CBSE

12TH
CLASS
SESSION
2020-21
BY: SHIV KUMAR SINGH
 CHAPTER – 5
Children and Women in sports
 1.Motor development and factors affecting it

1.Exercise guidelines at different stages of growth and

development
CONTENTS

1. Common postural deformities- Knock-knees; Flatfoot; Round shoulders;

Lordosis, Kyphosis, Bow legs and Scoliosis

1. Corrective measures for postural deformities

1.Sports participation of women in India

Special consideration ( Menarche and Menstrual dysfunction)

Female athlete triad ( Osteoporosis, Amenorrhea and Eating Disorder

5.1 Motor Development and Factors
Affecting It
Meaning of motor development
❖ Development of a child’s bone, muscles and ability
to move around and ability to manipulate his/her
environment
❖ Motor skills are essential for everyday life activities
such as walking, running, jumping
❖ Motor development can be divided into two
sections:
✓ gross motor development
✓ fine motor development.
Gross motor
development

It involves the development of

large muscles in the child’s
body specially while sitting,
walking, running, climbing, etc.
Fine motor
development

Fine motor skills is the

coordination of small
muscles, in movements—
usually involving the
synchronization of hands
and fingers—with the eyes.
 Motor development in
children

Stages of Motor Development in Children

❖ Early Childhood (2 to 6Years)

❖ Middle Childhood (7 to 10 years)

❖ Late Childhood (11 to 12Years)

Early Childhood (2 to 6 Years)

❖ Learns various movements such as running,

jumping and throwing

❖ Learns to climb stairs

❖ Learns basic dance steps

Middle Childhood (7 to 10 years)

❖ Development of Hand-Eye
coordination

❖ Motor skills are perfected

❖ Learns to run faster, jumps

higher, improves balance
Late Childhood (11 to 12 years)

❖ Girls grow faster than boys

❖ No difference in physical abilities of boys and girls

❖ Children are equipped to master complete movements

 Biological factors

Environmental factors

Factors Physical activities

Affecting Nutrition

Motor Opportunities

Development Sensory impairment

Obesity

Postural deformities
 5.2 Exercise guidelines at different
stages of growth and development

Infancy (1 to 2 years)

❖ Exercise to develop head control, sitting,

crawling, etc. should be encouraged.
❖ Indulge in some exercise such as moving arms,
legs and reaching to various objects.
❖ Provided objects, toys and games that
encourage to move do things for themselves.
❖ Exercise like throwing, catching, and kicking a
ball may be most suitable exercise during the
stage of infancy.
Early Childhood (3 to 7 Years)

❖ Developing competence in movement skills

(Throwing, catching, jumping or kicking the ball)
❖ Emphasis should be laid down on participation
and not on competition
❖ Activities related to fine motor skills, i.e.,
coordinative abilities should be emphasized
❖ structured as well as unstructured physical
activities should also be performed daily for at
least sixty minutes by children during this stage
of growth
 later Childhood (8 to 12 Years)

❖ Children should indulge in activities such as

stunts, throwing, jumping, catching, running,
etc., so they can acquire body-control, strength
and coordination.
❖ Endurance related activities should be avoided
❖ Children should be introduced to competitive
sports and taught the basic rules of the sports
competition, i.e., enjoying the game, fair play,
simple strategies and tactics
❖ Introduced the exercises that build endurance,
strength, coordination and balance
 Adolescence (13 to 19 Years)

❖ In this stage moderate to vigorous intensity

exercise/physical activity is recommended for at
least 60 minutes and up to several hours every
day
❖ Indulge in muscle strengthening exercise at
least three days per week
❖ Reduce sedentary lifestyle
❖ Exercise such as running, gymnastics, push-
ups, jumping rope, playing hockey, basketball,
swimming, tennis, and resistance exercise
should be included
 Adulthood (Above 19 Years)

❖ Adults require such exercises or activities that

help to increase their muscular and bone
strength
❖ They should perform resistance exercises at
least two days a week to tone their muscles
and bones
❖ For Bone strengthening, they should include
running, jumping rope and weight training
exercises.
❖ Bone strengthening exercises/activities produce
an impact or tension force on the bones that
promotes bone growth and strength.
 5.3Common Postural
Deformities
❖ Spinal Curvature
❖Flat Foot
❖Knock Knees
❖Bow Legs
❖ Round Shoulder
Spinal Curvature

❖ Deformity is related to spine.

❖ Weak muscles cause the
formation of spine curvature.
❖ Three types :
✓ Scoliosis
✓ Kyphosis
✓ Lordosis
Kyphosis
❖ An increase or exaggeration of a backward
or posterior curve or a decrease or reversal
of a forward curve.
❖ Caused
malnutrition, illness, deficiency of pure air,
insufficient exercises, rickets, carrying heavy
loads on shoulders, unsuitable furniture,
weak muscles and habit of doing work by
leaning forward etc.
❖ Precautions :
From the very beginning, appropriate posture
of sitting, standing and walking should be
paid attention Kyphosis
Lordosis
❖ Inward curvature of spine
❖ It is an increased forward
curve in the lumber region
❖ It creates problem in standing
and walking. The body seems
to be stiff
❖ Can be corrected in an early
stage
❖ Caused by imbalanced diet,
improper environment,
improper development of
muscles, obesity and diseases
affecting vertebrae and spinal
muscles
Scoliosis
❖ Postural adaptation of the
spine in lateral position
❖ Scoliosis means bending,
twisting or rotating
❖ Scoliotic curves are defined
in terms of their convexities.
❖ Caused by disease in the
joints of bones,
underdeveloped legs,
infantile paralysis, rickets,
congenital or acquired
abnormalities of vertebrae,
muscles or nerves.
Flat Foot

❖ A condition in which the foot

has an arch that is lower
than usual
❖ Children with flat feet feel
pain in feet
❖ Person with flat feet can not
walk long distances or walk
at a brisk pace
❖ Caused by weak muscles,
rapid increase in weight,
improper shoes
 Knock
Knees
❖ In this deformity, both the knees knock or
touch each other in normal standing
position
❖ The gap between ankles goes on increasing
❖ individual faces difficulty in walking and
running
❖ Caused by lack of balanced diet especially
vitamin ’D’, calcium and phosphorus,
chronic illness, obesity
 Bow
Legs
❖ Lower long bones of the legs get bent
❖ Wide gap between the knees when
standing with feet together
❖ Can be observed when a person walks or
runs
❖ Caused by deficiency of calcium and
phosphorus in bones, obesity, deficiency of
Vitamin D, improper way of walking
Round
Shoulders
❖ Shoulder become round and sometimes
they seem to be bent forwards
❖ Alignment of the ears in relation to the
shoulders is not proper
❖ Occur due to shortening of chest muscles
4. Caused by wearing very tight clothes,
Sitting on improper furniture, Lack of
proper exercise especially of shoulders
Normal Round
5.4 CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR
POSTURAL DEFORMITIES
CORRECTIVE MEASURE FOR KYPHOSIS
CORRECTIVE MEASURE FOR LORDOSIS
CORRECTIVE
MEASURE FOR
SCOLIOSIS
CORRECTIVE
MEASURE FOR
KNOCK-KNEES
CORRECTIVE
MEASURE FOR
BOW LEGS
CORRECTIVE
MEASURE FOR
ROUND
SHOULDER
CORRECTIVE
MEASURE FOR
FLAT FOOT
5.5 SPORTS PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN INDIA
 Sports participation of women
in India
❖ Gender inequality is strongly evident in the field of sports
❖ Less opportunities in comparison to their male counterparts
❖ Social environment inhibits women from Sports participation
❖ Now more sports women emerging as role models
❖ Mary Leela Row (Athlete), 1st woman to represent India at
Helsinki Olympics in 1952.
❖ Karnam Malleswari, 1st Indian woman to win a bronze
medal at Sydney Olympic 2000
❖ Saina Nehwal, M.C. Mary Kom won bronze medal in
badminton and boxing in London Olympics 2012.
Reasons for Less Participation of Women in
Sports
❖ Lack of legislation
❖ Lack of time
❖ Lack of self-confidence
❖ Male dominated culture of
sports
❖ Lack of interest of
spectators and less media
coverage
❖ Lack of female sports
person as a role model
Reasons for Less Participation of Women in Sports

❖ Lack of fitness and wellness

movement
❖ Lack of Awareness among
women
❖ Lack of women coaches
❖ Attitude of society towards
women’s participation in sports
❖ Lack of personal safety
❖ Lack of access to sports
facilities
5.6 SPECIAL CONSIDERATION (MENARCHE
AND MENSTRUAL DYSFUNCTION)
 Special Problems Faced by Women
Sportspersons

Menarche
❖ It is the first menstrual period of a girl that generally happens approximately at the age
of 12
❖ It can happen as early as during 8 to 9 years of age or as last as during 16 years of
age.
❖ Intensive sports activity may lead to health risk to young girls and it is reflected as an
abnormal menarche.
 Special Problems Faced by Women
Sportspersons

Menstrual dysfunction
❖ It is disorder or irregularity in menstrual cycle. The disorders are:
✓ Absence of menstrual period
✓ Abdominal cramps
✓ Heavy or prolonged periods.
✓ Irregular periods.
✓ Delay in first menstrual period.
❖ There is a misconception that sports participation during menstruation could be physiologically harmful.
Research studies have indicated that there is no specific effect on sports performance during all phases of
the menstrual cycle.
5.7 FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD( OSTEOPOROSIS,
AMENORRHEA AND EATING DISORDERS)
 Female Athlete Triad
❖ It is a health concern for active women
and girls who are driven to excel in
sports. It involves 3 distinct and
interrelated conditions:

❖ Osteoporosis

❖ Amenorrhea

❖ Eating disorder
Symptoms of Triad
❖ Symptoms of triad may include
✓ Fatigue
✓ frequent injuries
✓ loss of endurance and power
✓ Irritability
✓ increased healing time of injuries
✓ Enhance chances of fracture
✓ cessation of menstruation
✓ Low self esteem
❖ symptoms depend on the condition of triad
 Osteoporosi
s

❖ It refers to the decreased bone material contents.

❖ It is a skeletal disorder.
❖ It puts women athlete at a risk of bone fracture.
❖ Low oestrogen level and low calcium intake can lead to osteoporosis.
❖ Following factors lead to osteoporosis among the women athlete.
✓ Insufficient calcium in diet
✓ Amenorrhea
✓ Eating disorders
 Amenorrhe
a

❖It is an absence of menstruation for three months or more.

✓ Primary Amenorrhea ( delayed beginning of menstrual cycle)
✓ Secondary Amenorrhea ( stopping of regular menstrual cycle for 3 months or more)
❖Various factors influencing Amenorrhea:
✓ Hormonal changes
✓ Intensive exercises
✓ Intake of less calories
 Eating Disorders

❖Girls try to lose their body weight as a way to improve their performance in
the field of games and sports.
❖In order to lose weight, they may practice
❖Unhealthy weight control methods
❖Including restricted food intake
❖Self induced vomiting
❖Using Diet Pills or Laxatives
Anorexia
Nervosa
❖ Pretend to Eat
❖ Dieting despite being Thin
❖ Afraid of Gaining weight
❖ More Cautious about Calories
❖ Remain conscious about appearance
❖ In front of the mirror they see themselves as
obese
Bulimia Nervosa

❖ Eating Disorder
❖ Person eats in excessive amount
and then
 vomits to avoid gaining weight

❖ An individual binges on food

and feels a loss of control
❖ To prevent weight gain, tries to
vomit the
 food
THANK
YOU