Electronic Principles

for students in Computer Sciences

Artur Przelaskowski
MiNI, r. 506, arturp@mini.pw.edu.pl, ph. 7821

LECTURE NOTES (VER. 1)

PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS -
INTRODUCTION
 Charge property of matter particles
interactions
 Elementary charge e

 objects integer
multiple
 Charge unit co  e (e charge is 1.6 

 Sources of charge: a source alive



 difference of electric potentials

 voltage closed circuit

 the energy cost

U=W/Q
 1V(volt) 1J(joule)/1C(coulomb)
 The intensity of the electric field
directly proportional to voltage gradient

 Two types of voltage

 is ordered movement of the carriers of electric charge

 I=Q/t I=dQ/dt, 1A (ampere) 1C/1s


 P=W/t P= dW/dt
 electrical power P=UI



overheating


 radiators
 to control the flow of electricity and energy
distribution
 R – resistance against the current flow

Req

 Ohm’s law:
I=U/R with the unit 1Ω (ohm)=1V/1A

 Static resistance R=U/I and dynamic resistance Rd =dU/dI


0.017Ω
 G=1/R – or
(siemens unit)
 Real power ( P = UI = U2/R = I2R
 

Ωm])

i.e. resistivity=electric field intensity/

current density j=I/s [A/m2])

Gallium
 Resistance arsenide
R=   l/s
(l - length and s - )

Indium

antimonide
 Resistance of elements
 Resistance of energy sources, wires and other elements (capacitors, inductors,
isolators, semiconductors etc.)
 Designed resistors
 Resistance codes

 Connected resistors
• serially

• parallel
 Two-terminals
 Three-terminals (star - delta transformation)

 Two-port network (quadripole)



 star-delta transformation
 Voltage source

 Ideal voltage source (while Us=E, i.e. EMF –

) provides constant voltage independently of the current
drawn (consumed) by the load

 deal voltage source can never be shorted

( )!
 Real-world voltage source has non-zero (low) internal
resistance

 Output voltage of the real source the current absorbed by the

load
 Ideal current source

 A current source
independent of the voltage across it
 Ideal current source provides constant current independently of the load
 It causes voltage distribution

 Ideal current source can not be open ( – i.e. must

always be connected to the load < ∞; otherwise the current has nowhere to go
(the voltage across source grows to infinity!)
 Real current source

 The real current source has finite (high) internal resistance

 The output current is decreased by the current “leaking” through the
internal resistance
 The output current of the real source depends on the load resistance
related to internal source resistance (preferably RL<<RS)

- current efficiency of the source

- output current
 Real current and voltage sources are equivalent

 Rs to Rl relation decides whether we are dealing with a current

source or voltage source ...
 Voltage-dependent voltage source

 Current-dependent voltage source

 Voltage-dependent current source

 Current-dependent current source

COUNTING CIRCUITS
 Kirchhoff's Laws (to calculate the circuits)
 I Law (current)
 the sum of
all currents flowing into the node (junction) and flowing out (leaving)
of this node (negative) is equal to zero
(assume: the charge is not accumulated or created in the node of the electric circuit)

 II Law (voltage)
 The sum of the voltage drop on the elements (resistances) and voltage
sources around any loop in the circuit is equal to zero (
theorems of Thevenin-Norton


open voltage and short current

 real voltage

 real current

 analysis of what
happens outside the simplified circuit
 equivalent sources



 limited tolerance of
real resistors
designed

made

is not fulfilled


Real values of U1 i U2 are within the acceptable error rate

 cause and effect are linearly related
sum of the effects of the
individual causes

Open current
source

Short circuit of
voltage source




