1936 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 58, NO.

5, MAY 2011

Active Noise Control in Headsets by Using a

Low-Cost Microcontroller
Cheng-Yuan Chang and Sheng-Ting Li

Abstract—Conventional passive headsets often perform well in

reducing high-frequency noise but perform badly to cancel the
low-frequency noise. Accordingly, academic researches and com-
panies have developed active noise-reducing headsets to cancel
annoying noise at such lower frequencies using expensive digital
signal processors (DSPs). This paper develops a modified feedback
active noise control (ANC)algorithm to design an active noise-
reducing headset with a low-cost microcontroller unit (MCU),
offering a cheaper solution to noise reduction than existing audio
headsets. The ways to save the computing load of a least mean
square (LMS) algorithm by a microcontroller and to compensate
for the output limit of speakers in a headset are also provided. Ex-
perimental results show that the proposed approach removes dis-
turbing noise very well and outperforms the commercial headset.
Index Terms—Headset, microcontroller, modified feedback ac-
tive noise control (ANC) algorithm. Fig. 1. Idea of an ANC headset.

the property of digital signal processing, canceling the noise at

I. I NTRODUCTION
frequency fM requires the data sampling rate fs ≥ 2fM . Be-

A CTIVE NOISE CONTROL (ANC), initially proposed by

Lueg [1], superimposes sound waves to cancel unwanted
noise. It is often implemented by using a high-speed digital sig-
nal processor (DSP) with least mean square (LMS) algorithm.
Many researches have studied ANC theory to reduce undesired
noise by exploiting adaptive schemes whose effectiveness they
have verified in ducts or by simulation. [2]–[7].
Advances in electronics have led more people to listen music
using an audio headset while they are traveling. However, in
a noisy environment, such as in a flying aircraft or subway
carriage, listening fatigue can soon occur when the noise level
is high. Additionally, exposure to high levels of noise has phys-
ical, physiological, and psychological effects in humans [8].
In another application, hearing protection is typically regarded
as required to protect workers when they are exposed to noise
that exceeds 85 dB. Previously used past passive noise control
methods, such as the use of ear muffs, are effective at cancel-
ing high-frequency noise but ineffective against low-frequency
noise. However, most industrial noise often has significant
power at low frequencies, where the wavelength of sound is
so long that the materials of passive techniques are bulky and
heavy, such as in automobile mufflers. Besides, according to
Manuscript received September 11, 2009; revised January 28, 2010,
March 24, 2010, and May 21, 2010; accepted June 23, 2010. Date of publication
July 15, 2010; date of current version April 13, 2011. This work was supported
by the National Science Council of the Republic of China, Taiwan under
Contract NSC–98–2221–E–033–049.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Yuan
Christian University, Jhongli 320, Taiwan (e-mail: ccy@cycu.edu.tw).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIE.2010.2058071
0278-0046/$26.00 © 2010 IEEE
cause the real-time processing load of ANC includes numerous
multiply-accumulate operations to implement the adaptive filter
and LMS algorithm during one sampling period; therefore,
active methods with LMS algorithm cannot reduce the noise
at high-frequency well and have an advantage in canceling
low-frequency sound waves [2], [3]. Some researchers have
developed ANC systems for headsets to reduce environmental
noise while listening to music or working in noisy environments
[9]–[11]. These systems include adaptive feedback active noise
control (FANC). Fig. 1 presents the main concept on which a
headset with the FANC is based. One microphone in the ear
cup measures unwanted noise. Antinoise, which has the same
magnitude but is phase-shifted by 180◦ from the unwanted
noise, is generated using the FANC algorithm to cancel the
undesired noise.
To implement FANC, in [9], an integrated approach to
producing an ANC headset has been proposed for audio and
communication applications. It emphasizes algorithmic devel-
opment and verification of effectiveness of such integrated
headsets. Simulations and experiments have been conducted to
study performance. The ideal position of the error microphone,
the training signal used the selection of adaptive algorithms, and
the structures have all been addressed in [10]. Measurements
of a DSP have also been made in real time to evaluate and
verify performance. Song et al. [11] proposed a means of
adding an analog feedback loop to a digital ANC system. This
hybrid system can be used to reduce disturbances during the
identification of the secondary path, such as when the user
adjusts the ear cup, producing a robust system.
Recent advancements in microelectronics have resulted in
versatile microcontrollers that have been used in a wide range of
CHANG AND LI: ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL IN HEADSETS BY USING A LOW-COST MICROCONTROLLER
Fig. 2. Block diagram of adaptive FANC in a headset.
applications such as battery charging, wireless sensor network,
uninterruptible power supply, and motorcycle suspension [12]–
[15]. However, research and commercial ANC headsets have
typically been made using floating-point processing-type DSPs.
Accordingly, the overall cost of an ANC headset system is
commonly high. This paper presents the use of a 16-bit mi-
crocontroller unit (MCU) as the core of the ANC headset and
designs a modified FANC (MFANC) algorithm to realize an
ANC headset in an MCU. Therefore, the proposed system has
lower cost because the price of an MCU is only about one-
seventh of that of a DSP. A means of reducing the computation
time is also presented to reduce processing time and improve
the performance of an ANC headset using an MCU.
This article is organized as follows. Section II discusses the
basic concept of the FANC system. Section III briefly describes
the differences in the design of ANC headset systems between
DSPs and 16-bit MCUs and analyzes the modified design
of FANC. Section IV presents the experimental results and
verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results
in this paper are also compared with those obtained using a
commercial headset. Finally, Section V draws conclusions.
II. A DAPTIVE FANC S YSTEM
Fig. 2 presents the basic idea on which a headset with
FANC is based. In this system, S(z) is the transfer function
of the secondary path in the ear cup and S  (z) is the estimate
of the secondary path. The Lth-order adaptive finite-impulse-
response (FIR) filter W (z) uses LMS algorithm to update
its coefficients. It is based on the theory of adaptive control
[16]–[19]. The primary noise, antinoise, and residual noise are
denoted d(n), y  (n), and e(n), respectively. Since the primary
noise d(n) is canceled by the antinoise y  (n), it is unavailable
during the noise cancellation processes. Therefore, the primary
noise that must be estimated before the LMS algorithm can
be implemented in the FANC system. Let sm (n) and m =
0, . . . , M − 1be the coefficients of the M th-order FIR filter
S  (z), and wl (n) and l = 0, . . . , L − 1be the coefficients of the
Lth-order adaptive filter W (z) at time n; the estimate of the
primary noise x(n) is

M −1
x(n) ≡ d (n) = e(n) + sm (n)y(n − m) (1)
m=0
1937
moreover,

L−1
y(n) = wl (n)x(n − l) (2)
l=0

M −1
x (n) = sm (n)x(n − m). (3)
m=0
The filtered-X least mean square (FXLMS) algorithm is
wl (n+1) = wl (n)+μx (n−l)e(n), l = 0, 1, . . . , L−1 (4)
where μ is a learning constant.
However, an effective normalized FXLMS is commonly used
to prevent a large learning constant and protect the learning
algorithm against instability associated with large changes in
correction term
μ
wl (n + 1) = wl (n) + x (n − l)e(n) (5)
Px (n) + c
l = 0, 1, . . . , L − 1, where the power function is
Px (n) = (1 − α)Px (n − 1) + αx2 (n). (6)
In (5) and (6), c is a small positive constant and α is close
to one [9]. (1)–(6) present the FANC system. This method is
effective when the primary signal cannot easily be obtained in
an ANC system.
III. M ODIFIED FANC H EADSET BASED
ON A M ICROCONTROLLER
An ANC application, such as the headset, is typically real-
ized using a floating-point DSP, because the speed of a high-
level DSP can reach 1 000 000 instructions/s. The DSP can
perform some very useful functions and instructions quickly,
such as convolution, to handle the complex signal processing
jobs in DSP. Therefore, noise can be cancelled effectively using
the FANC algorithm in an ANC system and numerous digital
devices have applications that use DSPs. However, using DSP
as its core, an effective commercial ANC headset costs about
USD$100 ∼ 300—so expensive that ANC headsets are still not
popular devices.
This paper presents an ANC headset that uses an MCU in-
stead. Although an MCU is cheaper than a DSP, the processing
speed of an MCU is much slower than a DSP. In general, MCUs
perform only simple applications. The proposed paper utilizes
the modified algorithm to save the computing effort and tries to
realize adaptive systems in time by an MCU. Fig. 3 displays a
block diagram of the proposed headset design based on FANC.
In Fig. 3, the audio signal a(n) and the artificial noise signal
y(n) are sent to the headphone to cancel the unwanted noise
d(n). An online modeling algorithm is adopted to identify the
dynamic equations for the secondary path to avoid unstable
situations that are associated to the plant fluctuation of ear cup.
1938 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 58, NO. 5, MAY 2011

Fig. 4. Proposed MFANC method.

Fig. 3. Online tuning FANC.
TABLE I
PIC24H MATH FUNCTIONS AND MACHINE CYCLES
The other functions are similar to those presented in Fig. 2. The
online identification of secondary path is given as

y2 (n) = y(n) + a(n) (7)


M −1
e2 (n) = e(n) + sm (n)a(n − m) (8)
m=0
sm (n + 1) = sm (n) + μa(n − m)e2 (n),
m = 0, . . . , M − 1 (9)

and the FANC is given by

We use the new correction term μx (n − l)e3 (n) to adapt

M −1 the weight of ANC. However, to produce an ANC with an
x(n) ≡ d (n) = e2 (n) + sm (n)y(n − m), (10) MCU effectively, three problems must be solved in advance.
m=0 The first is that the floating-point processing rate of MCUs is

L−1
slow. The main reason is that MCU uses software to perform the
y(n) = wl (n)x(n − l) (11) floating-point operations but uses hardware arithmetic circuits
l=0 to perform the fixed-point operations. Hence, the fixed-point

M −1
processing computation is fast. Table I presents the time taken
x (n) = sm (n)x(n − m) (12) to perform basic mathematical functions [20]. The second
m=0
problem is that the frequency of the MCU is no more than
wl (n + 1) = wl (n) + μx (n − l)e2 (n), 50 MHz—not close to the frequency of DSP, which can be
l = 0, 1, . . . , L − 1. (13) up to 1 GHz. Therefore, using an MCU to realize a device
that performs complex computations in real time is difficult.
In order not to overdrive the speaker in the ear cup, we have The third problem is that MCU can only perform simple in-
to set a limiter to y(n) structions quickly, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division. However, Table I shows the processing time of
if ymin ≤ y(n) ≤ ymax , then y1 (n) = y(n),
division operation is 18 times of multiplication by using fixed-
Δ
and if y(n) ≤ ymin , then y1 (n) = ymin , point processing computation; therefore, we have to reduce the
else if ymax ≤ y(n), then y1 (n) = ymax .
Δ
(14) division operations for saving the computing time. Moreover,
the learning constant, as in (9) or (15), is typically a small
The constants ymin and ymax are decided to avoid overdriv- positive value such as 0.001. MCUs with fixed-point operation
ing the speaker in the ear cup. Therefore, to update the weights complete this value by dividing 1 by 1000. Additionally, the
W (z) correctly with y(n), we use the modified design y3 to correction terms in (9) and (15) could become zero due to
compensate for the effect of limiter, as shown in Fig. 4. quantization. Therefore, the tuning process stops and the FANC
The adaptation of ANC system will be method fail by quantization of the fixed-point operations.
To prevent this situation, the tuning method is modified

M −1
herein, as follows:
x(n) ≡ d (n) = e2 (n) + sm (n)y1 (n − m),
m=0 sm (n + 1)/μ = sm (n)/μ + a(n − m)e2 (n),
Δ
e3 (n) = e2 (n) + y3 (n), m = 0, . . . , M − 1 (16)
wl (n + 1) = wl (n) + μx (n − l)e3 (n), wl (n + 1)/μ = wl (n)/μ + x (n − l)e3 (n),
l = 0, 1, . . . , L − 1. (15) l = 0, 1, . . . , L − 1. (17)
CHANG AND LI: ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL IN HEADSETS BY USING A LOW-COST MICROCONTROLLER 1939

Therefore, the small positive constant μ does not cause the TABLE II
COMPUTING TIME OF PROPOSED METHOD BY FIXED-POINT OPERATIONS
quantization of correction terms. For a 16-bit MCU, the range
of sm (n)/μ and wl (n)/μ is [−32 768, 32 767]. Hence, the
coefficients sm (n) and wl (n) are [−32, 32] at μ = 0.001,
which are suitable for the LMS algorithm.
We also modify (8), (10)–(12) in the ANC headset system to
save the computing time, such as


M −1

e2 (n) = e(n)+μ · (Sm (n)/μ) a(n−m) (18)
m=0
TABLE III

M −1 CHARACTERISTICS OF PIC24H AND DSP
x(n) ≡ d (n) = e2 (n)+μ · (sm (n)/μ) y1 (n−m), (19)
m=0


L−1
y(n) = μ · (wl (n)/μ)x(n−l) (20)
l=0


M −1
x (n) = μ · (sm (n)/μ) x(n−m). (21)
m=0

Therefore, the learning constant μ has only to be calculated

once. In (18)–(21), M − 1 divisions are eliminated in each of
the M th-order adaptive filters and L − 1 divisions are elimi- e3 in (26) can be obtained from (15), we have
nated in the Lth-order adaptive filter, according to (20). These Δ
savings enable another 18 ∗ (M − 1) ∗ 3 and 18 ∗ (L − 1) mul- e3 (n) = e2 (n) + y3 (n)
tiplications to be performed, making the ANC headset with a = e2 (n) + y(n) · S  (z) − y1 (n) · S  (z),
low-cost MCU becoming feasible. 
M −1

A positive integer can be defined as = e2 (n) + sm (y(n − m) − y1 (n − m))

m=0
M −1
k = 1/μ (22) 1
= e2 (n) + s̃m (y(n − m) − y1 (n − m)) . (31)
k
sm (n)/μ = k · sm (n) = s̃m (n)
Δ m=0
(23)
Δ Equations (25)–(31) are collectively the MFANC algorithm. All
wl (n)/μ = k · wl (n) = w̃l (n) (24) of the variables and constants, k, e(n), s̃m (n), a(n), e2 (n),
e3 (n), y(n), x(n), x (n), and w̃l (n), can be integers in this
can be also defined. Therefore, (16)–(21) become algorithm. Table II also shows the necessary computing time
of the proposed method with fixed-point operations, given
s̃m (n+1) = s̃m (n)+a(n−m)e2 (n), by (25)–(31). If the sampling frequency is 10 kHz, then, the
MCU in the ANC design will finish the signal conversion and
m = 0, . . . , M −1 (25) computation within time
w̃l (n+1) = w̃l (n)+x (n−l)e3 (n),
40 MHz/10 kHz ∼
= 4000 machine cycles. (32)
l = 0, 1, . . . , L−1 (26)
Therefore, if the length of both adaptive filters S  (z) and

M −1 W (z) are 20 (L = M = 20), then, the computations take
1
e2 (n) = e(n)+ · s̃ (n)a(n−m) (27) 355 machine cycles. Enough time is available for other data
k m=0 m
conversion processes. Therefore, the proposed MFANC ap-
M −1 proach can be used in designing an ANC headset system based
1  
x(n) ≡ d (n) = e2 (n)+ · s̃ (n)y1 (n−m) (28) on an MCU.
k m=0 m
IV. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS
1 
L−1
y(n) = · w̃l (n)x(n−l) (29) This paper proposed an MCU-based MFANC headphone.
k
l=0 MICROCHIP PIC24H is adopted to design the controller for
M −1 the headset. Table III presents the characteristics of a PIC24H
1  
x (n) = · s̃ (n)x(n−m). (30) and a floating-point DSP. The characteristics, including operat-
k m=0 m ing speed, mathematical functionality, memory, resolution, and
1940
Fig. 5. ANC headset, by adding an error microphone into PHILIPS SHP2000.
Fig. 6. Manikin with a microphone in its ear.
others of an MCU are all poorer than those of a floating-point
DSP. However, the price of an MCU is about one-seventh of
the price of a DSP; therefore, if an MCU in an ANC headset
can perform as well as a DSP, then, the progress of an effective
ANC headset can be improved.
A commercial audio headset, PHILIPS SHP2000, is mod-
ified by adding an error microphone to each ear cup as our
MFANC headset, as presented in Fig. 5. The acoustic plant S(z)
in the ear cup is learned by the adaptive filter S  (z). An Agilent
35670A Dynamic Spectrum Analyzer is adopted to measure the
performance. A manikin, with a microphone mounted in its ear,
is employed to monitor the residual noise signal, as displayed in
Fig. 6. A leading commercial ANC headset, costing USD150,
is considered for comparison. The orders of both the adaptive
weighting filter W (z) and the estimated secondary path filter
S  (z) in the proposed design are both 20: L = M = 20. All
the initial weights of adaptive filters are randomly initialized
between the range [−0.5, 0.5]. The sampling frequency is
10 kHz. The limiter constants ymax = (85)10 and ymin =
(−85)10 are decided to avoid overdriving the speaker.
In this paper,the performance of a PIC24H MCU in a head-
set that implements the MFANC algorithm is studied using
performing various noise cancellation experiments. Because
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 58, NO. 5, MAY 2011
Fig. 7. Spectrum of the residual signal with narrowband noise at 400 Hz, blue:
ANC OFF, red: ANC ON. (a) The commercial headset. (b) Our MCU headset
with MFANC method.
industrial noise, such as fan or engine noise has the main power
at low frequency, we examine the effectiveness of the proposed
paper by reducing narrowband and broadband noises at low
frequency.
The first experiment indicates the performance of the can-
cellation of narrowband noise. The microphone in the ear of
manikin is applied to measure the residual noise before and
after ANC. Blue line in Fig. 7(a) represents the noise at 400 Hz
while the red line plots the noise-canceling performance of
the commercial ANC headset. The performance of noise can-
cellation at 400 Hz is approximately 15 dB. Fig. 7(b) plots
the performance of the novel MCU headset with the MFANC
algorithm. The noise canceling performance at 400 Hz is about
35 dB. The noise canceling result of MCU headset is better than
the commercial headset.
However, as the frequency of the narrowband noise increases,
the noise-canceling performance of the commercial headset
becomes worse. Narrowband noise at 800 Hz is utilized to
evaluate the performance of both of the headsets. In Fig. 8(a),
the commercial ANC headset cannot cancel the undesired
noise, but in Fig. 8(b), the proposed MCU-based ANC headset
still cancels the noise at 800 Hz with a performance of around
25 dB.
In the third experiment, broadband white noise at 250–
300 Hz is used to confirm the performance of commercial and
proposed ANC headsets. Fig. 9(a) and (b) plot the results thus
obtained. The noise-canceling performance of the commercial
ANC headset is around 10 dB; however, the proposed design
cancels the broadband noise up to 20 dB.
CHANG AND LI: ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL IN HEADSETS BY USING A LOW-COST MICROCONTROLLER
Fig. 8. Spectrum of the residual signal with narrowband noise at 800 Hz, blue:
ANC OFF, red: ANC ON. (a) The commercial headset. (b) Our MCU headset
with MFANC method.
Fig. 9. Spectrum of the residual signal with broadband noise at 250 ∼ 300 Hz,
blue: ANC OFF, red: ANC ON. (a) The commercial headset. (b) Our MCU
headset with MFANC method.
1941
Fig. 10. Spectrum of the residual signal with sound signal at 500 Hz
and broadband noise at 350 ∼ 400 Hz, blue: ANC OFF, red: ANC ON.
(a) Commercial headset. (b) MCU headset with MFANC method.
TABLE IV
NOISE REDUCTION PERFORMANCE OF MCU BASED
AND C OMMERCIAL ANC H EADSETS
Finally, the performance of the ANC headsets is evaluated
by performing an experiment in which music is listened to in a
noisy environment. As presented in Fig. 10, narrowband noise
at 500 Hz is used as the music signal and white noise at 350–
400 Hz is the undesired noise. Following the activation of
ANC, the commercial headset cancels the broadband noise to
10–15 dB, shown in Fig. 10(a); however, the proposed MFANC
headset cancels the white noise to 15–20 dB, without canceling
the sound signal, as plotted in Fig. 10(b).
Experimental results in Figs. 7–10 show that the proposed
paper outperforms the commercial ANC headset at low fre-
quency. Table IV shows the noise reduction performance of
the MCU-based and commercial ANC headsets. Thus, there is
no evidence to suggest that the performance of DSP is always
better than the performance of MCU from the experimental
results. The proposed MCU-based method solves the prob-
lems of using fixed-point-type processor and utilizes simple
mathematical functions to save computation effort. Given the
significant amount savings and slight quality degradation like
quantization, we believe that our MFANC algorithm offers a
1942 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 58, NO. 5, MAY 2011
viable solution to MCU design. These experiments indicate that
both headsets effectively cancel low-frequency noise.
V. C ONCLUSION
This paper describes a MFANC algorithm to realize ANC
headsets using a low-cost MCU. Since most ANCs are realized
using the floating-point-type DSPs, this investigation develops
an easy but effective means of producing an ANC based on an
MCU. Since MCUs are cheap, the cost of such an ANC headset
is much lower than that of a conventional ANC headset. The
performance of an ANC headset based on a MCU is compared
with that of a commercial headset. The proposed technique is
very versatile and can be used to support other applications that
were originally based on a DSP.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
T. Knoy is appreciated for his editorial assistance.
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Cheng-Yuan Chang was born in Taiwan in 1968.
He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in control
engineering from National Chiao-Tung University,
Hsinchu, Taiwan, in 1990 and 1994, respectively, and
the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Na-
tional Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan, in 2000.
From 1994 to 2007, he was with the Department
of Electronic Engineering, Ching Yun University,
Jhongli, Taiwan. He is currently a Professor and
Chair of the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Chung Yuan Christian University, Jhongli, Taiwan.
His research interests are in the area of active noise control applications, fuzzy
neural controller design, GA algorithm, and nonlinear crane tracking controller
design.
Sheng-Ting Li was born in Taiwan in 1982. He re-
ceived the B.S. degree from Minghsin University of
Science and Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan, in 2004,
and the M.S. degree from Chung Yuan Christian Uni-
versity, Jhongli, Taiwan, in 2009, both in electrical
engineering.
From 2004 to present, he is an excellent Electronic
Engineer at Teco Image System Corporation, Ltd.,
Taoyuan, Taiwan. He is proficient in hardware circuit
design, PCB board layout, and good at MCU/DSP
control. His research interests are in the area of
intelligent control applications and active noise control system.