Fire Suppression Products

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Special Considerations When Protecting

Residential Occupancies
Mark Fessenden
Director, Industry Relations

Johnson Controls — Footer - Use 'Insert >Header & Footer' to modify this text and ‘Apply to all’
US Residential Fire Statistics

2012-2016 Annual Averages – www.nfpa.org

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What are the characteristics of a sprinkler that define its
ability to control or extinguish a fire

• Operating Element
• Thermal sensitivity
• Temperature rating
• Frame & Orifice
• Hydraulics & Pneumatics
• Installation & Orientation &
Deflector
• Water distribution characteristics
• Hazard
• Special service conditions

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What are the Key Elements of an Effective Fire Protection
Solution?

Density

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Operating Element
• Thermal sensitivity - A measure of the
rapidity with which the thermal element
operates as installed in a specific sprinkler
or sprinkler assembly.
• One measure of thermal sensitivity is the
response time index (RTI) as measured
under standardized test conditions.
• Fast Response Sprinklers have a thermal
element with an RTI of 50 (m-s)1/2 or less.
• Special Response Sprinklers have an RTI
of 50 (m-s)1/2 to 80 (m-s)1/2
• Standard Response Sprinklers have a
thermal element with an RTI of 80 (m-s)1/2
or more.

Center Strut – 125 m-s½

Glass Bulb (5mm) - 105 m-s½
Glass Bulb (3mm) - 36 m-s½
Fusible Link – 26 m-s½
Heat Fin - 26 m-s½

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Fusible Link Sprinklers
• Operation:
• The fusible link (heat collector)
assembly is comprised of two halves
that are joined together by a thin
layer of solder.
• When the rated temperature is
reached, the solder melts and the
two link halves separate, allowing
the sprinkler to operate.
• RTI of Fusible Link – 26 m-s½

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Fusible Link Pendent Sprinkler

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Glass Bulb Sprinklers
• Operation -
• The glass Bulb contains a fluid
which expands when exposed to
heat.
• When the rated temperature is
reached, the fluid expands
sufficiently to shatter the glass Bulb,
allowing the sprinkler to activate and
water to flow.

• 5mm Bulb (Glycerin Antifreeze)

• RTI of 5mm Glass Bulb – 105 m-s½

• 3mm Bulb (Tetrachloroethylene)

• RTI of 3mm Glass Bulb – 35 m-s½

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Glass Bulb Activation

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Temperature rating

Copyright © NFPA 13 (2007) – Table 6.2.5.1

Information regarding the highest temperature that can be encountered in any location in a particular
installation can be obtained by use of a thermometer that registers the highest temperature encountered.
It should be hung for several days in the location in question.

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 Thermal Sensitivity vs. Time of Operation
• There are many factors that affect
the response time of an automatic
sprinklers:
• Ceiling height
• Sprinkler spacing
• Ambient room temperature
• Distance below ceiling

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How do decorative escutcheons & concealed cover plates
effect sprinkler sensitivity
• Concealed sprinklers:
• Equivalent to pendent sprinklers
having a similar thermal response
sensitivity installed 12” (305 mm)
below smooth unobstructed ceilings
• Recessed sprinklers:
• Equivalent to pendent sprinklers
having a similar thermal response
sensitivity installed 8” (203 mm)
below smooth unobstructed ceilings

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Concealed Pendent Sprinkler

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Fast Response vs Quick Response

Fast
Response
Sprinklers

Standard Extended Early

Coverage Coverage Suppression
Quick Quick Residential Fast
Response Response Response
(QR) (QREC) (ESFR)

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Orifice & Thread Size

Nominal
Nominal K-factor % of K-5.6 Thread
Orifice Size
K-factor Range Discharge Size
(in)
1.4 1.3–1.5 .25 25 1/2" NPT
1.9 1.8–2.0 .33 33.3 1/2" NPT
2.8 2.6–2.9 .38 50 1/2" NPT
4.2 4.0–4.4 .48 75 1/2" NPT
5.6 5.3–5.8 .5 100 1/2" NPT
3/4" NPT
8 7.4–8.2 .53 140 or
1/2" NPT
3/4" NPT
11.2 11.0–11.5 .64 200 or
1/2" NPT Q = K (P)
14 13.5–14.5 .7 250 3/4" NPT
16.8 16.0–17.6 .78 300 3/4" NPT
19.6 18.6–20.6 — 350 1" NPT
22.4 21.3–23.5 — 400 1" NPT
Q = Flow (gpm)
25.2 23.9–26.5 .95 450 1" NPT K = K-factor (gpm/psi1/2)
P = Pressure (psi)

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Sprinkler Styles / Orientation

Upright Pendent Sidewall

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Upright Sprinkler Distribution

6-Head

1-Head

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Residential Sprinklers
• A type of fast-response sprinkler that has been specifically investigated for its
ability to enhance survivability in the room of fire origin and is listed for use in
the protection of dwelling units.

4.9 K Residential Pendent 5.6 K Standard Spray Pendent

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Sprinkler Water Spray Distribution

Standard Spray Sprinkler Residential Sprinkler

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It’s All About Time

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UL 1626 Fire Test Requirements
1. The maximum gas or air temperature adjacent to the sprinkler - 3” (76.2 mm)
below the ceiling and 8” (203 mm) horizontally away from the sprinkler—must
not exceed 600°F (316°C).
2. The maximum temperature - 5’-3” (1.6 m) above the floor and half the room
length away from each wall—must be less than 200°F (93°C) during the
entire test. This temperature must not exceed 130°F (54°C) for more than a
2-min period.
3. The maximum temperature ¼” (6.3 mm) behind the finished surface of the
ceiling material directly above the test fire must not exceed 500°F (260°C).
4. No more than two residential sprinklers in the test enclosure can operate.
5. The enclosure is kept at an initial ambient temperature of 80°F (27°C) ± 5°F
(3°C), and it is ventilated through two door openings on opposite walls.

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UL 1626 Fire Test

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UL 1626 Test Video

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UL 1626 - Minimum rated sprinkler flow
rates (0.05 gpm/ft2 (2,04 mm/min))

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UL 1626 - Water Distribution Test
• Wet all walls within coverage area 28” (711 mm) below the
ceiling
• The application rate for any 1 ft2 (0.09 m2) area within the
design area shall be at least 0.02 gpm/ft2 (0.8 mm/min)

28”

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 Freeze Protection

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Protection of Piping Against Freezing (13:19,
16.4.1)
•If systems cannot be maintained at or above 40°F (4°C):
• Listed antifreeze
• Insulation
• Listed, supervised heat-trace
• Dry pipe or preaction system
• PE verified heat-loss calculations

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Historic Antifreeze Criteria

NFPA 13: 2007 & 2010 Average Monthly Temperature

Location (°F)
Jan. April July Oct.
Anchorage, Alaska 15.8 36.3 58.4 34.1
Atlanta, Ga. 42.7 61.6 80 62.8
Baltimore, Md. 32.3 53.2 76.5 55.4
Chicago, Ill. 22 47.8 73.3 52.1
Cleveland, Ohio 25.7 47.6 71.9 52.2
Columbia, S.C. 44.6 63.2 82 63.7
Dallas-Ft. Worth, TX 44.1 65 85 67.2
Denver, Colo. 29.2 47.6 73.4 51
Houston, Texas 51.8 68.5 83.6 70.4
Las Vegas, Nev. 47 66 91.2 68.7
Los Angeles, Calif. 57.1 60.8 69.3 66.9
Portland, Ore. 39.9 51.2 68.1 54.3
Providence, R.I. 28.7 48.6 73.3 53
Salt Lake City, UT 29.2 50 77 52.5
Seattle-Tacoma, WA 40.9 50.2 65.3 52.7
St. Louis, Mo. 29.6 56.6 80.2 58.3
Tampa, Fla. 61.3 71.5 82.5 75.8

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Freeze Points of Common Antifreeze

Not Listed

Freeze Point is the temperature where the first ice crystal forms in the fluid.
The flow point is the lowest temperature at which the solution will continue to flow as a
liquid.
Burst point is the temperature where the fluid is solid, expanding, and bursting the vessel.
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Antifreeze Heat Release Rates

Antifreez Freezing Density Energy

e Mixture Point at 68°F Released
Water 0°C 0.998 kg/l 357 MJ
Glycerin -30°C 1.146 kg/l 596 MJ
Propylene 1.062 kg/l
-39°C 629 MJ
Glycol

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Antifreeze – What is the Problem & How is our Industry
Addressing it

• Antifreeze is used to protect • NOT a sprinkler device problem –it

sprinkler systems in areas where
adequate heat is not provided
• Historically limited to 150 liter
system capacity
• Incidents Involving Antifreeze
• Bethel, ME –1997
• Monmouth, NJ –2002
• Denver, CO –2006
• Truckee, CA –2009
• Herriman, UT –2010
is a problem with the is antifreeze
solution, which when atomized
becomes a flammable liquid (as
opposed to being non-combustible
in it’s liquid state)
• This is a Life Safety concern
• Research and Data Projects
• FPRF –Antifreeze Solutions in
Home Fire Sprinkler Systems –
Phase I
• UL Fire Test Data Summary for
Residential Sprinklers Discharging
Antifreeze Mixtures
• FPRF –Antifreeze Solutions in
Home Fire Sprinkler Systems –
Phase II

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Antifreeze Summary for NFPA13, 13D, & 13R

Propylene Glycol Glycerin

Shall be Listed for use in Shall be Listed for use in

NFPA 13 (13:19, 8.6.2)
Sprinkler Systems Sprinkler Systems

Premixed Non-Listed 30% by Premixed Non-Listed 38% by

Volume Until 9/30/2022 Volume Until 9/30/2022
NFPA 25 installed prior
9/30/2012
Premixed Non-Listed Between Premixed Non-Listed Between
(25:17, 5.3.3.4.1)
30% and 40% with a 38% and 50% with a
Deterministic Risk Assessment Deterministic Risk Assessment

NFPA 25 installed after

9/30/2012 Listed Antifreeze Listed Antifreeze
(25:17, 5.3.3.4)

NFPA 13R (13R:19, 5.4.2) Follow NFPA 13 Follow NFPA 13

Listed or 38% when deemed Listed or 48% when deemed

NFPA 13D (13D:19, 9.2.2)
acceptable by AHJ acceptable by AHJ

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UL 2901 - Outline of Investigation for Antifreeze Solutions for
Use in Fire Sprinkler Systems
• PERFORMANCE
• 5 General
• 6 Characterization Tests
• 7 High Ambient Temperature Stability
• 8 Temperature Cycling Stability
• 9 Electrical Conductivity
• 10 Corrosion Rate
• 11 Pit Depth Corrosion
• 12 Exposure to Elastomeric Materials
• 13 Stress Corrosion
• 14 Impact of Galvanic Action
• 15 Compatibility with Polymeric Materials
• 16 Toxicity
• 17 Exposure to Fire
• 18 Fire Fighting Effectiveness
• 19 Viscosity at Temperature Limitations
• 20 Resistance to Leakage

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UL Fire Testing
•Exposure to Fire
• Heat release rate cannot increase more than 10% above baseline for any
consecutive 15 sec. period throughout antifreeze solution discharge
• Tests are conducted using 4.2 and 8.0 gpm/(psig)1/2 K-factor sprinklers

•Fire Fighting Effectiveness

• UL 1626 Fire Test - 16’ x 16’ feet (4.9 m x 4.9 m) coverage area
• Recessed pendent - 4.9 K: 7 psi & 100 psi (.48 bar & 6.89 bar)
• Recessed horizontal sidewall - 4.2 K: 23 psi & 100 psi (1.59 bar & 6.89 bar)

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Fire Exposure Test
• 120 second pre-burn
• Antifreeze solution discharged
through the open sprinklers
• 10 – 150 psi (.69 bar – 10.34 bar),
increasing 10 psi (.69 bar) every 10
sec.

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60% Propylene Glycol

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New UL Listed Antifreeze

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Application:
•NFPA 13D - No limitations on sprinkler system volume. Antifreeze shall only be used
in above-ground piping.
•NFPA 13R (Occupancies with Dwelling Units Only) - No limitations on sprinkler
system volume in buildings only containing dwellings. Antifreeze shall only be used in
above-ground piping.
•NFPA 13R (Mixed Use Occupancies) - Where buildings contain mixed use
occupancies that are fed by a single sprinkler system, the system size shall be limited
to 40 gal (151 L). Where a sprinkler system feeds solely dwelling units, the system
size has no limitations. Antifreeze shall only be used in above-ground piping. Where a
system feeds non-dwelling units, it shall be limited to 40 gal (151 L). If future building
renovations result in occupancy classification changes, a fire sprinkler system
evaluation must be performed to determine if any changes are required for the use of
antifreeze.
•NFPA 13 - Buildings with occupancy classifications of Light Hazard and Ordinary
Hazard Group 1 and 2 are limited to a sprinkler system volume of 40 gal (151 L).
Storage applications using non-ESFR sprinklers are limited to a sprinkler system
volume of 40 gal (151 L).
•Not listed for use in protecting extra hazard occupancies, flammable liquids, or use
with ESFR sprinklers.

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 Properties

• Factory Pre-mix
• Appearance: Liquid, colorless
• Min. Use Temperature: -10°F (-
23,3°C)
• Maximum Use Temperature: 150°F
(65°C)
• Freeze Point: -13°F (-25°C)
• Freeze point is the temperature at
which crystallization begins.
• Density at 77°F (25°C):
• 9.4 lb/gal (1129 kg/m3)
• 70.312 lbs/cubic foot
• pH: 7—8
• Conductivity: 1000—1400 μS/cm
• Pour Point: -16.6°F (-27°C)

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Utilizing Sidewalls to Avoid Spaces Subject to Freezing

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NFPA Insulation Recommendations

Nordic Ave. January Temp

−6 °C (21 °F) to 3 °C (37 °F)
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Tenting the Piping

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Boxing in the Piping

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Insulation Failures

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Insulation Failures

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 Heat Tracing

• Heating-cable Systems for Use on

Fire-protection-system Piping
(VGNJ)
• The basic test standards used to
investigate products in this category
include:
• ANSI/IEEE 515, "Testing, Design,
Installation, and Maintenance of
Electrical Resistance Trace Heating
for Industrial Applications"
• IEEE 515.1, "Recommended
Practice for the Testing, Design,
Installation, and Maintenance of
Electrical Resistance Heat Tracing
for Commercial Applications"
• UL 515A, "Outline of Investigation for
Electrical Resistance Tracing Heating
and Associated Controls for Use in
Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems"
• ANSI/UL 864, "Control Units and
Accessories for Fire Alarm Systems"

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Dry Type Sprinklers
• A sprinkler secured in an extension
nipple that has a seal at the inlet
end to prevent water from entering
the nipple until the sprinkler
operates.

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Installation Challenges

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Dry Type Sprinkler Exposed Barrel Lengths

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Dry Type Sprinklers
• NFPA 25:2014 5.3.1.1.1.6* Dry sprinklers that have been in service for 10 years shall
be replaced or representative samples shall be tested and then retested at 10-year
intervals.

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NFPA - Dry Pipe System Water Delivery

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Residential Dry Type Systems

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 http://www.onlinetechxchange.com/

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