AP-212

WATER SUPPLY
&
WASTE DISPOSAL
UNDERSTANDING THE WATER DEMAND
• Next to air, the other important requirement for human life to exist is water.

• In addition to the direct consumption, water plays an important role in the

manufacture of essential commodities, generation of electric power
transportation, recreation, industrial activities etc.

USES OF WATER
 Requirements

Domestic requirement Public requirement

Industrial requirement Institutional requirement
WATER REQUIREMENTS
WATER Efficiency
Water efficiency measure include:
 Reduction in losses,
 Reduction in overall water use, and 
 Reuse and conservation measures.

Reducing water losses

 Conducting water audits and monitoring water use,

 Checking leakages in distribution lines, and

 Installing a water meter to estimate the water consumption and check leakages.

 Avoid over water of landscape.

 Follow better landscaping practices and watering schedules.

 Practice watering in the evening.
Basic steps for reducing water consumption
 Avoid water‐intensive appliances.
Use water‐efficient domestic appliances e.g. washing machines and dishwashers.
 Use water‐efficient faucets and toilets.
 ultra low‐flow flush toilets (3 L/flush)
 Waterless urinals
 EFS‐Coupled urinals (0.5 L/flush)
 Faucet aerators
 Low‐flow showerheads (9 L/min)
L O W   F L U S H   W AT E R   F I X T U R E S  

Can be up to 35% reduction in

potable water use
 TECHNOLOGY THAT SAVES WATER

FLOW RESTRICTORS

This is a revolutionary technology that lets your taps and showers save up to 80% of
water without compromising on the flow. Flow Restrictors adjust the flow in both
low and high pressure conditions and offer the same voluminous flow every time.

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AIR SHOWERS

Air Showers have a built‐in air mixer that mixes air and water in a manner that
makes shower drops lighter but voluminous. This revolutionary technology helps
air showers save up to 30% of water without compromising on the showering
experience. Choose from a wide range of Hand and Overhead Air showers with
single and multi‐flow options.

http://jaquar.com/products/gogreen
PRESSMATIC FAUCETS
Taps with technology that allows only a fixed quantity (750 ml) of water to flow with
every press of its knob. This mechanism not only prevents water wastage during each
use, but also provides ease of operation.

SENSOR FAUCETS
Faucets with technology that
allows water to flow only
when you need it and shuts it
as soon as you move your
hands away, resulting in zero
wastage of water. There’s no
better way to save water than
when you don’t need it e.g.,
while washing hands with
soap, you can save water
when lathering. Use Sensor
taps in high traffic areas like
restaurants, clubs, hotels,
colleges, hospitals, airports
etc.
http://jaquar.com/products/gogreen
DUAL FLUSH

• Flushes that use more water

than needed are the biggest
water wastage culprits in
every home.
• Dual flushing systems enable
you to use either a
combination of 3/6 ltrs of
water or 2/4 ltrs of water,
depending on your water
closet.
• Beta valve is designed to
save 50‐60% of water every
day.

http://jaquar.com/products/gogreen
PRODUCTS THAT SAVES WATER

http://jaquar.com/products/gogreen
WATER Distribution SYSTEM
1. Gravity system
2. Pumping system
3. Combined Gravity and Pumping

1. Gravity based supply system

• Suitable when source of supply is at sufficient

height.
• The water in the distribution pipeline flow due to
gravity and no pumping is required.
• Such system is highly reliable and economical.
2. Pumping System
• In such system, water is supplied by
continuous pumping.
• Treated water is directly pumped
into the distribution main with
constant pressure without
intermediate storing.
• Supply can be affected during power
failure and breakdown of pumps.
• Such system works only in condition
where there is continuous power
supply, reliable water source and
Pump based water supply
where intermediate storage system
cannot be installed.

3. Dual/Combination
• In such system, both gravity as well
pumping systems are used.
• Such systems are used where two
sources water are available to supply.
Dual/ combined water supply
DISTRIBUTION Network
 Water is collected from different sources and taken to treatment plants for 
treatment.
 The treated water is then transmitted to the service reservoirs, serving the town 
or city.
 The distribution network can be divided inti two levels:
i. At municipal level.
ii. At Individual level. 
AT MUNICIPAL LEVEL
• This includes the network of trunk mains and street
mains.
• Municipality is responsible for the distribution of water
from the service reservoir till it reaches the street mains.
Systems of supply of water
There are two systems of supply from the mains to the
service pipes depending on the availability of water:
1. Continuous system
2. Intermittent system
Layout of Distribution Pipes
The methods adopted for laying distribution pipes at town planning level are:

 GRID IRON METHOD

• Sub‐mains are laid from the main distribution
line, which further intercept into branches.
• The whole layout is in the form of grid.
• This layout is suitable for well planned towns
and cities.
• The cut‐off valves are used in case of incidents
of fire, and in case of repairs.

 RADIAL METHOD
• In this system, water is taken from the main
pumped into reservoirs which are situated at
the center of different zones.

• From these reservoirs water is supplied

radially through pipes.

• Suitable for towns having radial roads.

 DEAD END METHOD
• The pipes are laid at random without following any
grid pattern.
• Also known as tree system layout.
• Has many dead ends and thus does not permit free
circulation of water.
• Limitations in case of repairs and fire.
• Chances of contamination due to many dead ends.

 CIRCULAR METHOD
• This method is reverse of radial method.
• Here a ring of mains is formed around the
distribution area which can be either in
rectangular or circular.
• The entire distribution area is further sub‐divided
into rectangular or circular blocks.
• On the periphery of these blocks, the sub‐mains
are laid further, through which service connections
are given to customers.
AT DOMESTIC LEVEL

• At this level, water is conveyed from the street

mains to individual building, and then to the taps
and other fixtures.
• To prevent damage by traffic communication pipe
must be placed 0.76m below ground level.
SYSTEMS OF SUPPLY at individual level

• Water‐supply from the mains to the building is through one of the following
systems depending on the pressure of water in the street mains and the
timings of supply.

Direct supply system (upward distribution system)

• Supply of water is given directly to various floors from the water mains
having sufficient pressure for sufficient hours.
• Only recommended if the number of floors in the building is not more than
two.
• Separate connections for domestic and non‐domestic requirements are
provided.
Pumping system When the water pressure in the mains is not sufficient for
direct supply. Water from the mains can be either:
1. Pumped up into the overhead storage tank.
2. Stored into the underground tank from where water is pumped to overhead
tank.
3. Both.
THANKS…..