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CTCA - Propositional Logic
CTCA - Propositional Logic
CTCA - Propositional Logic
Propositional Logic
• Basics of propositional logic are a way to
symbolize the parts of arguments so that
we can analyze whole arguments for
validity.
Statement: which can be regarded as either
True or False.
: Tina is tall = p
Sarah is tall = q
:p&q
Example
• Assume a, b, c are True and x, y, z are False.
• Determine whether following are True or False.
1. a & b
=T&T=T
2. b & z
=T&F=F
3. x & y
=F&F=F
4. y & a
=F&T=F
Conjunction and Validity
Example:
Tina is tall.
Sarah is tall.
So, Tina is tall, and Sarah is tall.
p* : Premise
q* : Premise
p & qC : Conclusion
Conjunction and Validity
Answer:
Answer:
p*
q*
p & qC
Answer:
p*
p & qC
The possibility of all premises being true and
conclusion being false is present in the second
case.
Hence, The Argument is Invalid in nature.
Example:
Franklin is short and stout.
So, Franklin is short.
Answer:
p & q*
pC
Answer:
p*
q*
p & qC
The possibility of all premises being true and conclusion
being false is absent.
Alternatively; the possibility of all premises as well as
the conclusion being true is present in the first case; as
shown in the truth table.
Hence, The Argument is Valid in nature.
Example:
The train was on time. So, the train was on
time and the bus was late.
Answer:
p*
p & qC
Answer:
p*
qC
Example
Tina is NOT tall. = ~p
Negation
Example
Frank is not angry and Hank is not tired.
~p & ~q
• Assume that a, b, c are true and x, y and
z are false. Then answer the following is
true or false.
1. ~a & b
= F&T = F
2. ~x & y
= T&F = F
3. ~z & c
= T&T = T
• Assume that a, b, c are true and x, y and
z are false. Then answer the following is
true or false.
4. ~(a & b)
= ~(T&T) = ~T = F
5. ~(c & ~z)
= ~(T&T) = ~T = F
6. ~x & ~z
= T&T = T
Example
“Tina is not tall and Sarah is tall. So, Tina is
not tall.”
Answer:
~p & q*
~pC
Answer:
~p*
~p & ~qC
Answer:
~(p & q)*
~p & ~qC
Answer:
~(p & q)*
~p*
~qC
Answer:
~(p & q)*
~ p & ~qC
Answer:
~(p & q)*
p*
~qC
Answer:
~p & ~q*
~(p & q)C
p*
~q & r*
p & rC
Answer:
p & ~q*
r*
~ (q & r)C
Answer:
~ p & q*
r*
~ (~ (q & r)) C
Example
Frank is angry or Hank is tired.
pvq
Example
Frank is angry or Hank is tired. So, Frank
is angry.
Answer:
p v q*
pC
Answer:
~(p v q)*
~p & ~qC
Answer:
p v q*
~(q & r)*
qC
…presence of If – then
relationship.
Conditional Statement
• If – then statement
• Antecedent & Consequent
• “If it rained, then the ground is wet.”
• “it rained”= antecedent = p
• “ground is wet”= consequent = q
Example
If it rained, then the ground is wet. It rained. So, the
ground is wet.
Answer:
p → q*
p*
qc
The possibility of all premises being true and
conclusion being false is absent.
Alternatively; the possibility of all premises as well as
the conclusion being true is present in the first case;
as shown in the truth table.
Hence, The Argument is Valid in nature.
Example
If it rained, then the ground is wet. The ground is not
wet. So, it did not rain.
Answer:
p → q*
~q*
~pC