ST. PETER’S COLLEGE OF MISAMIS ORIENTAL, INC.

15 de Septiembre St., Barangay 2, Balingasag, Misamis Oriental

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

A.Y. 2021-2022

Learning Module 10
Mathematics 7

Name: _________________________________ Score: __________________

Grade and section: ________________________ Date: _________________

 represents point, line and plane using concrete and pictorial models. M7GE-IIIa-1
 classifies the different kinds of angles. M7GE-IIIa-3
 derives relationships of geometric figures using measurements and by inductive
reasoning; supplementary angles, complementary angles, congruent angles, vertical angles,
adjacent angles, linear pairs, perpendicular lines, and parallel lines. M7GE-IIIb-1
 illustrates polygons: (a) convexity; (b) angles; and (c) sides. M7GE-IIIe-2
 constructs triangles, squares, rectangles, regular pentagons, and regular hexagons
M7GE-IIIh-i-1

Lesson Points, Line and Plane

1

Geometry
Is a branch of Mathematics which studies the properties of figures and spaces. In this chapter, we will
learn some basic knowledge in geometry.
Points
In our daily life, many things appear as points, such as, the tip of a pencil or the pin of compasses.
A point is the simplest figure in Geometry. It represents a position in space and has no size. We
usually represent a point by a small cross “x” or a small dot “.” And label it by a capital letter such as A,B,
C.
Term Description Illustration How to Name

Extends indefinitely
Line Extends in two
opposite directions
without end

Contains infinite points

´ , NJ
EN ´ , JO
´ , OY
´
Note: E N J O Y ´ , EY
ÉJ , EO ´ , NY
´
Points that lie Can be named using 2 ´
NO , JY´
on the same points on a line Extends indefinitely
line are called
collinear ´ or NM
MN ´
points. M N

Page 1
 Term Description Illustration How to Name

Plane A flat surface that at least 3 points on a plane

extends infinitely in all M E or by a capital letter
directions
It has infinite length, T Written as:
X
width, and no thickness plane MET
or
plane X

Collinear Points that lie on the Points S, R and U lie on the

Points same line same line.

Points that do not lie on Points C and H do not lie on

Non collinear the same line the same line
Points

Coplanar Points that lie on the Points S, R, U and H lie on

C
Points same plane the same plane.
R U
Points that do not lie on S
Non coplanar the same plane SH S Point C do not lie on the same
Points plane

Term Description Illustration How to Name

Point Shows an exact location Z Point Z

No size or Z
No dimension
Represented by a dot

ACTIVITY 1: Find Me!

Instruction: Identify the 5 Geometric terms from the puzzle below, it may be hidden in any
direction. (Across, diagonal, downward and upward).
Q A A D T D H G D E I O P L W H
N R O T Q N J K B F S A T R D P
O G A S R R I N O S A R U S G R
N H E W S P A O G H J J K L H A
C W C A S D F G P J I O P L L E
O U Q Z D F E E G H J L L K Q N
P I E X C O P L A N A R F G H I
L F T C D E R F Y U I O P Y Y L
A L R A E N I L L O C T R E A L
N V F A G H U I O V G T Z C H O
A Q V Z A W S D F G E T G V K C
R Y C M H K L G B M C S S F Q N
A M N L K H G F O M U Y A A U O
N E M C B N P E R T T Q M N L N
T O G A S D G G H K I N M G A O
R T Y U E R U L P W Y O E D J Y
E V E N I L E G F D S H J U Y I
Answer:
1. ________
2. ________
3. ________
4. ________
5. ________

Subsets of a Line How to Name?

Segment or Line Segment
in symbol ( ).
is the part of a line consisting of two endpoints. 1. You can name the line segment by its endpoints A and
B with the segment symbol above the two letters.
(Note: Endpoint of a line is the point found at each AB is same as BA .
end of the segment.) AB is read as line segment AB.
BA is read as line segment. BA.

2. PQ is same as QP .
PQ is read as line segment PQ.
QP is read as line segment QP.

3. YouAcan name
B 3 line segments
C from 3 points.
a. AB, same as BA
b. BC , same as CB
c. AC , same as CA
Ray
in symbol ( ).
is a part of a line that has one endpoint and extends 1. A ray is named with its endpoint first, followed by
infinitely in one direction another point on the ray. The ray shown on the first
example can be named as ray AB, denoted by the
symbol, ⃗AB .

2. ⃗QP , read as ray QP

You cannot name this as ray ⃗ PQ . It should start with
its endpoint Q followed by another point on the ray
which is P .
In writing the symbol, the arrow should be pointing to
the right although the direction in the given
illustration is going to the left.
Opposite rays are the rays with common endpoint but extending in opposite directions.
Examples:
1.

C B D
⃗
BC and ⃗
BD are opposite rays.
Point B is the common endpoint of the two rays.

Lesson
Classifying Different Kinds of Angles
2

In geometry, there are three classifications of the kinds of angles according to their
measures. These three classifications are:
Classification Definition Example
1. Acute angle An acute angle is an angle
whose measure is greater
than 0o 30o 65o
but less than 90o.
 2. Right angle A right angle is an angle
whose measure is 90o.

The symbol “┐” in the

figure is used to mark the
right angle.

Classification Definition Example

3. Obtuse angle An obtuse angle is an angle
whose measure is greater
than 90o but less than 120o
180o.
165o

Let us understand these kinds of angles better with this diagram

 Supplementary Angles
Based on the sum of angle measures, some angle pairs can be classified as supplementary angles.
Supplementary angles are two angles whose measures have a sum of 180°. The steps are presented using
the examples below.

Example 1. Consider ∠BEN and ∠TEN

Questions Answers
In example 1, what is the measure of angle BEN? m∠BEN = 1200
How about the measure of angle TEN? m∠TEN = 600
What is the sum of the measures of angle BEN and angle TEN? m∠BEN + m∠TEN
= 1200 + 600
= 1800

Therefore: m∠BEN + m∠TEN = 1800

∠BEN and ∠TEN are
What do you call angle BEN and angle TEN?
supplementary angles.

 Complementary Angles
Based on the sum of angle measures, some angle pairs can also be classified as complementary angles.
Complementary angles are two angles whose measures have a sum of 900.

Figure 1:
Consider ∠MAN and ∠TAN
Page 4
 Questions Answers
In figure 1, what is the measure of angle MAN? m∠MAN = 300
How about the measure of angle TAN? m∠TAN = 600
What is the sum of the measures of the two angles? m∠MAN + m∠TAN
= 300 + 600
= 900
Therefore, m∠MAN + m∠TAN = 900
What do you call angle MAN and angle TAN? ∠MAN and ∠TAN are
complementary angles.

 Congruent Angles
Based on the angle measures, some angle pairs can also be classified as congruent angles. Congruent angles
are two angles whose measures are equal.

Figure 1:
Consider ∠SEM and ∠MET
Questions Answers
In figure 1, what is the measure of angle SEM? m∠SEM = 45 0

How about the measure of angle MET? m∠MET = 450

What can you say about the measure of the two angles? The measure of the two angles is 450.
Therefore, m∠SEM = m∠MET
If the two angles have an equal measure, how are they ∠SEM and ∠MET are congruent
related to each other? angles.

 Vertical Angles
Based on the position of the angles, some angle pairs can be classified as vertical angles. Vertical
angles are two opposite angles formed by two intersecting lines. Vertical angles are congruent.
Figure 1: Line BS intersects line CD at point A.

B C

A
D S

Questions Answers
What are the angles formed in the figure? ∠BAD, ∠BAC, ∠CAS, and ∠DAS
What are the pairs of angles with a common Pairs of Angles Common Side
side? ∠BAD and ∠BAC ⃗
AB
∠BAC and ∠CAS ⃗
AC
∠CAS and ∠DAS ⃗
AS
∠DAS and ∠BAD ⃗
AD
Questions Answers
What are the pairs of angles with no common ∠BAD and ∠CAS
side? ∠BAC and ∠DAS
Two angles with no common side are nonadjacent ∠BAD and ∠CAS
∠BAC and ∠DAS
Based on this definition, what are the
nonadjacent angles in the figure?
How do you call the pair of angles BAD and CAS? ∠BAD and ∠CAS are vertical angles
How about ∠BAC and ∠DAS? ∠BAC and ∠DAS are vertical angles

Page 5
  Perpendicular Lines and Parallel Lines
Two lines (rays or segments) are perpendicular to each other if and only if they intersect and form four right
angles. Parallel lines are lines on the same plane that do not intersect.
Illustration on Relationships Discussion
Between Lines
From the corresponding figure, AC ´ intersects BD´ at point E
forming four right angles, namely ∠1 ,∠2 , ∠3 ,∧∠ 4 .
When intersecting lines form four right angles, then the
lines are perpendicular to each other.
Thus, AC´ is perpendicular to BD
´ . In symbol, this is written
´ ⊥ BD
as AC ´ .

Note: The perpendicularity symbol (⊥) is read as “is

perpendicular to.”

The figure on the left is a cube. AB and CD are

segments that lie on the same plane. They are contained in
one plane and will not meet no matter how far they are
extended. The pairs AB and CD ; AC and BD are parallel.
In symbols, we write AB∥ CD and AC ∥ BD
The parallel line symbol ( ∥ ) is read as “is parallel to.”

ACTIVITY 1: How Much Have You Learned!

Instruction: Identify the pairs of angles asked in every item based on the figure.

∠AFE and ∠EFD

1. Complementary angles: ____________________

2. Supplementary angles: ____________________

3. Vertical angles: ____________________

4. Congruent angles: ____________________

Lesson Polygons
3

The concept of polygons can be illustrated through this diagram.

Polygon

Non-Convex
Convex Polygon
Polygon

Regular Polygon Irregular Polygon

Page 6
The figures drawn in the first column of the table in Activity 2 are called polygons.
The word polygon comes from the Greek word “poly”, which means “many” and “gon” which means “sides”.
Examples Characteristics
A. Polygons M  They are closed plane figures bounded by
C O segments.
D
E  They have three or more non – collinear
S
T segments joined at their endpoints called sides.
T A
R  They have 3 or more endpoints on their sides
called vertices.
E A
 They have 3 or more angles.
T

S M
Examples Characteristics
B. Not Polygons  They are figures not bounded by segments.
 They don’t have at least 3 sides, 3 vertices, and
3 angles.

A polygon also has its names according to the number of its sides.
Some common names for polygons are as follows:
Illustrations Number of Sides Name of Polygon

3 Triangle

4 Quadrilateral

5 Pentagon

6 Hexagon

7 Heptagon

8 Octagon

9 Nonagon

10 Decagon

11 Undecagon
 12 Dodecagon

All polygons whose diagonals lie inside the figure are called convex while polygons whose diagonals do not lie
entirely inside the figure are called non-convex.
Figures Characteristic Illustration
A. Convex Polygons These are polygons whose segments
connecting any two non-consecutive
vertices of the polygon (also known as
diagonals), all lie inside the polygon.
B. Non – Convex Polygons These polygons are also known as
concave polygons.
Not all diagonals lie inside the polygon.

 The Interior and the Exterior Angles of a Convex Polygon

Interior angle is defined as an angle inside the polygon formed between the two consecutive sides of
any polygon.

Interior angle

The polygon above shows trapezoid STAY.

Consecutive Sides Interior Angles

ST and TA ∠T

TA and AY ∠A

AY and SY ∠Y

YS and TS ∠S

An exterior angle is an angle formed outside the polygon when one side of the polygon is extended.
The figure on the right is the pentagon POINT.
extended side
Point S is outside pentagon POINT and is
collinear with the point I.
By connecting points, I and S, we formed
IS which is the extension of OI .
Now, OI is extended which forms
∠SIN or ∠NIS outside the polygon, and
is adjacent to the interior ∠OIN.
∠SIN or ∠NIS is said to be the exterior angle
of pentagon POINT.

exterior angle

Page 8
  Sum of the Angles of a Regular Polygon
Sum of the Interior Angles
The phrase sum of the interior angles refers to the sum of all the measures of the interior angles in a
polygon.
In the previous activity, you are asked to draw diagonals on a polygon and identify how many triangles are
formed.
Polygon Number Number Explanation Relationship Sum of the
of sides of between the sides interior angles
(n) triangles and the triangles
formed formed
In a 3-sided polygon, n=3
A
3 1 we have created 1 # of triangle 180º
ΔABC triangle. formed = 1
Based on the theorem, the sum of the
C the sum of the interior angles of a triangle
B
angles of a triangle is = 180º
equal to 180º.
Given quadrilateral n=4
A 4 2 ABDC with diagonal AD, # of triangles
B
there are 2 triangles formed = 2
ΔABD formed. the sum of the
C D and ΔABD and ΔACD 360º
angles of a
ΔACD Since the sum of the
triangle
measures of the
interior angles of a
2(180º) = 360º
triangle is equal to 180º,
then for two triangles
formed the sum is 2
times 180º.
3. Pentagon Given pentagon STAKE n=5
5 3 with diagonals ET and # of triangles
T
EA, there are 3 formed = 3
S A ΔSTE, triangles formed.
ΔETA ΔSTE, ΔETA and the sum of the
E K and ΔAKE 540º
angles of a
ΔAKE Since the sum of the
triangle
measures of the
interior angles of a
3(180º) = 540º
triangle is equal to 180º,
then for three triangles
formed the sum is 3
times 180º.
Going back to the illustrations in the previous table:
• the number of triangles formed in a polygon depends on the number of sides of a polygon
• the sum of the interior angle of a polygon depends on the number of triangles formed
• the sum of the interior angle of a polygon depends on the number of sides of a polygon
Therefore:

a. if you have a polygon with n-sides the number of triangles formed is equal to n
– 2.
b. the sum S of the measures of the interior angles of an n-gon is
S = (n - 2)180º, where n is the number of sides and n ≥ 3.
 Page 9

Polygon Number of Sides (n) Sum of Measures of Interior Angles (S)

Heptagon Linear Pair Postulate 7 S = (n - 2)180º
If two angles form a linear pair, then they areSsupplementary.
= (7 - 2)180º
S = (5)180º
Supplementary Angles
S = 900º
refer to the measures of two angles whose sum is equal to 180º.
Octagon 8 S = (n - 2)180º
S = (8 - 2)180º
S = (6)180º
S = 1080º

n-gon n S = (n - 2)180º

The figure above is ∆ABC. Notice that ∠ACB and ∠ACD form a linear pair. Consecutively, we can say that the
measures of ∠ACB and ∠ACD are equal to 180º. In symbol, we write: m∠ACB + m∠ACD = 180º
To find m∠ACD given m∠ACB = 60o, we will follow these steps:

Illustration Explanation
m∠ACB + m∠ACD = 180º Linear Pair Postulate
m∠ACD = 180º - m∠ACB Apply the subtraction property of equality.

m∠ACD = 180º - 60º Substitute the given measure of ∠ACB.

m∠ACD = 120º Final answer. Supplement of ∠ACB.

Convex Polygon Linear Pair Measure Measure of Relationship of the Interior and
of the the Exterior Angle
Interior Exterior
Angle Angles

m∠ACB + m∠ACD = ∠ACB and ∠ACD are

m∠ACB =60º m∠ACD =120º
180º supplementary

Sum of the Exterior Angles

The phrase sum of the exterior angles refers to the sum of all the measures of the exterior angles in a
polygon.

Page 10

Polygon Given measures of Exterior Sum of all the Measures of Exterior

Angle Angle
m∠OTY = 120º m∠OTY+m∠TRD+ m∠GYT= ?
m∠TRD = 120º 120º + 120º + 120º = 360º
m∠GYT = 120º

The figure above is a regular

 polygon, a ΔTRY.

ACTIVITY 1: My Sum!
Instruction: 1. Find the sum of the interior angles of the given polygon.
2. Show your solutions and write the answer on your answer sheet.
Number 1 is done for you.
Polygon Sum of Interior Angles
1. Decagon S = (n - 2)180º
S = (10 - 2)180º
S = (8)180º
S = 1440º
2. Undecagon
3. Octagon
4. Hexagon
5. Square

ACTIVITY 2: It is Me!
Instruction: a. Write TRUE if the underlined word/s is correct. If it is wrong, replace the
underlined word/s to make the statement true.
b. Select the word/s in the word pool below.
c. Write the answer on your answer sheet. Number 1 is done for you.

Linear Pair 1. An exterior angle is an angle that forms a vertical angle with one of
the interior angles of a polygon.
_________2. The two pairs of angles that form a linear pair are complementary.
_________3. Linear pair is formed by combining two adjacent angles whose noncommon sides are
opposite rays.
_________ 4. Interior angle is defined as an angle inside the polygon formed by each pair of adjacent
sides.
_________ 5. In any convex polygon, the sum of the measures of the exterior
angle and its adjacent interior angle are equal to 360º

Lesson Triangles, Squares, Rectangles, Regular

4 Pentagons, and Regular Hexagons

A triangle is a polygon with exactly three sides and three angles. The basic parts of the triangle are the
sides, vertices, and angles
Page 11
Other terms are related to triangles such as the altitude, angle bisector, and median. These are
considered the secondary parts of a triangle.

The altitude of a triangle is a segment drawn from one

vertex of a triangle perpendicular to the opposite side. It is also
known as the height of a triangle.

AT is an altitude of ∆ CAR .
 The angle bisector of a triangle is a segment that divides
an angle of a triangle into two congruent angles.

AM is an angle bisector of ∆ BAT .

The median of a triangle is a segment drawn from any

vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side.

UP is median of ∆ FUN .

 Clarification of Triangles
Triangles can be classified according to the number of congruent sides.

∆ DOG which has all congruent sides is

known as an equilateral. triangle.

∆ WIN which has no congruent sides is

known to be scalene triangle.

∆ MAP which has two congruent sides is

known as isosceles triangle.
The two congruent sides are called the
legs and the third side is called the
base. The angles which are formed by
the base and one of the legs are called
Legs: AM, AP base angles and the angle formed by
Base: MP the two legs is called the vertex angle.
Base Angles: ∠ M ,∠ P
Vertex Angle: ∠ A

EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE ISOSCELES TRIANGLE SCALENE

a triangle with all three a triangle with two congruent TRIANGLE
congruent sides. sides. a triangle with no congruent side.
Triangles can also be classified according to their angles.

∆ FUN is an acute triangle

because all of its angles are acute.

Page 12

∆ MAN is an equiangular triangle

because all of its angles are equal.

∆ BOY is a right triangle because

it has exactly one right angle.
The perpendicular sides of a right
triangle are called the legs of the
right triangle while the longest
 ∆ BED is an obtuse triangle because
it has exactly one obtuse angle.

ACUTE RIGHT OBTUSE EQUIANGULAR

TRIANGLE TRIANGLE TRIANGLE TRIANGLE
- a triangle with - a triangle - a triangle - a triangle with
three acute with one right with one three equal
angles. angle. obtuse angle. angles.
(each measure 60 ° )

 Other Classification of Triangles

Name Description Figure

m BA = 1.44 cm B
m BC = 4.04 cm
Scalene Right A right triangle with no congruent sides
m AC = 3.77 cm

mCAB = 90.00° A C

m DF = 1.55 cm D
m DE = 4.99 cm
An obtuse triangle with no congruent
Scalene Obtuse m FE = 4.00 cm
sides E
F
mDFE = 121.52°

Name Description Figure

m HG = 4.57 cm
m HI = 2.36 cm H
m GI = 4.69 cm
An acute triangle with no congruent
Scalene Acute
sides mIGH = 29.49°
mGHI = 77.89°
G I
mHIG = 72.61°

Page 13

K
m LK = 3.87 cm
m KJ = 2.74 cm
Isosceles Right A right triangle with two congruent
sides m JL = 2.74 cm

mLJK = 90.00° L
J
 M
m MO = 2.88 cm
Isosceles An obtuse triangle with two congruent m ON = 2.88 cm
Obtuse sides m MN = 4.73 cm
mMON = 110.43° N
O

m QP = 4.41 cm
Q
m QR = 4.41 cm

An acute triangle with two congruent m PR = 3.97 cm

Isosceles Acute
sides mPQR = 53.44°
mQRP = 63.28°
mRPQ = 63.28°
P R

Equilateral triangle with all angles m SU = 4.26 cm T

congruent. m TS = 4.26 cm
m TU = 4.26 cm
Equilateral
Note: mUST = 60.00°
Equiangular
An equilateral triangle is always an mSTU = 60.00°
equiangular triangle. Also, an equiangular mTUS = 60.00°
triangle is always an equilateral triangle.
S U
 Quadrilaterals and Its Properties
A four-sided polygon is known as a quadrilateral. In naming a polygon, you use the vertices.
Kinds of Quadriateral Figure Property
Trapezium
No pair of opposite parallel side.

Kite Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal of length and whose
opposite sides are not congruent.

Parallelogram Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

Rectangle
All angles are congruent.

Rhombus
All sides are equal.

Square
All angles and sides are congruent.

Trapezoid
One pair of opposite sides is parallel.

Isosceles Trapezoid A trapezoid whose legs are equal. The non-parallel sides
are called legs and the parallel sides are called bases.

 Solving Problems Involving Sides and Angles of a Polygon

Interior angles are angles formed inside a polygon between the 2 sides.
Exterior angles are angles formed outside of the polygon when its sides are extended.
Figure Interior Angles Exterior Angles
 ∠6 ∠1
∠7 ∠2
∠8 ∠3
∠9 ∠4
∠10 ∠5

Theorems on Angles and Sides of a Polygon

Theorem Statement Corollary Statement

The sum of the measures of The measure of each interior angle of

the interior angles of a polygon a regular
with n-gon is
1 1
n-sides is (n-2)180 or ( n−2 ) 180
or
S= (n-2)180, where S refers to n
the sum of interior angles ( n−2 ) 180
i= n
where i refers to interior
angle.
The sum of the measures of The measure of each exterior angle
the exterior angles, one at each 360
2 2 given the sides of a polygon is e= ,
vertex, of a convex polygon is n
360° where e refers to exterior angle.

The George Polya’s Steps in Solving Problems

A. What is asked?
Step 1: Understand the Problem.
B. What are the given?

Step 2: Devise a plan. C. What operation/s is /are to be used?

Step 3: Carry out the Plan. D. Write your solution.

Step 4: Look Back. E. Check your answer.

Sample Problem 1:
My father is planning to make a flower stand that has a base of a regular hexagon. At what angle should he cut
the lumber to frame the base?
Step 1: Understand the Problem.

A. What is asked? At what angle should he cut the lumber to frame the base?

B. What are the given values? A flower stand that has a base of a regular hexagon

Step 2: Devise a plan.

Multiplication and Division
(Use the formula of Corollary1:
C. What operations are to be used?
( n−2 ) 180 °
i= )
n
Step 3: Carry out the plan.
D. Solution: ( n−2 ) 180 ° ( 6−2 ) 180 ° ( 4 ) 180 °
i= = =
n 6 6
720°
= = 120°
6
Step 4: Look Back.
E. Check your answer. ( n−2 ) 180 °
i=
n
 ( n−2 ) 180 °
120° =
n
120°n = 180°n -360°
360° = 180°n - 120°n
360° = 60°n
360° 60 ° n
=
60° 60 °
6=n
Final Answer: Therefore, he should cut the lumber at 120° to frame the base.

ACTIVITY 1: Solve Me!

Instruction: Copy and solve the problem using George Polya’s steps. Write the answer on your
answer sheet.
1. Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a regular 20-gon.
Step 1: Understand the Problem.
A. What is asked?

B. What are the given values?

Step 2: Devise a plan.

C. What operations are to be used?

Step 3: Carry out the plan.

D. Solution:

Step 4: Look Back.

E. Check your answer.

Final Answer: