MULTIPLE CHOICE.

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

1)The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that 1) _______

A)light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells.

B)light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy.

C)light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy.

D)A and B

E)B and C

2)Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane?
2) _______

A)nucleic acids and proteins

B)phospholipids and proteins

C)proteins and cellulose

D)phospholipids and cellulose

E)glycoproteins and cholesterol

3)Which of the following is true of the mating signal transduction pathway in yeast? 3) _______

A)Mating type a secretes a signal called a factor.

B)The pathway carries an electrical signal between mating cell types.

C)The molecular details of the pathway in yeast and in animals are very different.

D)Scientists think the pathway evolved long after multicellular creatures appeared on Earth.

E)The signal reception, transduction, and response occur in the nucleus.

4)From the perspective of the cell receiving the message, the three stages of cell signaling are 4)
_______
A)signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response.

B)the paracrine, local, and synaptic stages.

C)signal reception, cellular response, and cell division.

D)the alpha, beta, and gamma stages.

E)signal reception, nucleus disintegration, and new cell generation.

5)The process of transduction usually begins 5) _______

A)when the chemical signal is released from the alpha cell.

B)after the target cell divides.

C)when the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way.

D)when the hormone is released from the gland into the blood.

E)after the third stage of cell signaling is completed.

6)A small molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, usually a larger one 6) _______

A)is called a signal transducer.

B)seldom is involved in hormonal signaling.

C)is called a ligand.

D)usually terminates a signal reception.

E)is called a polymer.

7)Up to 60% of all medicines used today exert their effects by influencing what structures in the cell
membrane? 7) _______

A)growth factors

B)G proteins

C)cholesterol

D)tyrosine-kinases receptors
E)ligand-gated ion channel receptors

8)Testosterone functions inside a cell by 8) _______

A)coordinating a phosphorylation cascade that increases glycogen metabolism.

B)becoming a second messenger that inhibits adenylyl cyclase.

C)binding with a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activates specific genes.

D)acting as a signal receptor that activates ion-channel proteins.

E)acting as a steroid signal receptor that activates ion-channel proteins.

9)The receptors for a group of signaling molecules known as growth factors are often 9) _______

A)ligand-gated ion channels.

B)G-protein-linked receptors.

C)receptor tyrosine kinases.

D)neurotransmitters.

E)cyclic AMP.

10)The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is 10)
______

A)ATPase.

B)protease.

C)phosphatase.

D)phosphorylase.

E)protein kinase.

11)Which of the following describes the events of apoptosis? 11) ______

A)The cell dies, it is lysed, its organelles are phagocytized, its contents are recycled.
B)Its DNA and organelles become fragmented, it dies, and it is phagocytized.

C)The cell dies and the presence of its fragmented contents stimulates nearby cells to divide.

D)Its nucleus and organelles are lysed, the cell enlarges and bursts.

E)Its DNA and organelles are fragmented, the cell shrinks and forms blebs, and the cell self-digests.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the
question.

For the following questions, match the labeled component of the cell membrane (Figure 7.1) with its
description.

graphic(Fig0701.bmp)

Figure 7.1

12)peripheral protein 12) _____________

13)cholesterol 13) _____________

14)fiber of the extracellular matrix 14) _____________

15)microfilament of the cytoskeleton 15) _____________

16)glycolipid 16) _____________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
17)According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which of the following is a true statement
about membrane phospholipids? 17) ______

A)They have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane.

B)They occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the
membrane.

C)They frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other.

D)They are free to depart from the membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution.

E)They can move laterally along the plane of the membrane.

18)Of the following functions, which is most important for the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal
cell membranes? 18) ______

A)maintaining the integrity of a fluid mosaic membrane

B)a cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another

C)active transport of molecules against their concentration gradients

D)facilitated diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradients

E)maintaining membrane fluidity at low temperatures

19)An animal cell lacking oligosaccharides on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely
be impaired in which function? 19) ______

A)attaching to the cytoskeleton

B)establishing the diffusion barrier to charged molecules

C)transporting ions against an electrochemical gradient

D)maintaining fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer

E)cell-cell recognition

20)Which of the following span the phospholipids bilayer, usually a number of times? 20) ______

A)peripheral proteins
B)integrins

C)glycoproteins

D)integral proteins

E)transmembrane proteins

21)Which of these are not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all? 21) ______

A)transmembrane proteins

B)glycoproteins

C)integrins

D)integral proteins

E)peripheral proteins

22)Which of these are attached to the extracellular matrix? 22) ______

A)transmembrane proteins

B)integral proteins

C)integrins

D)glycoproteins

E)peripheral proteins

23)Which of these often serve as receptors or cell recognition molecules on cell surfaces? 23) ______

A)integral proteins

B)peripheral proteins

C)integrins

D)glycoproteins

E)transmembrane proteins
24)What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily? 24) ______

A)large and hydrophobic

B)monosaccharides such as glucose

C)ionic

D)small and hydrophobic

E)large polar

25)Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion? 25) ______

A)It is an active process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to one of higher
concentration.

B)It is very rapid over long distances.

C)It requires integral proteins in the cell membrane.

D)It requires an expenditure of energy by the cell.

E)It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of
lower concentration.

26)Water passes quickly through cell membranes because 26) ______

A)water movement is tied to ATP hydrolysis.

B)the bilayer is hydrophilic.

C)it moves through aquaporins in the membrane.

D)it moves through hydrophobic channels.

E)it is a small, polar, charged molecule.

Use the diagram of the U-tube in Figure 7.2 to answer the questions that follow.
The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water
and glucose but not to sucrose. Side A is half filled with a solution of 2 M sucrose and 1 M glucose. Side
B is half filled with 1 M sucrose and 2 M glucose. Initially, the liquid levels on both sides are equal.

graphic(Fig0702.bmp)

Figure 7.2

27)Initially, in terms of tonicity, the solution in side A with respect to that in side B is 27) ______

A)saturated.

B)hypotonic.

C)hypertonic.

D)plasmolyzed.

E)isotonic.

28)After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed? 28) ______

A)The water level is unchanged.

B)The molarity of glucose is higher in side A than in side B.

C)The water level is higher in side B than in side A.

D)The molarity of sucrose and glucose are equal on both sides.

E)The water level is higher in side A than in side B.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the
question.

Read the following information and refer to Figure 7.4 to answer the following questions.
Five dialysis bags, constructed from a semi-permeable membrane that is impermeable to sucrose, were
filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then placed in separate beakers containing an initial
concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. At 10-minute intervals, the bags were massed (weighed) and
the percent change in mass of each bag was graphed.

graphic(Fig0704.bmp)

Figure 7.4

29)Which line represents the bag that contained a solution isotonic to the 0.6 molar solution at the
beginning of the experiment? 29) _____________

30)Which line represents the bag with the highest initial concentration of sucrose? 30) _____________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

31)Ions diffuse across membranes down their 31) ______

A)chemical gradients.

B)concentration gradients.

C)electrochemical gradients.

D)electrical gradients.

E)A and B are correct.

32)White blood cells engulf bacteria through what process? 32) ______

A)pinocytosis

B)receptor-mediated exocytosis

C)phagocytosis
D)osmosis

E)exocytosis

33)A newspaper ad for a local toy store indicates that a very inexpensive microscope available for a
small child is able to magnify specimens nearly as much as the much more costly microscope available in
your college lab. What is the primary reason for the price difference? 33) ______

A)The toy microscope usually uses a different wavelength of light source.

B)The toy microscope magnifies a good deal, but has low resolution and therefore poor quality images.

C)The college microscope produces greater contrast in the specimens.

D)The toy microscope does not have the same fine control for focus of the specimen.

E)The ad agency is misrepresenting the ability of the toy microscope to magnify.

34)The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the
corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that 34)
______

A)plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.

B)the basic functions of plant cells are very different from those of animal cells.

C)plant cells have a much more highly convoluted (folded) plasma membrane than animal cells.

D)plant cells are capable of having a much higher surface-to-volume ratio than animal cells.

E)animal cells are more spherical, while plant cells are elongated.

35)Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells? 35) ______

A)the need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the cell's function

B)the observation that longer cells usually have greater cell volume

C)the evolution of larger cells after the evolution of smaller cells

D)the difference in plasma membranes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

E)the evolution of eukaryotes after the evolution of prokaryotes

36)Which type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids? 36)
______

A)ribosome

B)mitochondrion

C)smooth endoplasmic reticulum

D)contractile vacuole

E)lysosome

37)The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. Which of the following
statements correctly describes this polarity? 37) ______

A)Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the
Golgi to the other.

B)Soluble proteins in the cisternae (interior) of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from
one side of the Golgi to the other.

C)Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the
Golgi to the other.

D)Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side.

E)All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function.

38)The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is
primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells? 38) ______

A)smooth ER

B)Transport vesicles

C)rough ER

D)Golgi apparatus

E)Nuclear envelope
39)Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes? 39) ______

A)vacuole

B)mitochondrion

C)peroxisome

D)Golgi apparatus

E)lysosome

40)Which of the following is a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell? 40)
______

A)lysosome

B)Golgi apparatus

C)mitochondrion

D)vacuole

E)peroxisome

41)Which is one of the main energy transformers of cells? 41) ______

A)vacuole

B)peroxisome

C)Golgi apparatus

D)mitochondrion

E)lysosome

42)Which of the following contains its own DNA and ribosomes? 42) ______

A)lysosome

B)mitochondrion

C)peroxisome
D)vacuole

E)Golgi apparatus

43)Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all components found in 43) ______

A)lysosomes.

B)vacuoles.

C)nuclei.

D)chloroplasts.

E)mitochondria.

44)A biologist ground up some plant leaf cells and then centrifuged the mixture to fractionate the
organelles. Organelles in one of the heavier fractions could produce ATP in the light, while organelles in
the lighter fraction could produce ATP in the dark. The heavier and lighter fractions are most likely to
contain, respectively, 44) ______

A)chloroplasts and mitochondria.

B)mitochondria and peroxisomes.

C)chloroplasts and peroxisomes.

D)mitochondria and chloroplasts.

E)peroxisomes and chloroplasts.

45)Which of the following are capable of converting light energy to chemical energy? 45) ______

A)chloroplasts

B)Golgi bodies

C)peroxisomes

D)mitochondria

E)leucoplasts
46)The peroxisome gets its name from its interaction with hydrogen peroxide. If a liver cell is detoxifying
alcohol and some other poisons, it does so by removal of hydrogen from the molecules. What, then, do
the enzymes of the peroxisome do? 46) ______

A)combine the hydrogen with ATP

B)use the hydrogen to break down hydrogen peroxide

C)transfer the hydrogens to oxygen molecules

D)transfer the harmful substances to the mitochondria

Use the following to answer the following questions. All three are involved in maintenance of cell shape.

Property Microtubules (tubulin polymers) Microfilaments (actin filaments) Intermediate

filaments

Structure Hollow tubes; wall consists of 13 columns of tubulin molecules Two intertwined
strands of actin, each a polymer of actin subunits Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables

Diameter 25 nm with 15-nm lumen 7 nm 8-12 nm

Main functions Cell motility Cell motility Anchorage

47)Tubulin is a dimer, made up of 2 slightly different polypeptides, alpha and beta. Given the structure
above, what is the most likely consequence to the structure of the microtubule? 47) ______

A)Tubulin molecules themselves must be rigid structures.

B)Microtubules grow by adding a complete circular layer at a time rather than spiraling.

C)Microtubules in cilia must never grow or become shorter.

D)One end of a microtubule can grow or release dimers at a faster rate than the other.

E)One "half-pipe" side of the tubule must be heavier in alpha and the other in beta subunits.

48)The differences among the three categories of cytoskeletal elements would suggest that each of the
following has specialized roles. Which of the following is a correct match? 48) ______

A)intermediate filaments and cytoplasmic streaming

B)microfilaments and the nuclear lamina

C)microtubules and chromosome movement

D)microtubules and cleavage furrow formation

E)microfilaments and ciliary motion

49)All of the following serve an important role in determining or maintaining the structure of plant cells.
Which of the following are distinct from the others in their composition? 49) ______

A)microfilaments

B)intermediate filaments

C)microtubules

D)nuclear lamina

E)plant cell walls

50)The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in the regulation of animal cell behavior by
communicating information from the outside to the inside of the cell via which of the following? 50)
______

A)gap junctions

B)plasmodesmata

C)DNA and RNA

D)integrins

E)the nucleus

1)A

2)B
3)A

4)A

5)C

6)C

7)B

8)C

9)C

10)E

11)E

12)D

13)E

14)A
15)C

16)B

17)E

18)B

19)E

20)E

21)E

22)C

23)D

24)D

25)E

26)C

27)E
28)E

29)C

30)A

31)C

32)C

33)B

34)A

35)A

36)C

37)E

38)A

39)E
40)D

41)D

42)B

43)D

44)A

45)A

46)C

47)D

48)C

49)E

50)D