2.

Discuss and compare the accuracy of the Graphical Method and Measuring-Ordinate Method of
determining the irregular plane area.

Graphical Method is a type of measuring method of irregular plane areas wherein the figure is divided
into a number of squares of the same size and the number of squares within the figure represents the
area. While Measuring-ordinate Method is a type of method which uses three formula variations
wherein the figure is divided into even number of strips by parallel lines, length of all ordinates and
common width are measured, and the area is approximated by the three formulas namely the (1)
Trapezoidal Rule (2), Durand’s Rule, and (3) Simpson’s Rule.

In terms of accuracy, it is obvious that the Measuring-Ordinate Method is much superior than Graphical
Method. It is because in graphical method, a group of squares are used to measure the area, and the
remaining matched incomplete and unmatched incomplete squares are estimated by the person. Thus,
the accuracy of the whole process is subjective since it depends on the ability of a specific person to
accurately and precisely estimate the remaining incomplete squares. On the other hand, Measuring-
Ordinate Method uses small strips and equations to measure the area and does not rely on the ability of
the person to estimate a given area/situation. Also, the method is governed by equations that are tested
to be close to accurate. Lastly, the aforementioned method works quite similarly to integration whereas
the area is measured through a number of infinitesimally thin strips which further validates the claim
that Measuring-Ordinate Method is more accurate.

3. Explain the operating principle of Polar Planimeter.

The polar planimeter has two arms, the weighted arm that stays out and the tracing arm with a roller at
the bottom that moves around. There is a tracing lens that has a little bullseye. Roughly, you trace
around the shape, and the dial tells you the area.

The polar planimeter tells the area of the shape just by going around its perimeter.

The planimeter does not only measures the distance around the perimeter. It also takes into account
the way the angle here changes as you go around and that extra piece of information makes all the
difference.

The wheel rolls when you move the measuring arm and that same rolling wheel tells you the answer.
The angle is accounted for because the wheel is set away from the pivot, so changing the angle will
move the wheel.

First, place the weight on a sturdy location where it will not slip, and get something to measure and
choose a starting point. Before starting to measure, get yourself to position and reset the dial by
adjusting the knob to zero. Now trace the figure going clockwise, and once you’ve gone way all around,
the answer shows in the dial. You read the answer by lining up the zero on the left with the
measurement (dial in vide) on the right.

Multivariable calculus called greens theorem, in measuring some function around the edge of some
region is the same as measuring some other function across the inside of that region. In this equation if
you choose the L and M correctly, you can make the right side equal to the area and then the left side
will be some measurement of something around the perimeter. The wheel and the arms of the
perimeter are arranged specifically to measure that other thing on the left side which is equal to the
area.

What we have referred to as the “General Principle of the Polar Planimeter” may be states as being that
“The area traced by the Tracer during any operation is equal to the length of the Tracer Arm multiplied
by the distance recorded by the Wheel for that tracing.”

The polar planimeter is a mechanical device for measuring areas of regions in the plane which are
bounded by smooth boundaries. The measurement is based directly on Green's theorem in multi-
variable calculus: the planimeter integrates a line integral of a vector field which has constant curl.

It explains that in measuring some function around the edge of some region is the same as measuring
some other function across the inside of that region.

In this equation if you choose the L and M correctly, you can make the right side equal to the area and
then the left side will be some measurement of something around the perimeter. The wheel and the
arms of the perimeter are arranged specifically to measure that other thing on the left side which is
equal to the area. From which the area is reflected measuring wheel (roller), venier, and the counting
dial (counter).