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    BHANDARKAR ORIENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Post-Graduate asd Research Depditdef Brries No. 10 VEDA-PADAPATHA CARCA Caerrireerst ) by K. V. Abhyankar Honorary Prdessur of Sanskrit, B.O. BR. E., Poona, together with the text of the UPALEKHASUTRAM ( s788Eny ) OF BRARADVAJA-BRHASPATI edited by him with explanation in English Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute Poona 411004 4974 Bn 29 30 81 32 a4 RRB B &s Synopsts Break in compound expressions. an Single break and two or more breaks... Definition of the term pratyaya (affix), ... Four kinds of affixes. os Use of words in » sentence. we Section III Dissertation on Avagraha or Pause Definition of avagraha or pause. on Primary conditions for pause. on Only one pause in the dissolution of a vrtti. No pause in the dissolution of krdvrtti. Pause before the krt affix ag. Pause in the dissolution of the taddhita- vrtti. oo Pause in the dissolution of compounded words, oo No pause in negative compounds. ve No pause in devatadvandva compounds. ... No pause in dvandva compounds conveying a group-sense. on Pause before a case-affix. No pause in some specific compounds. No dissolution and no pause in Ekaégesa. ... Pause in words derived from secondary roots, one Pause m Dvirvacanavrtti. ~ Pause in Angavadbhavavrtti. ” Pause in compounds with verbs. ea Section IV Dissertation on Accents Four kinds of secents. oo Retention of the Samhita accents in the Pada-recital. om 48 49 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 Synopsis One acute accent in one pada as also in one vrtti. Special cases of two acute accents in one vrtti or compounded word. Retention of accents in the case of words which are wholly unaccented in the Samhita recital. Accent of vowels preceding the udatte accent in the dissolution of a compound-word. Accent of vowels succeeding the udatta in the dissolution of a compound word. Section V Dissertation on Coalescence Four kinds of coalescence. Coalescence by eliding a letter (Lopasandhi ). Coalescence by doubling a consonant. Coalescence by substituting one vowel for two. Coalescence of consonants by substituting one consonant for another. Coalescence by mutilation of a letter. Section VI Restoration to the original Restoration of g and y to @ and q. Change of q into q in the reduplicated syllable of a root. . Retention of the same form im the case of nouns ending in 4. Restoration of the consonant q in the Padapatha in the case of the forms q@, ag ete. of the root ag used in the Samhita text. Restoration of vowels lengthened in the Samhita for metrical purposes to their original form. 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 27 27 17 23 13 20 13 23 10 14 20 18 15 64 65 66 67 68 70 71 72 73 15 76 7 79 80 Synopsis Section VII Peculiar features of the Padapatha Definition of the terms ‘samaya’ and “palatpada ’. eee Andnupirvyasambita. Vestana or enclosure by the word gfe. Enclosure of prepositions in the Taittiriyagakha. Section VIII Vocal recital of the Veda Texts Definition of Samhita. Full stop. Small stops in the middle. Elongated utterance of the svarita vowel. Utternance of the anundsika letter. Compound with the indeclinable gq. wand ag substitutes. Dissolution shown by avagraha without vestana. Avagraha with vestana in pragrhya compounds. Utterance of g for q and that of q for q. Utterance of q for q. ara and other words taken in the Padapatha as they are in the traditional recital. Application of the conventions regarding Padapatha to Krama and other subsequent developments. 28 29 30 31 31 32 32 32 33 33 32 34 34 35 35 37 13 19 e D> et OO i Bo 18 22 TISSTT, Section I (special technical terms ) Section II (Krama of 3 and 4 words) Section III (Verses with 1 or 2 or 8 feet) Section IV ( words to be enclosed with gf ) Section V_ (enclosure of words beginning with lingual consonan to ) Section VI ( eneclosure of words like gx yz etc. ) Section VII ( coalescence with the following gf) Section VIII ( coalescence with the preceding gfa ) Pages 47-51 51-57 57-60 60-66 66-68 68-70 70-74 74-82 PREFACE Vedic scholars have suggested different interpretations of several Vedic passages, the words and phrases in which have become obscure and difficult to understand over a long period of time. They seem tq have applied different criteria for their interpretations, such as, etymology, comparative philology, vocabulary, metrics, semantics, and the like. The present essay on Vedapadapathacarca, with an edition of the Upalekha- sftra, will show that an additional text in this connection can be derived from a study of the Vedic Padapatha. In spite of the fact that the Padapathas were prepared by eminent grammarians like Saunaka, Atreya, and others, their —agrrectness is challenged by Patafjali who has made the carping remark that Grammar is not to follow the Padapatha but that the Padapatha must follow Grammar. This remark, ringing in my ears fora pretty long time, provoked me to find out and arrange under different heads the irregularities in the Padapatha of the type pointed out by Patafijali as also those of other types. My study of Grammar from the ‘Siddhanta-Kaumudi to the Pataijala~-Mahabhasya according to the traditional method, along with a general study of some Vedic hymns and the four available Pratisakhya works, gave an impetus to my desire for undertaking a work involving a scrutiny of the Vedapadapatha required for the purpose. There is no systematic work on the Padapatha available at ptesent. The Pratisakhyas have only mentioned here and there the apparent irregularities in the Vedic texts without trying to see why and how they have occurred, The authors of the viii Preface Padapathas were sound grammarians, and possibly there could be no mistakes as such in their work of splitting the Vedic texts into their constituent Padas. What needs to be done, therefore is to find out and examine such theories and conventions in the ancient grammatical works as may confirm the correctness of the apparently irregular words and phrases in the Padapatha. An attempt is made in this small monograph to arrange and explain the apparent, irregulariues under different heads. A critical stady of the Padapatha is bound to prove helpful in the: exegesis of the Sarbhita text of the Veda. Keadha Suki 11) Saka 1896 \ June 30, 1974 K. V. Abhyankar Veda-Padapatha-Carca The Pada-recital of the Veda texts, prepared by Sounaka, Atreya and others long before the time of Yaska and Panini, shows quite a large number of apparent irregul- arities if it is strietly tested by applying the rules of Panini’s grammar to it. Patafijali, the balanced brilliant commentator on Panini’s rules of grammar, has even gone to the length of stating that the Padakaras ought to have followed strictly the rules of grammar and accordingly the Padapaths has to be corrected at places where it has gone against the rules of grammar. He has stated three cases’ where, according to him, the Padapatha has to be corrected. Patafijali’s statement is, in a way, an instance of historical anachronism if it refers to Panini’s grammar, as the Padapathas were composed long before the grammar of Panini. The statement should only be understood as a compliment to Panini’s grammar for its per- fection of treatment. From the way in which the Samhita text has been split up into its constituent padas and the padas into their constituent parts, it is obvious that there were authoritative grammar treatises before the time of Panini, which the Padakaras must have followed. An attempt is made here to sum up briefly a few grammatical regula- tions and conventions existing at the time, of the Pada-patha especially those about the meaning of the word pada, as also about the splitting of padas into their component parts. 1 of a@audead aera! asa). neqdels wart wfreafe adanare: caf | at saa TERT aga | weataia saga | aareatt as Ader ll | Mahabhdsya (UL 1, 109, V. 2). Of. also anfirr ath frmagoatiemgeed al... areqder sah | adanare: orate toa saire ... ada ( Mahabhasya VI. 1. 207; Ve1). Cf, also Haat 7 Sa maCAT ( Mahabhasya VIII. 2. 16, V. 5). The author of the Mahabhdsya means to say briofly that in the Padapatha o1s7 should be recited as amsasa, ofia as aserfija, and = agvaed: es TESTA: « 2 Veda-Padapatha-Carea Section I ( Dissertation on Pada ) sam: wre: ( weal ) Ranh WA This is quoted as a sitra from the Aindra Grammar by commentators.’ It occurs as a sitra defining the term pada in the Vajasaneyt Pratuakhya (III. 2). The defi- nition of the term pada as a wording capable of possessing an independent sense, is practically a backbone of the gram- mar of the Padakaras, showing a way to explain and remove the so-called grammatical irregularities of the Padakaras. The sitra means that a word, as also its part, is called a pada, if it possesses a sense which is distinctly conveyed by it: Accordingly, a compound word, possessing a compound sense isa pada. So also, the members of a compound word are separate padas carrying their independent senses. Similarly, Taddhita words are padas and the Taddhita affixes therein, are also padas, provided they are distinctly noticed as units separate from their bases. Case-affixes also are separate padas if they can be noticed as distinctly separate from their base.” 2 seat cara ararrerta Strate | The four kinds of padas, given by ancient grammarians are: nouns, verbs, prepositions and indeclinables. In the system of Panini there are only two parts of speech : Subanta 2 of enh qafirfe OX (areq of sqHrq on aPaharayar ). 2 of ofrerd regia: ati fefe a areeqadamens taf] a! oat nea 1 orrererah sarah (P. L 4. 14-20), Words ending 1m case- affixes and conjugstional affixes are designated padas; so also bases ending in ~{ before q4— and 47g affixes as also before affixes marked with the mute letter {and before case affixes oxcepting the Nom. sing. affix q and affixes beginnmg with a vowel or the cqnsonan> q, As the Teddbita affixes are apphed to nouns ending i cage affixes, naturally those nouns, are called pada before an affix not beginning with any vowel or consonant 4, The purpose of the designation qq to noun- bases is to observe a pause after them in the Padapatha, 8 of certane vent years areata aretha ater wate ( Wir. 1) Veda-Padapatha-Carea 3 and Tinanta. Prepositions and indeclinables are included in the Subanta category. 3. af frat Sao ane a Each of these categories is again two-fold: Single and Compounded. Single words are witty, £3 ee a, 5, TT and the like. The word qaea means connected together and having one acute accent. 2. carat Seahreana Ge! Noun is that which denotes an object, which has come into existence. Yaska has defined the word arma or noun ina similar way in the expression qvamannm arate.” The words afi, ageq, Zaq and others are nouns. Nouns include pronouns. The word noun stands for all declinables. 4, agreard aa aa & ag: | The words areqra and wg are both defined here. That is a verb which shows an activity. Yaska has given the same idea in wrararrarearag.* Patafijali has given wa, wraat and figt as synonyms. With the words q: and ag: at the end, the line waa Gartieante awa earead Ft wid a arg: is given as a quotation from some ancient work on grammar by commenta- tors. The word syeqra means a verb like wafe, aft, wae and the like, while the word qrg means a root like 4, aq, gqzand the like. In ancient dictionaries like the Nighantu, lists of verbs such as ada, aaa, arra, erga and others are given and not those of roots like ga, a, TT and others. The words q arg: stand for q wa qa ug: meaning that the activity itself, ie. the exponent of the activity, is the dhdtw or the root. & fartatenfar stent: 1 Words showing the specific features of the activity ex- pressed by a root are given the name gqait or preposition? 1 As upasargas and nipatas are designated xrfatfaen by the rule eras sfrreay (P. 1 2 45), suitable case affixes are applied to them, and when they end with onse-affixos they are called Ga1az- 2 Of aad aHretaatéant wfrata-warararerag, weararahy anf (Nir. L 1). 8 Cf ora: Para (PL 4. 59), 4 Veda-Padapatha-Carcé These prepositions generally precede immediately the verb or the noun derived from a root, qualifying the activity express- ed by them; but in Vedic usage, they are sometimes seen in the same sentence, but intervened by one or more words. If they immediately precede a verb which has retained its accents they form a compound with the verb. s. varrenig Rrara: vara sfearget fraver: | Nipdias have various senses , but, they are shown by those nipatas when they are used along with other words such as nouns or verbs in a sentence. Some of them are some- times used without any specific sense when they are called padapiranas or expletives." Both prepositions and nipdtas have got no case-affix or feminine affix appliedto them and hence, they are not declinable. In Panini’s grammar, however, ease-affixes as also feminine affixes are applied to them, but they are deleted. By virtue of the application of case affixes they are included in the Subunta category.? ¢. frafestecmeraraat wat serreeert afer eerant wa otferatrary | Pratipadika or noun-base is that word which is noticec in all the different forms of that word prepared by the addi. tion of the several vzbhakts affixes as also by the femininity affix, when and if applied. For example, see the words g-q, @a, aft, ova etc. & AAT FeV aT: | aq or root is the original form of the several vert’ and verbal derivatives which is noticed as common after th removal of the conjugational, verb-making and noun-makin, affixes applied for the formation of verbs, secondary roots anc verbat derivaties. See for example y and aq appearin; common in waft, aqa, wraate, Sasia, we: , ete. and in weafa aad, way, Pras, wate, aitaary ete. respectively. 2 Ob a free saraaealg farahat argent aft natant aft geqeo ( Nr. L 4). 2 See note 1 on p. 2, VedaPadupatha-Carca 5 Re. ameter arantet, srEeTTARAT araarardifer = fasredtr | Nouns ending in 4, nouns afta, qf and others, as also qr, qa and others have got two noun-bases,’ for example wrena, Tisqete. have wn, qa etc. as additional noun bases, Similarly, af has aerq, 7% has zaq, Tz has qq, zea has got aa and go on. 22. afferent aaa Roots aa, asjand others are also possessed of two root- bases. For example the root ara has got q as an additional root- base which is noticed in @:, afea and other forms of that kind.? So also qayis the root in quit, as, aaa, ay and the like, while gq as an additional root-base is noticed in $3, gem, eft, safe etc* Section II (Dissertation on Vréti ) fader: que: ( gfreat ) aa. aeralitratd ahr Compact expression or vriti is the denotation of a sense which is somewhat different from the literal sense of the component words. Brevity of speech is the purpose of such a brief expression. . waharenearseraranasareargareaa- AARTSITEN STE | There are eight kinds of vrttis or short expressions: krt or verbal derivatives, taddhita or noun-derivatives, compound- 1 Of Tay aURTTeraatg waft ag Bradt care mda ta PaTAS TATA AAT AAT | aR Sere waa tatag— aftr, ag, ga. WIE, geen es! (Mir. IL2). 2 08 aarqefrateemag arfkert walt ) er aati ( ir. IL 2). 8 See note 1 above, 4 of qodtieast ahr | gumecerdatrerrerag ea: Tar Te, rearaiaateardt aaa. rere: | ( Siddhantakaumudi at the end of the Ekagesa prakarana ), 8 Veda-Padapatha-Cared ed words, remnant of a compounded word, affix-ending roots, doubled words, compound with a verb, and lastly linking up of a word with another. The first five of these are men- tioned by Bhattoji Diksita. The word aarearaatg’ is used by Bhttoji instead of seqaraarg.’ Riwa, wyaaTa and areqraara have got the same features as the generally mentioned five urttis have, and hence, they can be looked upon as vrttis. te. oTdbrscorny wagha: | Krdvriti is the formation of a noun or indeclinable from a root by the application of an affix. The affix applied, is call- ed area as it is joined to a root to form a noun fromit. In Panini’s grammar, the name gq( maker of a noun ) is given to the affixes like a, fa, aa, qaetc. Ancient grammarians gave the name aq to the words formed from roots such as the word krt itself, which means a maker ( mardtfa gq). The framers of the Padapatha do not show the component parts of krt words separately by a pause or avagraha, possibly because the root or dhatw therein could not be shown as possessing a fixed form. Only in the ease of perfect participle, a pause is observ- ed between the reduplicated form of a root and the affix aa. Ue ARR aR aPagheT afcagia ie the formation of a noun from another noun in some specific senses such as beneficial to (ima), offspring, possessed of, student of, born in, nature of, and a number of similar ones by applying a stated or specific affix. This affix, if beginning with a consonant except gq, is detachable from the base in the Padapatha. In some cases a taddhita affix like a, aa etc. is applied to » word which itself is formed with a taddhtta affix. Such taddhita words are termed taddhita words with two joints ( fgeatveafiran: ).? 1 Ses note 4 on p. 5. * Ob a iaraeang weg + yt ghar sist Prdare {Win IL 2), Veda-Padapatha-Carca zt 8, uqaitariten afkact wae: | @ara or compound is the combination of two wordsin a joint sense.» These compounds have four subdivisions with prominence of sense as criterion.? The compound called aeqeft- ara has the first word predominant e. g. aargda; the compound called aegeq has the sense of the second member as predo- minant. It has got three main subdivisions aarana, fay and fawreaged, the last having subdivisions such as PrftaTacaes, adrataegey and soon. Tatpurusa gompounds with a verbal derivative as the second member, are in general called gara- wgeq with three subdivisions: afraqey, areager and saqZ- aegeq? InaTatpurasa compound the accent is on the final vowel as a general rule.* In the Krdanta Tatpurusa, the second syllable retains its accent.’ In the Naii-Tatpurusa, the accent remains on the vowel a or am which is substituted for na.° In some cases the accent remains on the first syllable when it has got special importance which has to be shown by an emphasis upon it. In rare cases of words such as aweqfa, geeaf and others, both the words retain their accent.’ The compound grg has the sense of both words as predominant. There are Dvandva compounds of two words in Vedic Literature where the accent is found generally on the last syllable. In the Devata dvandva compounds, both the words retain their accent.* The Bahuvrihi compound has the sense of both the words subordi- nated to the sense ofa third word connected in sense by the relation of possession with the two or more members of the 1 For details see Mahabhasya IL, 1, 1, Vart. 1. 2 For details see Mahabhasya IL 1. 6, 8 For details see GTferaTeg? and SqIEHE (P-L 2 18, 19) and the Mahabhaya thereon. 4 Seo garaed (P. VI. 1. 223). 5 See miacatryaa aa ( P. VI. 2. 139). S See aaet geaadtareagqrameamadtraar (P. VI. 22) and the Varttika sq qsqlaTaTAT{ thereon ( P, VL 2, 2, Vart. 3). 1 Bee St qaeeity grr (P. VI. 2 140). 8 See Sqataa FT (VL 2. 141). 8 Veda-Padapatha-Carca compound. The accent falls on the first member except in cases where the second member has some special importance of its sense.* 26, AHRATTARAT TAT TART: | When the sense of a Dvandva compound of two words in the dual number is possible to be known by the use of one of the two words on the strength of the dual number of the affix placed after it, one of the two words is dropped and the remaining word in the dual number is termed as Ekaéesa.? The origin of this Ekagesa vrtti can be traced to the Vedic Dvandva compounds of two words such as qrarqait, arava, ‘arama where, on occasions, one of the two words is seen used to denote the sense of both the words, e. g. qatin Rgveda 1.61.10, 64.1, 113.9 etc. gfe in I. 63.1, 141.1, fyaqrin 1.20.4, 110.8, 159.2 ete, fyaat in 121.5, 161.10, X. 85. 14 etc. The ques- tion as to how one single word could denote the sense of two words was technically solved by the theory of each one of the two words ina Dvandva compound, closely related in sense being capable of denoting the sense of both, advocated by the Varttikelnra on the siitras of Panini, under the name gaat te. seqadtier ara: grated, arat at arene TeIETaTGTRy | The formation of a root from a noun or from a root by the application of an affix is called seqareawragfe. The sense ofa novn and a root, or the sense of two roots is conveyed by this secondary root which ends with an affix. Several kinds of such roots by the application of different affixes such as fra, Fra, 7 and others, are given by Panini,* almost all of whioch-are found ip Vedic Literature. 1 Beo ageitel saeat Grae (P. VL 2.1) as also Sutras VI. 2. 106-219, 2 For details soo Panini sibras L % 64 bo 73, & Che theory of guuafiamaqaet propounded by the Vartti- kekara is exantined in ‘dobail by the author of the Maharhagya and finally’ disapproved in the words “sq gaqaitanngaqat aut gat a ERVUET Ft For details deo Mahabharya on Il, 2. 29 Varttitas 2 bo 15, * Bee Panini sitras Wh 1.7 to 28, Veda-Padapitha-Carca 9 RS. aRATeaTa cen feareeer reat ferent fereraha: 1 The repetition of the same word to convey some specific sense such as frequency, repetition and the like, is termed fysaaghe. Grammarians like Bhattoji Diksita have stated only five of the above mentioned eight vrttis, viz, Krt, Taddhita, Samasa, Ekasesa and Pratyayantadhatu ;? still, as the repetition of a word bas the same main features as a vrttt viz. possession of one combined sense and one acute accent, repetition of a word can also be called wrtti. The Padakaéras show the two components of the Dvirvacana- vrtti by the sign of avagraha between them; and in the recital, they are shown separately by a short pause between them.? Ro, ATA aaa ecdaeie~eaRaae: | The use of a noun in the vocative case with another noun closely connected in sense with it, used immediately before it or after it, with one acute accent in both the words together, is named agagragfa. This compact expression is said to be of two kinds :—qatgara and qqgaara. The Padakaras recite both the words as distinet words but very closely connected, and do not observe a short pause or avagraha between them? R2. AST ATA GE GATT ARTTASTATATT ET: | Nouns are compounded with nouns which are verbal derivatives, but they are never compounded with verbs. When, 1 See note 4 on p. 5. 2 of antregsefiry (BV. 112.2), RasR"T (BPL11.3,7), ARTES aeid (BY. X. 163.6) and good many othors. 8 For details see Maha@bhdsya on BAASad THI Se (P. 11.2) and qgaft sari (IL 1.2, Vart. 6). For instances seo agmeqd ( Padapatha Agr | ye); ga WET: Padapitha ( ga | Tea! ) and the like. 2 10 Veda-Padapttha-Carca however, a prefix or a noun closely connected with a verb forms composite expression with it, conveying a composite sense, the noun or the prefix and the verb together, are called @rat- wawgt. The Padakaras appear to have looked upon this use of the noun and verb together, as forming a kind of com- pound, and they recite these words in the pada recital with » short pause or avagraha between the two PAnini’s rules, if strictly followed, prohibit any compound with a verbal form.! The Padakaras, however, appear to have recognised such a compound as indicated by the use of avagraha between & preposition and the verb following it, which retains its aecent. Pateijali has given his approval for compounds with verbs.* gerard wat gerreart fare: | Vigraha or dissolution of a urtti or compact expression is the distinct mention of its constituent parts by the removal of the euphonic combinations or changes which have taken place in the Samhita recital. This vgraha is shown by recit- ing the crude base of the first word and after a short pause by reciting the next word along with the case affix which is put after it, as for instance wesidra, qasarana, ete. 2 a a fafre: eaieaaat This dissolution is of two kinds (1) dissolution shown by the constituent words and (2) dissolution shown by other words. The Padakaras recognise only the first kind. This dissolution is shown when the constituent parts are possible to be shown as distinctly apart and capable of denoting distinctly their individual separate senses. Hence, there can be no vigraka in compounds which are used as proper nouns such as Visvamitra, Brhaspati and others. No vigraha is evidently possible in the Ekaéesa vrtti, as, out of the two 2 Panini’s eatra eTTEMAE (II. 2 19) prohibits in clear terms any compound with a verbal form, 2 See seraa fret aan ser ares eff THT agerten! aeprflan | aahsaPs Mahabhasya on P. IL. 2, 18, Varttike 4, "© Bes'note fon p. Be Veda-Padapatha-Carca 11 words joined together in sense, one is actually omitted. The problem of one word carrying a combined sense of two words is solved by following the doctrine of guvgftewrrarat or the simultaneous denotation of two senses of two words by one of the two words.’ This dissolution is shown by the Padakaras by means of observing a short pause in the recital in the case of the Samasa, the Akhyatasamasa and the Dvirvacana vrttis where two padas constitute the urtti. In other cases such as Krt, Taddhita and Pratyayantadhatu, vrttie which have an affix or pratyaya as one of the constituents, the dissolution is shown in such cases only, where the affix or the base before it, has got no change or has such changes as are due to mere juxtaposition or consideration of metre or rhythm. No sepa- ration is shown when the change is a drastic one, such as the omission of a letter or more, or the substitution of one letter for another such as q for g or @ for visarga and similar ones. . gRragknasart catfer qaqis the name given to the break or the division of the constituent parts of a vytti possessing a unit of the constituent sense. Generally in a vrtti, as there are two constituent parts, there is one break or parvan. But, in a few cases there are three constituent parts,made up of one base and two affixes such as dwawa, agaut and others, or two basic words and one affix such as faxsaean, afager and others. 24, Sahecaarean waaatet facatort a The Krdvrtti, the Samasavrtti and the Taddhitavrtti are capable of having one break or in few cases two breaks or in very rare cases even three or more breaks as in adifireraat:, frittata, aicrara and others. It is, S however, to be noted, that although in a compound vrtti there are two or more breaks, the Padakaras observe only one pause or 2 See note 3 on p, 8 12 Veda-Padapatha-Carea wang! as for instance in adsawasmafa:, adfaearasact:, fier RR arttarat endtalsaeat serfa a wert: | Affix is that which is added to a noun-base or to a root for conveying an additional sense which is required for different purposes such as the formation of a noun trom a root or vice versa, or for conveying a related sense, or for showing rela- tionship with other words. 6. TEUNTIgERarrena 8 aati: | The affixes are of four kinds: Affixes applied to roots for the formation of nouns are called wae affixes. The nouns so formed are named ga-a nouns. Those applied to nouns for the formation of other nouns, in the sense of offspring, quality, residence, possession and the like, are called taddhita affixes. Affixes applied to nouns, as also to roots, in the sense of some specific different activities or the same activities in different kinds, are named dhdtukarana praiyayas. Affixes applied to nouns as also to roots to show their relationship with other nouns or verbs in the sentence, are called wibhaktipratyayes.? Affixes applied generally to nouns, simple as well as compounded, without any specific sense, are called svdrthékapratyayas. For technical purposes they are said to express the same sense as the base to which they are spplied.* 2 Of agrearerga ter (ara. of. Ya, © ) il agit yah aa ae aralte, 9 aerga ier ames aq qaneaSs ot wale aa ormme adet: } rerafehty wars: t soreftadtaafe soraesaAaar | { Faj. Prat. V.7), Thetorm aquy is explained as waqMa a: oT wre: | Accordingly qe is thet pert which is held back by a pews. The ward, by Leksané, is used in the sense of the pause itself hich cecurs bebwoon the' tra parts of « word. 9 OL Rea, PK 4 103) which defines the term Pits 96 seplicabie. to case alfixes as also to conjugetional affixes. gg ethers fora apf aradeS ( PresparibhagypaghaT4). Veda-Padapatha-Carca 18 2. Raker arama = ae watt: | Nouns, including prefixes and indeclinables, as also roots ineluding secondary roots are always to be used with suitable vibhaktipratyayas> Prefixes such as 9, qq and indeclinables such as qyt, 4, ga, and others have, in fact, no vibhakié pratyaya applied to them ; hence, they are given the name avyaya meaning not allowing any loss or addition for expre- ssing the idea of gender or syntactical relation.? For technical purposes, however, according to Panini’s grammar, the affixes that are necessary, are placed after them, but they are elided. Section III (Dissertation on pause ) aden eve: (sae ) . Tams wafer aa sefaxnitase: | A small stop in the recital of the Padapatha at the end of a break or parvan is called avagraha.? This avagraha in the old handwritten works, and now in printed editions of the Padapaths is marked (s) just like the avagraha mark (s) in the texts of classical works at places where the vowel e or 0 combines with the following vowel a, although it has nothing to do with that coalescence stated in P&nini’s rule ge: (VI. 1.109 ). In some copies it is marked by a samil dash (-). 1 Cf. a taer fake: Tawa at Hae: Teas ( Makabhasya 1. 2.64 Vart. 5). 2 Of acd fy fees asta a Raitag! aaag a adg aa one aceqea tl ( Kasika on P. 11.37). 8 CE The term 427€, as defined here, means a small pause taking the time of one mira, which is generally obsorved by the reciters of the Padapatha, who, when showing apart the two members of a compound word, stop at theend of the fires member. CL gmisqah eaqaare: ( aj. Prat. V.1). Ib is also defined as gh: qaqa: yaa wea ( Uvate’s com. on Vaj. Prat. V. 1). Sometimes the term is used for the first member of a compound word, as in Ofeataqqae: whit ( Vag. Prat. 1 148). 4 Veda-Padapatha-Carea ao, afafiet ce Rarmricieerries erosfanPasraararaae: | In showing the subdivisions of a word representing a vriti, avagraha should be given between two subdivisions provided ther wording and sense are clearly and distinctly made out. If the end of the first part or the beginning of the second part is mutilated otherwise than by rules of euphonic combinations, the avagrahka 1s not given. §. a Saferrt wade ert, a Tift cafe This avagruha should be observed only once, and not in each break if there are two or more breaks ina word. In a compound of three words the avagraha 1s given at the end of the second word.. Ina Taddhitavrtti where two different taddhita affixes are added to a word, or a taddhva affix is added to a compound word, the avagraha is given at the end of two components Similarly, if a detachable case affix is added to a compound word or a taddhita word, the avagraha is given before the detachable case-affix varq, fa or g.’ R. zag Bat: VST: TIAA A TAT COTA: | There is no avrgraka given between the two parts of Krdanta words or verbal derivatives, as the sense of the two parts cannot be separately distinguished. For example, in aR, wet, arr, and others the activity is shown as vested in the agent or in the instrument or in the abode, the agents or the instruments or the abodes of activities are not shown @s separate from the activities. 33. aEERtsarE: | The krt affix qq (eg) is looked upon as possessor of an activity, shown separately by the preceding redupli- 2 U8 aguaqierrgar vd ( Vay. Prat. V.7) explamed by Uvaté as aght yen va 0% Feree ee! aT aRKgal vor Gare aE wanes wd ware ter saat wate | ae searafehae eae | re ‘wirediaufe sarefe—ncen t a Ch cra, aera pane 1 Raft arardt (747. Prge Wits, 30) Veda-Padapatha-Carea 16 eated root form and if the root ends in a short vowel, and the affix qq has not undergone any mutilation, the affix is shown as separated from the root form by avagraha* as for example, qfsam, waa, gasam, stsataa, afas- aM, tested, Hsaiay, wasatag, wassien gasstan, but not in fear, fitter, afaan, Seite, aaa, savory ete. 2. afzaget sas ad ard a da, sees eerarnad Fat In a Taddhitavrtts, the base andthe affix are shown as separate units in wording as well as in sense, and the affix is shown separate by avagraha in the Pada-recital. However, if the noun-base ends in the consonant q or @, and the affix is in the sense of possession such as na, aa, faq or the like, the avagraha should not be observed so also if the tad. affix begins with a vowel or with the consonant q, the avagraha is not observed as the noun-base before such affixes is generally mutilated. &. amas wapheisare: Teas | In the recital of the Padapatha, the two members of the compound are shown separate by an avagraha. If the fival letter of the first member or the initial letter of the first member is affected by rules of euphonic combination, the original form is to be cited in the Padapatha. If the base of the first member ending in the consonant q has got q dropped in the compound form, then before the avagraha, the base has to be recited without the letter 4. Ifthe first member ending in @ has got the letter changed into visarga or into the vowel aj, the visarga is to be shown before the avagraha. RR. Tame Wager Hecate gra ATAU: | In the case of the negative Tatpurusa and negative Bahu- vrihi compounds there is no avagraha given in the Pada recita] 1 Of. aiat 4 yaaTe SUT eaaae ( Vay. Prat, V.11) explained by Uveta as areata seat qewasaae wafer aarareral Perera OT LET TT SVT aT AT ATET 16 Veda-Paaapatha-Carca after the first member,'e ¢ aR. (1 582), artate(V 15.2), array (IL 27 11), ayararq, (VIL 104. 17), examen! (TIL 54.18). The likely reason for not giving the orugrmha 1s that in compounds with the negative particle @, no separate senses of negation and the object negated are available there, but oue single sense of ‘an olyject, other than the negated one’ is available trom the compound. ‘Ihe particle ¢ in compounds has the sense of paryuddas and not that of prulrsehu. The form of nu, besiiles, is not preserved in the compound, aa being ebanged intoaorwn, but even though the form of na is preserved im the compound words ase, alae, aaa and others, still there is no avuqruhis ziven im their recital 3s. FaateeR aft” a avaze: | The arayrahu is not given in the recital of the Pada- patha after the first member when the words denoting deities are put together ina Dvandva compound, eg gegtfy frat aii. So also there 1s no wagruha given after the first member in compounds which are proper nouns or which have got the restricted sense of ‘designation’ (gt) In Dvandve compounds of deities, there 1s no individually sepetra conveyed by each of the two wordy, sé looked upon as a compounded deity ® Ulf, denoting a designation, there aze” x one single individual. For exainple im fretfira there is no individually soparate sense given by Ppa or fra. Rc. Sra aed ATaEs 1 Thereia no avagraha given in euch Dvandva compounds as denote group sense eg qaraw. (X. 90.10), gang’ ei@ (VIL 49.3) 2 Ck meee ae teain araito bereraraa, HERE, HATTA, ‘GaATEAE | Fag. Prt. V. 24-25 ), /* Fhe word aii was used Ly ancient giammarians im the sense of Oa and Sea. Ch Igy THA TH { Mababhagga U. 4. 54, Vart 11). * ck man aqarane eerie (My Prat. v.28). Veda-Padapatha-Carea 17 8. aPaserg caver fieas aera: | The vidhakté affixes applied to noun-bases are looked upon as conveying a separate sense and they are hence looked upon as forming a kind of vrtti giving room for avagraha after the base. The avagraha is given only when the affixes and the base are clearly distinguishable, the affix having a consonant without gz at the beginning, and the base ending in a consonant or a short vowel (agi: equrat Sq qexeUFaTaT TT ladles a aaa sae: geqeaurarat: ). Short vowels #,g,a and sq were termed aga by ancient gram- marians’ and naturally there resulted a very short stop after their utterance in the articulate speech, e. g. warsf:, asusfH:, aedsit:, vaesf:, asin, afisie, asi, afasix:, ash, wregsi:, Frasher, aaset:, seasf:, weashr:, Aeaashix:, Ashe, aa:sfi:, en@usi: ete. But there is no avagrahe given in the Padapathe of of arnt, dati, Aah: , arretfr:, case, ss, orethat: > ft: , Fe: , witfiz:, Fea: and others. Similarly there is an wang in wqsy, gasg, sitisg ete. but not in arg, sea, ssaig, véta, aftg ay, atddtg and others. ec, afeen: fara sacay aay a area: | Avagraha is not given in the Padapatha in the ease of compounds with verbal nouns from the roots aq and ag* with the affix fig added to them as also in the case of com- pounds like aq. In the case of these words, the compounds are not dissolved at all in the Padapatha; the words being recited just a8 in the Sarhhitapaths, e.g. aya: | wat edt garél | @adtal t wera: ) ayaa | salsa: | erie | sieht sede also sitar ( VII. 91.2), star: (1 22.18 ) frqafie: | arrerfeart | 2 Bhartrhari in hie Mababhasyadipika has quoted the axiom wag: GFA: from some ancient work. The vowel 3 is said to be ¥q as used in the spoken language. See of a MG (P. VIII. 4. 68) and the Mahabhasya thereon, 3 Of aaftacar walt ( Vay. Prat. V. 30), 3 18 Veda-Padapatha-Carca safaclgt ardftt iwaeiday. It is hkely that these words were looked upon as radha words or proper nouns allowing no derivation. Mark however, that the words aaafit, and the like are dissolved in the Padapatha although they are proper names. waaSeftat | srasdzaa | cmasag: | Bt. aaarager a Perera atsane: | In the Ekagesavrtti although there is a mention of two separate objects as in the Dvandva compound, still, as there is only one unit in wording , no division is possible and evidently the question of avagraha does not occur, e.g. atat arab aft, frei, mad (X 115.1) and others. Sometimes both the words, out of which one is used to denote both, are found used forming s compound like the Devatidvandva, e. g. wratgfirdt, wabph, aratiftact (IV. 6.7). Here no avagraha is observed between the two words which preserve their own accent. In several places quite a different word is noticed between the two,eg. carat aye gad wtemg (1143.2) or 9 mat ad: diet seavgat (1 159.1) or wyay webs ward AE we 2-8). It is to be noted that thése passajyes i commentators as ingtanler wf gimpguetieey sual 3 Refloq (V.27), so ar Ge aqme (X. O43) end aa ade yeaa (IX. 86, 49) are 2 wide’ the two words qat and ‘Ufrdy are taken together and joined in the Padapatha as grrsthey | faq i and agpidar t

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