Reigne Miguel Encarnacion

2019132382

Annotations/Direct lifts:

However, the songs used in this study were selected specifically for their relaxing musical characteristics
and because they contained positive lyrics with uplifting messages. Although not tested directly in this
study, hearing relaxing songs with positive messages may reduce stress and counteract negative
thoughts. This also reflects the importance of including lyrics in the selection criterion, as words in pop
music convey significant meanings compared to instrumental or classical music.

pp.10

The study also suggested that pop music intervention was indeed effective for minimizing symptoms of
anxiety. The establishment of the novel criterion for selecting pop music is very significant. Without the
standard to assess the supposedly relaxing or soothing music categories, the effect of such music
listening on one's mental health cannot be guaranteed or can even become harmful. Using an
empirically-supported standard will help ensure the effectiveness of the intervention. It will also help
standardize the treatment across teens, which could be helpful for broader dissemination of the
treatment and testing its efficacy in different groups of adolescents. Prospective future research can be
directed towards translating the criterion into computer language and applying it for quicker filtering of
appropriate pop music, so the playlist could continue to be enriched.

The playlist’s approach to music therapy puts the power of the treatment in the hands of teens,
enabling them to manage their symptoms independently. This self-help approach is especially crucial for
teens concerned about facing mental health stigmas from their parents or peers. Compared to
conventional psychiatric services, the playlist is also widely accessible to adolescents as it is an
economically viable and easily approachable method for adolescents. The research on pop music in this
study is also unprecedented. As pop music has not been prevalently used for music therapeutic
purposes, this study has provided a novel approach to utilizing a more engaging and familiar genre for
music therapeutic purposes. Pop music can be seen as a more engaging music genre for listeners, and
also broadens the range of music that therapists can use. It increases the possibilities of new research
and therapeutic efficacy.

pp.11

Huang, Z., & Duell, N. (2020). A novel music therapy intervention utilizing pop music to reduce
adolescent anxiety and depression. Journal of Student
Research, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v9i2.1227

Complementary and alternative interventions are the most common choicesfor pregnant women
attempting to avoid the side-effects associated with medication. The results of this study support the
hypothesis that a relaxation period, as short as 30 min, is likely to have a positive effect on the Cortisol
and anxiety response to a relaxing intervention 153 psychological health of women subjected to
stressful situations. These results also indicate that relaxing music, in particular, helps to decrease
anxiety and plasma cortisol levels, being especially effective in the morning. Women who are prone to
become too anxious are the ones that should benefit the most.

The duration of the relaxing period is also important. A 30 min period was chosen, mainly because it
would be easy to implement as part of routine procedures in clinical settings. We were also concerned
on whether a too long exposure, in an unfamiliar environment, might have counterproductive effects
upon women’s anxiety.

pp. 153-154

Ventura, T., Gomes, M., & Carreira, T. (2012). Cortisol and anxiety response to a relaxing intervention
on pregnant women awaiting amniocentesis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(1), 148-
156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.05.016

We found that listening to music for 10 minutes was more effective in reducing state anxiety than
waiting in silence. No effect of listening to music was found with regard to subjective stress or mood.
While baseline anxiety levels were positively associated with trait and dental anxiety, the anxiety
reducing effect through music was independent of this influence.

Our finding of a decrease in state anxiety of 9.26% falls within the range reported by previous
investigations (1.39 % - 27.59%) in clinic and hospital patients undergoing various medical interventions
[e.g. 34, 36-41].

pp.13

Thoma, M. V., Zemp, M., Kreienbühl, L., Hofer, D., Schmidlin, P. R., Attin, T., Ehlert, U., & Nater, U. M.

(2014). Effects of music listening on pre-treatment anxiety and stress levels in a dental hygiene
recall population. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22(4), 498-
505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-014-9439-x

The type of music and volume was also a subject of debate. The literature emphasizes that the most
appropriate music in the operating theater seems to be classical music because it is known to elicit
mental alertness, which is necessary to perform surgical tasks and have a positive effect on surgical
memory consolidation, thus improving surgical learning.

pp.6

Kacem, I., Kahloul, M., El Arem, S., Ayachi, S., Hafsia, M., Maoua, M., Ben Othmane, M., El Maalel, O.,

Hmida, W., Bouallague, O., Ben Abdessalem, K., Naija, W., & Mrizek, N. (2020). Effects of music
therapy on occupational stress and burn-out risk of operating room staff. Libyan Journal of
Medicine, 15(1), 1768024. https://doi.org/10.1080/19932820.2020.1768024

The main findings found that both males and females experienced high levels of feelings of happiness
when listening to music. Females showed 0% increase in feelings of anxiety when listening to music
whereas males showed 5.8% increase in feelings of anxiety when listening to music.

Females listen to pop music most frequently at a rate of 53.73%.and males listen to dance music most
frequently at a rate of 32.69%.
 pp. 33

Subscale one which measured anxiety feelings and frequency of listening to music in both females and
males rejected hypothesis 3; however both findings found that when feelings of anxiety increase in
both females and males the frequency of music they listen to increases. Therefore both males and
females may use music as a coping mechanism to calm or relieve feelings of anxiety. Subscale two
which measured anxious thoughts and frequency of listening to music in both females and males
rejected hypothesis 3; however both findings found that when anxious thoughts increase in both
females and males the frequency of music they listen to increases. Therefore both females and males
may use music as a coping mechanism to calm or relieve anxious thoughts. Subscale three which
measured physical symptoms of anxiety and frequency of listening to music in both females and males
accepted hypothesis 3 for females and rejected hypothesis 3 for males.

pp. 34-35

Other findings which were found from the results of the present research study include that when both
males and females feel sad/down they listen to pop music. 28.8% of females and 23.1% of males listen
to pop music when feeling sad/down. 19.7% of females and 17.3% of males listen to the other genre
when feeling sad/down. Females other genre of music consisted of slow pop, acoustic, Irish traditional,
alternative, soul, and indie. Males other genre of music consisted of alternative rock, house, hip-hop,
and heavy metal. 16.7% of females and 3.8% of males listened to country music when feeling
sad/down. 4.5% of females and 17.3% of males listened to dance music when feeling sad/down.
Another finding of the results was in fact feedback from the participants to the question on whether
they ever used music as a self-help method. 36.6% of participants have used music as a self-help
method. 20.83% of the participants that answered yes were females and 15.83% of the participants
that answered yes were males. An example of 1 female participant’s answer was that music made the
participant feel calm from anxiety. An example of 1 male participant’s answer was that music made the
participant happy and reminded them of happy memories.

pp. 35-36

It may also be stated that for both males and females listening to music has a positive effect on their
mood as 70.1% of females and a slight increase of 78.8% of males feel happy when listening to music.
Generally Females experienced positive feelings listening to music. 59.7% of females felt motivated,
53.7% of females felt energetic and 0% of females experienced feelings of stress when listening to
music. Males experienced a 17.7% decrease in feelings of sadness from females when listening to
music. Generally both males and females showed low levels of experiencing feelings of anxiety when
listening to music. Therefore there are vast differences in males and females mood when listening to
music.

pp. 38-39

O' Hagan, E. (2016). The relationship between listening to music and feelings of anxiety and happiness
in young adults [Master's thesis]. http://hdl.handle.net/10788/3034

The studies included in the present review consistently showed how music is an inexpensive, easy to
administer intervention with likely no adverse effects, which may reduce anxiety and sedation
compared with usual care both in patients who are mechanically ventilated and in those who are not.
However, despite these beneficial effects, this kind of non-pharmacologic intervention is still rarely
observed in the daily practice. Even if we acknowledge that further studies are required, particularly
with regards to the number and the duration of music sessions to be administered and the impact on
longer-term outcomes such as the development of delirium and post-traumatic stress symptoms, the
current evidence seems sufficient to consider the prescription of music therapy for patients in the
intensive care unit.

pp. 896

Umbrello, M., Sorrenti, T., Mistraletti, G., Formenti, P., Chiumello, D., & Terzoni, S. (2019). Music

therapy reduces stress and anxiety in critically ill patients: A systematic review of randomized

clinical trials. Minerva Anestesiologica, 85(8). https://doi.org/10.23736/s0375-9393.19.13526-2

Three meta-analyses were reported comparing MT with a control group. Based on a synthesis of 9 RCTs
(704 children), MT significantly reduces pain or anxiety (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.35;
95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55 to 0.14). A test of the difference in the pooled effect estimates for
active versus passive therapy was not statistically significant. Based on a synthesis of 5 RCTs (284
children), MT reduces anxiety (SMD = –0.39; 95% CI –0.76 to –0.03). Based on a synthesis of 5 RCTs
(465 children), MT reduces pain (SMD = –0.39; 95% CI –0.66 to –0.11).

pp. 213

Bekhuis, T. (2009). Music therapy may reduce pain and anxiety in children undergoing medical and

dental procedures. Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice, 9(4), 213-

214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebdp.2009.03.002

They found that symptoms of depression, anxiety and distress were decreased for the eight-week
intervention period as well as for the nine-month follow-up period for the experimental group
participants. Probably, after ten weeks of therapy participants had a little reduction in depression and
tended to be happier than before.

Not only does music therapy deal with social and emotional goals, but it can also address many
cognitive, developmental, and physical areas such as concentration, attention span, focus, memory,
content learning, gross and fine motor skills, and coordination. Music therapy is a creative method of
treatment that encourages the development of social and emotional life skills.

pp. 112

WU, S. M. (2002). Effects of music therapy on anxiety, depression and self-esteem of

undergraduates. PSYCHOLOGIA, 45(2), 104-114. https://doi.org/10.2117/psysoc.2002.104

As can be seen from the scientific research mentioned above, music can have both positive and
negative effects on all living species. It can be said that music has some therapeutic effects on various
mental illnesses and that some types of musical instruments, modes and genres have been used to
treat mental problems such as anxiety, depression, stress, irritability, panic attack, insomnia, attention
disorder, hyperactivity, learning disorders. Given that the music listened to can have negative effects,
adolescents should be or must be informed about the types of music they prefer to listen to. For this
reason, it is important to prepare music lesson content in schools in a more effective and instructive
manner.

pp. 23

OSMANOĞLU, D. E., & YILMAZ, H. (2019). The effect of classical music on anxiety and well-being of

University students. International Education Studies, 12(11),

18. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n11p18