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FIRST SEMESTER - BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (BESI-4T) (BEE)

UNIT 4 - SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
NOTES AND QUENSTIONAIRE

Q.1) Explain the working principle of single phase transformer.

Ans: - “The Transformer is a static device by means of which an electrical power is transformed
from one alternating circuit to another with desired change in voltage and current, without any
change in frequency.”

Working:-
1] The transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
2] It essentially consists of two windings, the primary and secondary wound on a common
laminated magnetic core. These two windings are electrically separated but magnetically linked
through a path of low reluctance.
3] The winding connected to a.c. source is called as primary winding and the one connected to load
is called as secondary winding.
4] When an alternating voltage V1 is applied to the primary an alternating flux Ø is set up in the
core. This alternating flux links both the windings and induces e.m.f.’s E1 and E2 in them according
to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
5] If load is now connected across the secondary winding, the secondary e.m.f E 2 will cause a
current I2 to
flow through the load.
6] Transformer enables to transfer a.c. power from one circuit to another with change in voltage
level.

The following points are to be noted –

i) Transformer action is based on the laws of electromagnetic induction.
ii) There is no electrical connection between the primary and secondary. The a. c. power is
transferred from primary to secondary through magnetic flux.
iii) There is no change in frequency.
iv) The losses that occur in a transformer are Core (Iron or Magnetic) loss (Eddy Current &
Hysteresis losses) and Copper loss.

Q.2 Derive the e.m.f equation of a transformer.

Ans: - The sinusoidal flux ‘Φ’ produced by primary can be represented as :- Φ = Φm sin ω t

The instantaneous e.m.f e1 induced in primary is –

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The value of e1 will be maximum Em1 when sin (wt - 90) = 1.

Hence the maximum value of induced emf in primary

The rms value E1 of primary emf is

Hence, and similarly,
The expressions for E1 & E2 are called as the emf equations of a transformer.

The Transformation ratio –

Divide E2 by E1 we get -

For an ideal transformer, V1 = E1 & E2 = V2 as voltage drops are zero.

For an ideal transformer, there are no losses, hence input VA = output VA

V 1 I1 = V 2 I2

Hence the complete transformation ratio is

Q.3) Explain the various features of Ideal Transformer. Draw its phasor diagram.
Ans: - An ideal transformer is one that has: -
i. No winding Resistance.
ii. No leakage Flux (i.e the maximum useful flux) links both the windings.
iii. Offers maximum permeability to low reluctance and maximum flux.
iv. No copper losses & iron losses in the core.
v. No voltage drops

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conditions the primary is simply a coil of pure

1] Consider an ideal transformer on No Load
i.e. secondary is open circuited. Under such
inductance.
2] When an alternating voltage V1 is applied to
primary, it draws a small magnetizing current
Im which lags behind the applied voltage by 90.
3] This alternating current Im produces an
alternating flux Φ which is proportional to and
in phase with it.
4] The alternating flux Φ links both the
windings and induces e.m.f E1 in primary and
E2 in secondary.
5] The primary e.mf E1 is at every instant
equal to and in opposition to V1 (Lenz’s law).
Both e.m.f’s E1 and E2 lag behind the flux by
90.

Q.4] Explain Practical Transformer on “NO – LOAD”.

Ans: - A practical transformer differs from the ideal transformer in many respects.
The practical transformer has : - i] Iron Losses. ii] Winding Resistances
iii] Magnetic Leakage giving rise to Leakage resistances.
Consider a Practical Transformer on No – Load.
The primary will draw a small current IO to supply i] Iron Losses ii] Small amount of Copper
losses. Hence primary no load current IO is not 90o behind the applied voltage but lags it by an
angle Ø0 < 90o. The primary no load current has two functions to perform (i) to magnetize the
core i.e. to produce the flux & (ii) to supply for the above said total losses under the no load
condition.
No – Load current IO can be resolved into two rectangular components: -
i] Active / Loss / Working component: - The component Iw in phase with applied voltage V1. It
supplies the iron loss and a very small amount of copper loss. Iw = IO cos Φo
ii] Reactive / Magnetizing component: - The component Im lagging behind V1 by 90. It is this
component which produces flux Φ in the core. Im = IO sin Φo.
Clearly. Io is the phasor sum of above two currents -
The power measured is – Po = V1 x Io x cos Φo = Pi as iron loss

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Equivalent circuit diagram under no load

condition with equations is –

Q.5] Explain working of Practical transformer “ON - LOAD” OR Transformer is a constant Flux
device. Justify.
Ans: - When load is connected between the secondary terminals of the transformer, the
transformer is said to be loaded or ON-Load.

1] Primary supplies a no load current Io which produces flux Φ in the core.

2] When the transformer is loaded the current I2 flows through secondary winding and produces
m.m.f of (N2 x I2) and sets up its own flux Φ2 which opposes flux Φ.

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3] Flux Φ 2 momentarily reduces main flux Φ due to which primary induced e.m.f E1 also reduces.
Hence, voltage difference V1 – E1 circulates an additional current which is in anti-phase with
I2. The effect of this additional current drawn by primary is it sets up its own flux which
opposes Φ 2.
4] Fluxes Φ 2 and cancels each other and the only flux left in the core is Φ. Therefore,
Transformer is called as a constant flux device.

For Inductive load (Φ2 lags) For Resistive load (Φ2 = 0) For Capacitive load (Φ2 leads)
Phasor Diagrams
Angle between - I2 & V2 = Φ2; I ’2 & V1 = Φ2; Io & V1 = Φo & I1 & V1 = Φ1

Q.6] Compare Core type & Shell type Transformers.

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Ans: - COMPARISON BETWEEN CORE TYPE & SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMER

SR. NO. CORE TYPE SHELL TYPE

2 Winding encircles the core Core encircles the winding

3 Has single magnetic circuit Double magnetic circuits
4 Core has two limbs Core has three limbs
5 Natural cooling is possible No natural cooling
6 Maintenance is easy Difficult Maintenance
7 Preferred for low voltage Used for high voltage
8 More leakage Less leakage
9 Less efficient More efficient
10 Core length is small Core length is long

Q.7] Define Efficiency and derive condition for maximum Efficiency.

Ans: - The Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power.

Where, Pout = Output power = V2 x I2 x cos Φ; Pin = Input power = Pout + Pi + Pcu & losses are
classified as iron loss (Pi) and copper losses (Pcu) & copper losses is given by . R2e
is equivalent resistance referred to secondary.

This above equation is applicable to full load but for fractional load we have to consider
following equation –

Let ‘n’ be the fractional load .

If actual load is half full load then

The effect of fractional load with variable n varies directly on output power and secondary
current, and it affects on copper loss but as magnetic flux is constant for transformer iron loss is
also constant & there is no effect of change in load on iron loss, check the relationship,
New Pout = n x Pout (FL) = n x VA rating x cos Φ; New I2 = n x I2(FL) &
New Pcu = (New I2)2 x R2e = (n x I2(FL))2 x R2e = n2 x I22(FL) x R2e = n2 x Pcu (FL)

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Condition for Maximum Efficiency of Transformer

Consider above equation for efficiency to derive condition for maximum efficiency of
Transformer.
Dividing Numerator and Denominator by I2

For a normal transformer V2 is approximately constant. Hence for a load of given p.f,
Efficiency depends upon load current I2. In the above equation numerator is constant.
And for efficiency to be maximum denominator should be minimum.

For Maximum Efficiency,

Divide denominator by I2 , we get

Since,
For Maximum Efficiency, Iron (Constant) loss (Pi) = Copper (Variable) loss (Pcu)

From above condition,

Where, I2m is secondary current under maximum efficiency condition.

Divide above expression by I2FL, we get,

where, I2FL is Full load secondary current, PcuFL is full load copper loss =

Multiply above equation by , we get,

Q.8] Why Transformer rating in KVA?

Ans: - In a static machine Transformer there are two losses takes place and both are standing
losses as copper loss and iron loss. The Copper loss depends on current is given by expressions

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and Iron loss depends on flux (Φ) and hence voltage. Hence the total
loss in a transformer depends upon volt – ampere (VA) only and not on the phase angle between
voltage and current i.e. it is independent of load power factor. Hence rating of transformer is in
VA and generally it is expressed as KVA is given by –
.

Q.9] Explain OC and SC tests on Transformer.

Ans: - Transformer Tests: -

1] Open Circuit Test or No Load Test: - In this test, rated voltage is applied to the primary low
voltage side while the secondary is left open circuited. The primary side is low voltage side but
having high current rating to get sufficient primary current for power measurement. The primary
voltage V1 is measured by voltmeter, no – load current IO by ammeter and no load input power P0
by wattmeter.
As the applied voltage is rated voltage, hence wattmeter will record the iron losses Pi. As
secondary side open circuited, the secondary current I 2 is zero & hence their reflection on
primary I ’2 is also zero, therefore, I1 = Io. The effect of this is secondary copper loss is zero and
small Io develops negligible copper loss on primary, hence total copper loss is negligibly small.
(No load current IO is very small 2 – 10 % of rated current).

From O.C. Test: -

Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading Wattmeter reading

Rated V1 IO P0 (Pi)
Steps for calculations: -

1.

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2.

3.

2] Short Circuit Test: - This test is generally conducted on High voltage low current side The
secondary is short circuited with the help of thick conducting copper wire or an ammeter, which
makes secondary resistance very small and on rated voltage it may draw very large current. Such
large current can cause overheating and burning of transformer. To limit this S.C. current,
primary is supplied with low voltage which is just enough to cause rated current to flow through
primary. Hence this test is also called as Low Voltage test.
Now the currents flowing through the windings are rated currents hence the total copper losses is
full load copper loss. Iron loss in the core is negligibly small since rated voltage is very small.
Hence wattmeter will practically register the full load copper losses in the transformer winding.

From S.C. Test: -

Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading Wattmeter reading

VSC (Low) ISC (Rated) PSC (Pcu)

Steps for calculations: -

This test is conducted always on High voltage side, step down transformer & calculations steps
must be referred to primary as R1e, Z1e & X1e. But if the given transformer is step up transformer
i.e. primary is low voltage side and secondary side is high voltage side then meters must be
conducted with high voltage side i.e. secondary side of the transformer and after measurement
results, the calculations must be done referred to secondary side i.e. follow above calculations to
find R2e, Z2e & X2e, and then do calculations referred to primary as R 1e, Z1e & X1e using

transformation ratio, .

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Q.10] Define Voltage Regulation

Ans: - Increase in load and load current, increases voltage drop across impedances i.e. primary &
secondary resistances & reactance’s which changes output voltage from no load to full load. This
change in voltage from no load to full load expressed as a fraction of the no load secondary
terminal voltage is called as voltage regulation of a transformer. It is expressed as –
Voltage Regulation -

&
+ ve = For Inductive lagging load & - ve = For Capacitive leading load
Where, E2 = No load voltage; V2 = Full load voltage

Q.11] What are the different types of losses?

Ans: - The losses in transformer takes place due to heat developed in the device which makes
energy loss & hence these are classified as two as –
i) Core / Iron / Magnetic Loss: - The temperature rise in core material due to flux linkage
between primary and secondary decides core loss in a device. It is further classified into two
Hysteresis loss & Eddy current loss. Hysteresis loss is mainly takes place due to the reversal
cycle of flux i.e. magnetization & demagnetization of magnetic core due to alternating current.
Eddy current loss is mainly due to an eddy current set up in the transformer due to induction of
e.m.f across transformer windings.
ii) Copper Loss: - The current flowing through primary & secondary windings rises the
temperature of the winding resistance & hence power wasted across each winding gives losses
called as copper loss. The Copper loss depends on current is given by expressions
.

Q.12] Draw the Phasor diagram of a single phase Transformer for resistive load, inductive load
(lagging load) & capacitive load (leading load).
Ans: - Equations are to make complete phasor diagram: -

V1 = - E1 + I1.R1 + I1.X1 & E2 = V1 + I2.R2 + I2.X2

STEPS: -

1. Consider flux Φ as reference. Make the resultant Io the summation of Iµ (which is in phase
with Φ) & Iw (which is in phase with V1).
2. E1 lags Φ by 90. Reverse E1 to get -ve E1. E1 & E2 are in phase.
3. Assume V2 lags E2 or in a particular direction.
4. Draw I2 phasor line with respect to type of load, for Inductive Load I2 lags V2 by Φ2 (hence
called as lagging load); for Capacitive Load I2 leads V2 by Φ2 (hence called as leading load) and
for Resistive Load I2 & V2 are in phase.
5. Reverse I2 & to get I ’2. Add IO & I ’2 to get I1.
6. Starting from tip of V2, draw (I2.R2) from V2 parallel to I2 & (I2.X2) perpendicular to (I2.R2).
Now draw resultant E2 to join V2, (I2.R2) & (I2.X2).

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7. Starting from tip of –ve E1, draw (I1.R1) from E1 parallel to I1 & (I1.X1) perpendicular to
(I1.R1). Now draw resultant V1 from origin to join –E1, (I1.R1) & (I1.X1).

For Inductive load (Lagging load) For Resistive load

Angle between - I2 & V2 = Φ2; I ’2 & V1 = Φ2; Io & V1 = Φo & I1 & V1 = Φ1

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For Capacitive load (Leading load)

Angle between - I2 & V2 = Φ2; I ’2 & V1 = Φ2; Io & V1 = Φo & I1 & V1 = Φ1

Q.13] Draw a complete equivalent circuit diagram & approximate equivalent circuit diagram
referred to primary of a single phase Transformer.
Ans: - Refer following equations to make equivalent circuit diagram: -

Equivalent Circuit Diagram: -

1) Effect of winding resistances: -

Total copper losses =

Total copper losses = .
Also copper losses can be written as -

Total copper losses =

Total copper losses =

Hence,

And

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2) Effect of winding reactance: -

Similar to equivalent resistance, the equivalent reactance can be written as –

And
3) Effect of winding impedance: -

Similar to equivalent resistance, the equivalent impedance can be written as –

And
Based above expressions the equivalent circuit diagram can be made as,

Refer following equivalent circuit diagram of a 1-phase transformer –

Fig. Complete Equivalent Circuit Diagram

The above complete equivalent circuit diagram can be reduced to approximate equivalent circuit
diagram by using above equivalent parameters.

Approximate Equivalent Circuit Diagram referred to primary side

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FORMULAE

EMF EQUATION: - and

The complete transformation ratio is

Where, =Maximum flux in weber & f = Frequency in Hertz or Cycle / sec
Bm = Maximum flux density in Weber / m2 or Tesla & A = Cross sectional area in m2
E1 = Primary induced emf in volts & E2 = Secondary induced emf in volts
N1 = Primary number of turns & N2 = Secondary number of turns
V1 = Primary supply voltage in volts & V2 = Secondary load terminal voltage in volts
I1 = Primary current in amps & I2 = Secondary current in amps

PROBLEMS
1) A single phase transformer has 350 primary and 1050 secondary turns. The net cross-
sectional area is 55 cm². If the primary winding be connected to a 400 V, 50 Hz single phase
supply. Calculate: - i) The maximum value of flux density in the core. & ii) The voltage induced
in the secondary winding. Neglect voltage drop & power loss in the winding. S1/5M
2) A 10 KVA transformer having 50 number of turns on primary and 10 number of turns on
secondary is connected to 400 V, 50 Hz a.c. supply. Calculate i) Secondary voltage on no-load.
ii) Full load primary and secondary currents & iii) Maximum value of flux in the core. Neglect
voltage drop & power loss in the winding.
3) The required no load voltage ratio in a single phase 50 Hz core type transformer is 6600/500.
Find the number of turns in each winding if the flux is 0.06 Wb. Neglect voltage drop & power
loss in the winding. W96/4M
4) A single phase transformer has 500 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The area of the core is
75 cm². If the primary winding is connected to 400 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate secondary voltage
and peak value of flux density. Neglect voltage drop & power loss in the winding.

NO LOAD TEST: - Loss / Working component - Iw = IO cos Φo

Magnetizing component - Im = IO sin Φo.
; Po = V1 x Io x cos Φo = Pi as iron loss

PROBLEMS

1) The no load current of a transformer is 5 A at 0.3 p.f. when supplied at 230 V, 50 Hz. The
number of turns of the primary winding is 200. Calculate: (i) Maximum flux in the core, (ii) Core
loss, (iii) Magnetising current. W14/3M
Answers: - Φo = 72.543, sin Φo = 0.954; Φm = 5.1802 mWb; Wc (Pc) = 345 W; Im = 4.77 A

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2) A single phase, 230 V/110 V, 50 Hz transformer takes an input of 350 Volt-amperes at no

load while working at no load while working at rated voltage. The core loss is 110 W. find the
loss component of no load current and no load power factor. S15/6M
Answers: - Io = 1.522 A; cos Φo = 0.3143; Im = 1.445 A; Iw = 0.4784

ON LOAD TEST (PHASOR DIAGRAM): -

The complete transformation ratio is

Where, I1 = Primary current in amps; Io = No load primary current &
I’2 = Secondary current referred to primary
Angle between - I2 & V2 = Φ2; I ’2 & V1 = Φ2; Io & V1 = Φo & I1 & V1 = Φ1

PROBLEMS

1) A transformer takes 10 A on no load at a power factor of 0.1 lagging. The turns ratio is 4:1
(step down). If the secondary supplies a load of 200 A at a p.f. of 0.8 lagging, find the primary
current and its power factor. W12/7M
Answers: - I1 = 57.25 A; Ф1 = 44.26; cos Ф1 = 0.7162
2) A 400/200 V single phase transformer is supplying a load of 50 amp at 0.866 pf lagging. The
no load current is found to be 2 amp at 0.208 pf lagging. Calculate the current and power factor
on primary side of transformer. Draw the phasor diagram. W13/6M
Answers: - K = 0.5; Ф2 = 30; Ф0 = 78; I2’ = 25 A; I1 = 26.38 Amp; Ф1 = 33.28; pf = cos Ф1 =
0.835 lag
3) A transformer no load takes 1.5 A at a power factor of 0.2 lagging when its primary is
connected to a 230 V, 50 Hz supply. The transformation ratio is 1/3. Determine the primary
current when the secondary is supplied a current of 40 A at a pf of 0.8 lagging. Also find the
power factor its nature. S14/4M
Answers: - I2’ = 13.34 A; I1 = 14.5 A; Ф1 = 40.81; pf = cos Ф1 = 0.757 lag
4) A 400 V/ 100 V, 1-phase, transformer takes a no load current of 5 A at 0.2 lagging p.f.,
secondary winding supplies a load of 100 A at a p.f. of 0.8 lagging. Find the primary input
current. S16/6M
5) A 400/200 V, 1 phase transformer is supplying load of 50 A at the power factor of 0.866
lagging. The no load current is found to be 2A at 0.208 power factor lagging. Calculate the
current & power factor on primary side of transformer. W16/6M
Answers: - K = 0.5, Φ2 = 30O, ΦO = 78O, I2’ = 25 A, I1 = 26.38 A, Φ1 = 33.23O, cos (Φ1) = 0.8365

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6) A 400/200 V, 1 phase transformer is supplying load of 50 A at the power factor of 0.866

lagging. The no load current is found to be 2A at 0.208 power factor lagging. Calculate the
current & power factor on primary side of transformer. Draw the phasor diagram. S17/5M
Answers: - K = 0.5, Φ2 = 30O, ΦO = 78O, I2’ = 25 A, I1 = 26.38 A, Φ1 = 33.23O, cos (Φ1) = 0.8365

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS: -

1)

And

2)

And

3)

And

PROBLEMS: -

1) A 30kVA, 2400/120 V, 50 Hz transformer has a high voltage winding resistance of 0.1 Ω and
leakage reactance of 0.22 Ω. The low voltage winding resistance of 0.035 Ω and leakage
reactance is 0.012 Ω. Find equivalent winding resistance, reactance and impedance referred to –
(i) High voltage side & (ii) Low voltage side. S15/6M
Answers: - K = 0.05; R1e = 14.1 Ω; R2e = 0.03525 Ω; X1e = 5.02 Ω; X2e = 0.01255 Ω; Z1e =
14.97 Ω; Z2e = 0.03742 Ω
2) A 15 kVA, 2200/110 V transformer has R1 = 1.75 Ω, R2 = 0.0045 Ω. The leakage reactance
are X1 = 2.6 Ω and X2 = 0.0075 Ω. Calculate: (i) Equivalent resistance referred to primary and
secondary, (ii) Equivalent reactance referred to primary and secondary & (iii) Total copper loss.
W15/6M
Answers: - K = 0.05; R 1e = 3.55 Ω; R2e = 0.008875 Ω; X1e = 5.6 Ω; X2e = 0.014 Ω; I1 = 6.82 A;
Pcu = 165.031 W

EFFICIENCY; MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY & VOLTAGE REGULATION: -

Where, Pout = Output power (Watt) = V2 x I2 x cos Φ;

Pin = Input power (Watt) = Pout + Pi + Pcu &

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Full load Copper losses = =

R1e & R2e is equivalent resistance referred to primary & secondary respectively.

And n = fractional load .

LOAD Full load Half load 3/4th Full load 60 % load 80 % load
N 1 0.5 0.75 0.6 0.8

For Maximum Efficiency, Iron (Constant) loss (Pi) = Copper (Variable) loss (Pcu)

Where, I2m is secondary current under maximum efficiency condition

I2FL is secondary current under full load condition
PcuFL is full load copper loss =

Hence, maximum efficiency is,

KVA is expressed as is given by –

& Full load primary and secondary currents -

Voltage Regulation -

&
+ ve = For Inductive lagging load & - ve = For Capacitive leading load
Where, E2 = No load voltage; V2 = Full load voltage

OC & SC TEST: -

SIDE / OBSERVATIONS OR
CALCULATIONS
TYPE GIVEN

LV OR V1 Io Po Cos Φo Sin Φo Iw Im Ro Xo
OC HC /
-1 Io x Cos Io x Sin
TEST STEP Rated Pi Sin (Cos Φo)
Φo Φo
UP

SC HV OR Vsc Isc Psc Rsc Zsc Xsc

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LC / LV (10 Rated
STEP % to (Full Pcu(FL)
DOWN 15 %) Load)

If Primary Side - HV side R1e Z1e X1e

TEST
If Secondary Side - HV side R2e Z2e X2e

Then R1e Z1e X1e

PROBLEMS

1) A 600 KVA single phase transformer has an efficiency of 92 % both at full load and half load
and at unity power factor. Determine the transformer efficiency at 60 % of full load and 0.8
power factor lag. W12/7M
Answers: - % η 0.6, 0.8 lag = 90.50 %
2) A single phase 40 KVA, 6600 V / 250 V transformer has primary and secondary resistances of
10 Ω and 0.02 Ω respectively. The equivalent leakage reactance referred to primary is 35 Ω. Find
full load voltage regulation for the load power factor of (i) Unity (ii) 0.8 lead. S13/5M
Answers: - R1e = 23.94 Ω; K = 0.0379; I1(FL) = 6.06 Amp; % V.R. = 2.198 %; % V.R. = - 0.17 %
3) The iron and full load copper losses in a 40 KVA single phase transformer are 250 W and 750
W respectively. Calculate the efficiency at: (i) 50 % of full load, 0.8 power factor leading; (ii)
Find the load at which the efficiency is maximum and maximum efficiency at unity power factor.
S13/5M
Answer: - % η = 97.34 %; KVA at ηmax = 23.094 KVA; % ηmax = 97.364 %
4) A 5 KVA, 2300/230 V, 50 Hz single phase transformer was tested for iron losses with normal
excitation and Cu losses at full load and these were found to be 40 W and 112 W respectively.
Calculate the efficiencies of the transformer at 0.8 pf for (i) Half load (ii) Full load. W13/5M
Answers: - % η HL, 0.8 lag = 96.77 % & % η FL, 0.8 lag = 96.33 %
5) The primary and secondary windings of 500 kVA, 11 kV/415 V, single phase transformer
have resistances of 0.42 Ω and 0.019 Ω respectively. Its core losses are 2.9 kW. Calculate: (i)
copper loss at full load (ii) efficiency of transformer at full load, 0.8 pf lag (iii) efficiency of
transformer at 70 % of full load, upf (iv) the load at which the maximum efficiency occurs.
S14/8M

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Answers: - (i) 28,448.2 W (ii) 92.74 % (iii) 95.41 % (iv) 159.64 kVA
6) A 10 kVA single phase transformer has a maximum efficiency of 98 % at full load, 0.8 p.f.
Determine copper loss and efficiency at half load. What is iron loss? W14/6M
Answers: - Pi = 81.633 W = Pcu; % ηHFL = 97.513 %
7) A 100 kVA, 1 KV/10 KV, 50 Hz, single phase transformer has iron losses of 1100 watts and
the copper loss with 5 A in high voltage winding is 400 W. Calculate the efficiency at 25 % of
full load at (i) UPF and (ii) 0.8 pf lag, the output being maintained at 10,000 V. W15/6M
Answers: - I2 = 10 A; New Pcu = 1600 W; n = 0.25; % η = 95.42 %; % η = 94.34 %
8) A 5kVA, 230 V / 400 V single phase transformer takes 0.7 A and 60 W on an open circuit
when the low voltage winding is short circuited and 20 V is applied to high voltage terminals, the
current and power are 10 A and 90 W respectively. Calculate: (i) The full load efficiency at unity
p.f. & (ii) Full load regulation at 0.8 p.f. lagging. S16/6M
Answers: - P2 = 5 kW (since UPF); I2FL = 12.5 A; cos Φ = 0.8; sin Φ = 0.6; Z 2e = 2 Ω; R2e = 0.9
Ω; X2e = 1.786 Ω; % η = 97.1 %; % V.R. = 5.6 %
9) The iron and full load copper loss in a 40 kVA single phase transformer are 250 W and 750
W respectively. Calculate: i) Efficiency at 50% of full load 0.8 p.f. leading ii) Load at which the
efficiency is maximum. W16/6M
Answers: - n = 0.5, η = 97.33 %, kVAmax = 23.094 kVA
10) The iron and full load copper loss in a 40 kVA single phase transformer are 250 W and 750
W respectively. Calculate: i) Efficiency at 50% of full load 0.8 p.f. leading ii) Load at which the
efficiency is maximum. S17/6M
Answers: - n = 0.5, η = 97.33 %, kVAmax = 23.094 kVA
PRACTICE NUMERICALS

1. A 1-phase transformer has a primary winding of 1000 turns and secondary winding of
200 turns. The no load current is 3 A at a 0.2 pf lagging. Calculate the primary current and power
factor when the secondary current is 280 A at 0.8 pf lagging. S5/6M; S10/7M
2. The test result obtained from open and short circuit tests on 10 KVA, 450/120 V, 50
Hz, 1-phase transformer are –
O.C. test: 120 V 4.2 A 80 W (on L.V. side) & S.C. test: 9.65 V 22.2 A 120 W (on H.V.
side)
Calculate (1) the equivalent circuit constants, (2) efficiency and voltage regulation for full load
0.8 pf lagging. S5/9M
3. A 4 KVA, 400/200 V, 50 Hz, 1-phase transformer has the following test data –
O.C. test (L.V. side): 200 V 1 A 64 W & S.C. test (L.V. side): 15 V 10 A 80 W

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Determine equivalent circuit parameters as referred to L.V. side. Also calculate the secondary
terminal voltage on full load at 0.8 pf lag. W5/8M
4. A 3300/300 V, 1-phase transformer gives 0.6 A and 60 W as ammeter and wattmeter
reading when rated input voltage is given to low voltage winding and high voltage winding is
kept open. Find (1) pf of no load current, (2) magnetizing component of input current, (3) iron
loss component of input current. W5/7M
5. The instrument readings obtained from open and short circuit tests on 10 KVA,
415/120 V, 50 Hz transformer are –
O.C. test: 415 V 1.12 A 80 W (reads on H.V. side)
S.C. test: 2.6 V 83.25 A 120 W (with H.V. winding short circuited)
Compute (i) full load efficiency and voltage regulation for 0.8 pf lag, (ii) half load efficiency and
voltage regulation for 0.8 pf lag, (iii) draw the equivalent circuit. S6/8M
6. A transformer has a primary winding of 800 turns and secondary winding of 200
turns. When the load current on the secondary is 80 A at 0.8 pf lagging, the primary current is 25
A at 0.707 pf lagging. Determine the no load current and its power factor. S6/6M
7. A 5 KVA, 500/250 V, 50 Hz, 1-phase transformer gave the following reading –
O.C. test: 500 V 1 A 50 W (L.V. side open) and S.C. test: 25 V 10 A 60 W (L.V. side shorted)
Determine (i) the efficiency at full load 0.8 pf lagging, (ii) the voltage regulation on full load 0.8
pf leading, (iii) the efficiency on 60 % of full load 0.8 pf leading, (iv) draw the equivalent circuit
referred to primary and insert all the values in it. W6/14M
8. A 5 KVA, 250/500 V, 1-phase, 50 Hz transformer gave the following test results –
S.C. test (with LV winding short circuited): 20 V, 10 A, 100 W
O.C. test (on LV side): 250 V, 1 A, 80 W
Determine (i) the circuit constants, (ii) efficiency at full load at 0.8 lagging power factor, (iii)
efficiency at half load at unity power factor. S7/S12/8M
9. A 5 KVA, 2300/230 V, 50 Hz transformer was tested for the iron losses with normal
excitation and Cu losses at full load and these were found to be 40 W and 112 W respectively.
Calculate the efficiencies of the transformer at 0.8 power factor for the KVA outputs .125, 3.57
and 7.5. S7/7M
10. A 5 KVA, 250/500 V, 50 Hz, 1-phase transformer gave following test data –
No load: 250 V 0.6 A 50 W (L.V. side)
Short Circuit: 9V 6A 24 W (H.V. side)

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Calculate (i) the magnetizing current and the components corresponding to iron losses at normal
voltage and frequency, (ii) the efficiency at full load unity pf, (iii) the corresponding terminal
voltage on full load at 0.8 pf lagging. W7/9M
11. A 400/200 V, 1-phase transformer is supplying a load of 40 A at the power factor of
0.866 lagging. The no load current is found to be 1.8 A at 0.208 pf lagging. Calculate the current
and power factor on primary side of the transformer. W7/8M
12. The primary and secondary winding of a 30 KVA, 6000/230 V, 1-phase transformer
has resistance of 10 Ω and 0.016 Ω respectively. The reactance of transformer referred to
primary is 34 Ω. Calculate primary voltage required to circulate full load current when secondary
is short circuited. What is the power factor on short circuit? S8/6M
13. A 100 KVA, 6600/250 V, 50 Hz transformer gives the following test results –
O.C. test: 900 W, normal voltage and S.C. test: 290 V, 12 A, 860 W (H.V. side)
Calculate (i) the efficiency and percentage voltage regulation at full load at 0.8 power factor
lagging and (ii) the load at which maximum efficiency occurs and also find maximum efficiency.
S8/S11/8M
14. A 200 KVA transformer has an efficiency 0f 98 % at full load. The maximum
efficiency occurs at three quarters of full load. Calculate the efficiency at half load. Assume
negligible magnetizing current and power factor of 0.8 lagging at all loads. S8/7M
15. Obtain the equivalent circuit of a 200/400 V, 50 Hz, 1-phase transformer from the
following test data –
O.C. test: 200 V, 0.7 A, 70 W --- L.V. side
S.C. test: 15 V, 10 A, 85 W --- H.V. side
Calculate the secondary voltage and regulation when delivering 5 KW at 0.8 p.f. lagging, the
primary voltage being 200 V. W8/7M; W10/9M
16. A 100 KVA transformer has 400 turns on the primary and 80 turns on the secondary.
The primary and secondary resistances are 0.3 Ω and 0.01 Ω respectively and the corresponding
leakage reactance are 1.1 and 0.035 respectively. The supply voltage is 2200 V. Calculate (i)
equivalent impedance referred to primary, (ii) the voltage regulation and the secondary terminal
voltage for full load having a power factor of 0.8 leading. W8/8M
17. A 660/220 V, 1-phase transformer takes a no load current of 2 A at a power factor of
0.225 lagging. The transformer supplies a load of 30 A at a power factor of 0.9 lagging.
Calculate the current drawn by the primary from the mains and the primary power factor.
Neglect winding resistances and reactance. S9/S12/W12/7M; W11/6M

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18. A 5 KVA, 230/400 V 1-phase transformer takes 0.7 A and 60 W on an open circuit.
When the low voltage winding is short circuited and 20 V is applied to the high voltage
terminals, the current and power are 10 A and 90 W respectively. Calculate (i) the full load
efficiency at unity pf, (ii) full load regulation at 0.8 pf lagging, (iii) output terminal voltage.
S9/8M
19. The no load current of a transformer is 15 A at a power factor of 0.2 when connected
to a 460 V, 50 Hz supply. If the primary winding has 550 turns, calculate (a) the magnetizing
component of no load current, (b) the iron loss component of no load current and (c) the
maximum value of the flux in the core. W9/7M
20. A 30 KVA, 2400 / 120 V, 50 Hz transformer has a high voltage winding resistance of
0.1 Ω and a leakage reactance of 0.22 Ω. The low voltage winding resistance is 0.035 Ω and the
leakage reactance is 0.012 Ω. Find equivalent winding resistance, reactance and impedance
referred to the (i) high voltage side and (ii) the low voltage side. W9/7M
21. A 50 KVA transformer has on full load a copper loss of 600 watts and iron loss of
500 watts. Calculate maximum efficiency and the load at which it occurs. W9/6M
22. A 10 KVA, 500 / 250 V, 1-phase transformer has its maximum efficiency of 94 % of
its rated output at unity power factor. Estimate its efficiency when delivering full load output at
power factor of 0.8 lagging. S10/8M
23. A 20 KVA, 440/200 V, single phase, 50 Hz transformer has iron loss of 324 W. the
copper loss is found to be 100 W when delivering half of full load current. Determine (i)
efficiency when delivering full load current at 0.8 lagging power factor and (ii) the percentage of
full load when the efficiency will be maximum.
24. A 250/500 V, 1-phase, 50 Hz transformer gave the following test results –
S.C. test (with LV side shorted): 20 V, 12 A, 100 W
O.C. test (on LV side): 250 V, 1 A, 80 W
Determine (i) the equivalent circuit parameters, (ii) Applied voltage when output is 10 A, 500
volt at 0.8 pf lagging (iii) efficiency of transformer when output is 10 A, 500 volt at 0.8 lagging
power factor. W11/9M
25. A 1000 V / 200 V, 50 Hz, single phase transformer gave the following test results:
(No load HV side) 1000 V, 0.24 A, 90 W
(Short circuit LV side) 50 V, 5 A, 110 W, Full load
Calculate (i) Rating of the transformer, (ii) Equivalent circuit constants referred to primary &
(iii) KVA load for maximum efficiency. W12/8M

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