENERGY INSTALLED CAPACITY IN INDIA 8

1.6.1 Solar PV power system status in India 9

1.7 WAYS FOR CONVERTING SOLAR ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL

ENERG 10

1.7.1 Solar Thermal 10

1.7.2 Solar Photovoltaic 11

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1.8 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR 11

1.8.1 Advantages 11

1.8.2 Disadvantages 12

CHAPTER-2: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY 13-28

2.1 Brief History 13

2.1.1 Photovoltaic Cell 13

2.1.2 Basic Theory of Photovoltaic Cell 14

2.1.3 Series and parallel connection of PV cells 15

2.2 Types of Photovoltaics cells 16

2.2.1 Crystalline Technology 16

2.2.2 Mono-Crystalline Silicon 16

2.2.3 Multi-Crystalline Silicon 17

2.2.4 Thin Film Technology 17

2.2.5 Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Technology 18

2.2.6 Cadmium Telluride Thin Film Technology 18

2.2.7 Concentrated Photovoltaic Technology 19

2.3 EQUATION CIRCUIT OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL 20

2.4 CURRENT-VOLTAGE (I-V) CURVE 20
2.5 MODELING EQUATIONS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL 21
2.6 PHOTOVOLAIC MODULES 23

2.7 PHOTOVOLAIC ARRAY 23

2.8 ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN A SYSTEM OF PHOTOVOLTAIC

CONVERSION 24

2.8.1 Batteries 25

2.8.2 Solar panel 25

2.8.3 Regulator 25

2.8.4 Inverter 25

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 2.8.5 Converter 25

2.4.6 Load 26

2.9 TYPES OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 26

2.9.1 Grid Connected PV Systems 26

2.9.2 Standalone Systems 27

2.9.3 Hybrid System 27

CHAPTER-3: SOLAR SYSTEM DESIGN 29-33

3.1 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN SOLAR SYSTEM DESIGN 29

3.1.1 Solar Radiation 29

3.1.2 Atmospheric effect on Solar Radiation 30

3.1.3 Air Mass 31

3.2 SOLAR PV SYSTEMS 32

3.3 AVAILABILITY OF LAND AND FOUNDATION NEEDS 32

3.4 ORIENTATION AND OBSTRUCTIONS 32

3.5 PROXIMITY OF POWER EVACUATION 32

3.6 WATER AVAILABILITY 32

3.7 ANY INDUSTRIES OF POLLUTION NEARB 32

3.8 POWER SUPPLY FOR CONSTRUCTION 32

3.9 INSTALLATION ISSUES 33

CHAPTER-4: SITE LOCATION & LOAD ANALYSIS 34-40

4.1 SITE LOCATION 34
4.2 LOAD CALCULATIONS 36

4.3 SIZING OF THE PLANT 37

4.4 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 37

4.5 PANEL SPECIFICATION 38

4.5.1 PV Module 38

4.5.2 Vital Details 38

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 4.5.3 Key Features 38

4.5.4 Standard Test Condition 39

4.5.5 Warranty 39

4.6 INVERTER DETAILS 39

CHAPTER-5: BILLING OF MATERIAL & FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 41-43

5.1 BILLING OF MATERIALS 41

5.2 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 42

CHAPTER-6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 44-49

6.1 CONCLUSION 44

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE 46

6.2.1 Solar Energy Power in India 46

6.2.2 Photovoltaics: The Future of Solar Power 47

APENDIX-A 49

APENDIX-B 50

APENDIX-C 51

CERTIFICATE (OF PUBLISHED PAPER)

PUBLISHED PAPER (COMPLETE PAPER MUST BE ATTACHED)

COST OF THE PROJECT (IF HARD MODEL)

PLAGIARISM REPORT (SELF ATTESTED)

REFERENCES 52-54

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