Wind energy

The kinetic electricity produced via way of means of the motion of air is used to

generate energy within side the wind. Wind turbines or wind energy conversion

equipment transform this into electrical energy. The wind initially impacts the turbine

blades, causing them to revolve and turn the turbine connected to them. By turning a

shaft attached to a generator and so producing electrical energy through electromagnetic,

Rotational energy is created by converting kinetic energy. Wind farms are regularly used

to generate it. Some wind farms are onshore, and the land is often used for additional

purposes, such as allowing animals to graze. Some are offshore, which means they're

over water. Whenever it may be, ZAMECO II can consider choosing this type of energy

source because Zambales is surrounded by ocean and has many mountains The amount of

power that can be gathered from wind is affected by the size of the turbine and the length

of its blades. The output is proportional to the rotor's size and the wind speed's cube.

Wind power potential increases by a factor of eight when wind speed doubles, according

to theory.

Wind power plants in the Philippines are located in Ilocos Norte, Rizal, Guimaras, and

Aklan and the greatest wind resources are in northern and central areas such as Batanes

and Babuyan and the northern and central Luzon areas. The wind energy sector is being

propelled forward by increased demand for renewable energy, favorable government

laws, and the low cost of wind energy. As a result, wind power has become a viable

choice for governments seeking to reduce emissions. However, the rising acceptance of

other clean energy sources such as solar and biomass, as well as the availability of fossil

fuels, are projected to limit the growth of the wind energy sector in the near future. Wind
power is one of the most rapidly expanding renewable energy technologies. Wind energy

is one of the fastest developing renewable energy technologies. Wind energy is one of the

most quickly expanding forms of sustainable energy. Wind energy is one of the most

quickly growing renewable energy technologies. Wind power is one of the most quickly

expanding renewable energy technologies. Usage is on the rise worldwide, in part

because costs are falling. Global installed wind-generation capacity onshore and offshore

has increased by a factor of almost 75 in the past two decades, jumping from 7.5

gigawatts (GW) in 1997 to some 564 GW by 2018, according to IRENA's latest data.

Production of wind electricity doubled between 2009 and 2013, and in 2016 wind energy

accounted for 16% of the electricity generated by renewables. Many parts of the world

have strong wind speeds, but the best locations for generating wind power are sometimes

remote ones. Offshore wind technology has substantial potential (IRENA).

Wind energy, like every other energy source, has benefits and drawbacks. The

advantages ZAMECO II would see if they decide on wind turbines are more recognizable

than its disadvantages. Wind is non-exhaustible. It is limitless, free, a renewable resource,

has low operating cost, and space efficient. Wind is a natural occurrence, and harvesting

its kinetic energy has no effect on currents or wind cycles. Wind energy is a non-

polluting, environmentally friendly technique to create electricity. It produces no

pollutants or greenhouse gases, unlike other types of power plants. Wind turbines

generate electricity from passing wind in an unobtrusive manner. Wind energy is far less

detrimental to the environment than using fossil fuels to generate electricity. Wind farms

or turbines is only expensive to install, but once its up and running, operating costs will

be cheaper, it doesn’t require too much maintenance and it will be free because instead of
fuel, wind is used. Lastly, Wind farms can take up a lot of land when combined, although

the turbines and equipment itself don't take up much space. As a result, the land

ZAMECO II will use for wind turbines is frequently available for other uses, such as

farming if they consider using this energy source.

On the downside, while wind will never run out, it does not always blow. This could

cause serious problems to ZAMECO II if they chose to build wind turbines because they

will spend a lot of time and money trying to test and investigate which location is suitable

for the generation of wind power. For wind power to be efficient, choosing the best

location is important where it has an adequate supply of wind energy or a location that is

windy, and can be inconvenient if the chosen location is far away from people when it is

scheduled for maintenance. However, ZAMECO II is an electric company located in

province of Zambales and it is surrounded by ocean and mountains, in this way they may

not find investigating a suited location difficult. Another one is its noise and aesthetic

pollution, this is considered the biggest disadvantage of wind energy. Wind turbines can

be noisy when operating even in hundreds of meters away, because of both the

mechanical operation and the wind vortex that’s created when the blades are rotating.

Some people like the look of wind turbines, others do not and see them as a distraction on

the scenery of nature. ZAMECO II should keep this reason in mind specially Zambales is

now considered a tourist spot. Next, because the usage of land is not lucrative, other uses

for the site may be more valuable than electricity generating. Lastly, it is dangerous to

flying animals, the blades can harm and kill them. Wind farm development can

potentially disrupt natural habitats of local wildlife if not done in a sustainable manner.
 However, these problems can be solved to some extent with technological advancements

and properly-siting wind farms.

If ZAMECO II decides on putting up wind turbines, Ilocos Norte has the largest wind

farm in the Philippines It was finished in November of 2014.The project reached

financial close in October 2014, securing USD 315 million through a 15-year financing

deal with foreign and local banks, EDC noted in a separate statement. (Renewables Now)

This can help them determine what RE is best to execute in the area and help them grow

Biomass and Bio-fuel

Biomass is renewable resources that are used directly as a fuel or converted to

another form of energy product commonly called "biomass feedstocks" is an abbreviation

for "biomass feedstocks." Dedicated energy crops, agricultural crop residues, forestry

residues, algae, wood processing residues, municipal garbage, and wet waste are all

examples of biomass feedstocks (crop wastes, forest residues, purpose-grown grasses,

woody energy crops, algae, industrial wastes, sorted municipal solid waste [MSW], urban

wood waste, and food waste). (Biomass Resources, 2019)

According to Briefing, 2021, agriculture crop residues, forest residues, animal

waste, agro-industrial waste, municipal solid waste, and aquatic biomass are all abundant

in the Philippines. The most prevalent agricultural wastes are rice hulls, bagasse, coconut

shell husk, and coconut coir. As the price of fossil fuels rises, the use of commercially

produced agricultural residues converted into biofuels is increasing in the Philippines.

(Briefing, 2021)

As mentioned above, Philippines are abundant with biomass resources that can

used to produce energy. In relation to the plan of ZAMECO II, the advantages and

disadvantages of using biomass as RE resources are:

Advantages

 Biomass is always and widely available as a renewable source of energy. Because

our society consistently generates waste such as garbage, wood, and manure, the

organic materials used to produce biomass are infinite, therefore wherever the

location, the availability of resources will not be a future problem of ZAMECO II.

 Since the materials used to produce biomass are mostly waste and residue, using

biomass helps reduce waste.

 Landfills have several negative environmental effects, including the contamination

of nearby air, soil, and water, as well as the emission of greenhouse gases. Many of

the goods that wind up in landfills are dangerous or harmful; depending on how

these materials are handled, they can end up contaminating our land, air, and water,

resulting in negative environmental and human health consequences. Furthermore,

landfills contribute considerably to our atmosphere's greenhouse gas emissions.

When organic matter decomposes in landfills, it emits methane–one of the most

potent greenhouse gases–along with carbon dioxide and other compounds.

Diverting waste to biomass energy plants instead of landfills not only reduces the

size of landfills and mitigates these risks, but it also repurposes materials that would

otherwise be discarded. (McFarland, 2019)

If ZAMECO II considers using biomass as its RE source, it will help the

environment reduce its waste by responding to the call for greener energy.

 Responding to the call for greener energy means responding to the call of many

consumers who also aims for a cleaner environment and energy future. Considering

the public opinion might also help choose what may be best for the company and its

surrounding.

Based on the study conducted by the ETI, there is strong public support for

bioenergy in the UK from both biomass and waste, with 80% of respondents in favor

of bioenergy playing a bigger part in the UK energy mix. The result may not be

different, if a study was being conducted in the Philippines since there are many

Filipinos who have been implementing and supporting various conservation projects
 to help protect the environment, such as organizations like Greenpeace Philippines

and Mother Earth Foundation.

Furthermore, the government of the Philippines itself is promoting the

development, utilization, and commercialization of RE resources or the RE Act of

2008 (RA No. 9513), which can also affect the choice of companies like ZAMECO

II on choosing whether to stay as a distributor or to build its own RE facility.

Disadvantages

 Biomass production plants require a large amount of space to operate and store,

which is inconvenient for any urban area. When biomass plants produce their own

matter, they require even more space, resulting in a higher cost for the surrounding

landscape. However, because the technologies for producing biomass energy are

constantly improving, the need for such a large amount of space may change.

(McFarland, 2019)

When considering the space and financial requirements of constructing its own

biomass facility, ZAMECO II may require a huge area of land as well as a large

amount of money or investors if they choose to build a biomass power plant or

facility.

 Biomass isn't completely free of contaminants. Despite the fact that biomass is

carbon neutral, the utilization of animal and human waste increases the amount of

methane emissions in the atmosphere, which is also environmentally detrimental.

Furthermore, pollution created by the combustion of wood and other natural

 materials is equivalent to that produced by the combustion of coal and other forms

of energy resources.

When it comes to biofuel, the advantages and disadvantages is the same as the

biomass since it is also produced by feedstock. In the Philippines, biofuels production is

currently limited to just biodiesel, which is produced by using its primary feedstock, the

coconut oil.

However, in terms of legal matters, there are laws and guidelines assigned

particularly for biofuels, like the Biofuels Act of 2007. The Biofuels Act or Republic Act

(RA) 9367 was signed into law in January 2007, making the Philippines became the first

country in Southeast Asia to have legislation mandating the incorporation of biofuels into

all local gasoline and petroleum diesel distributed and sold.

According to Biofuels International, 2021, the Philippine Coconut Authority

(PCA) is calling on the National Biofuels Board (NBB) to raise the Coco Methyl Ester

(CME) content of biodiesel sold in the domestic market to 5%. The present blend of

biodiesel currently in the country consists of 3% CME and 97% regular diesel. (Biofuels

International, 2021)
Ocean Energy

The ocean is one of the world's largest, yet least explored, RE sources.  Ocean

energy can be produced by using tidal streams, ocean currents, tidal range (rise and fall),

waves, ocean thermal energy, and salinity gradients.

In the Philippines, the exploration of ocean energy potential began in the 1980s

with a study of ocean resource assessment conducted by Mindanao State University.

Because of the Philippines' geographical location, the theoretical potential for electricity

generation capacity could be as high as 170 GW. Several private and public institutions

conducted additional studies on ocean energy potential, including wave energy and ocean

thermal energy conversion, in the 1990s and 2000s. As of 2011, the Department of

Energy (DOE) finally announced that the first Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

(OTEC) plant in Zambales province will be operational in 2018. That would have made

the Philippines the first country to scale up OTEC technology. This plan was proposed

way back 2012 in the Philippines Energy Plan 2012-2030. (Department of Energy, 2012)

In relation to the plan of ZAMECO II, the advantages and disadvantages of using

ocean energy as RE resources are:

Advantages

 In terms of the availability of resources, ZAMECO II has an advantage since it is

located at Zambales. Zambales is near the coastal area, which means ocean energy

is abundant and widely available.

Disadvantages
 Despite having an abundant source, a suitable location is one of the high concerns if

ZAMECO II considers using ocean energy as RE resources. It is already mentioned

above that there is an OTEC plant already located in Zambales, particularly at

Cabangan, which is only 33 kilometers from Castillejos.

 Using the ocean for power might also additionally have an impact at the marine

ecology. Large machines that will be used to gather energy from the ocean may

endanger some of the creatures that live nearby. Machines may disturb the seafloor,

alter the habitat of near-shore creatures (such as crabs and starfish), and generate

noise that disturbs sea life. There is also a risk that toxic chemicals used on wave

energy platforms will spill and pollute the water near them.

 If ZAMECO II considers using ocean energy as its RE source, it may cause problems

for commercial and private businesses. To do their job, ocean energy power plants

must be placed by the coastline and should be located near cities and other populated

areas to be of much use to anyone.

It may be a downside since ZAMECO II is located at Zambales and Zambales is a

province in the Philippines surrounded by charming tourist spots and is famous for

its beaches and coves. Therefore, it might be disturbing to build an ocean energy

plant near the beaches in Zambales.