Introduction

In order to impart the required functional properties to the fiber or fabric, it is customary to
subject the material to different types of physical and chemical treatments. For example, wash
and wear finish for a cotton fabric is necessary to make it crease-free or wrinkle-free. In a similar
way, mercerising, singeing, flame retardant, water repellent, waterproof, anti-static and peach
finishing achieve various fabric properties desired by consumers.

The use of 100% synthetic textiles has increased considerably since the development of textured
yarns made of filaments, and the growing production of knit goods. The use of open weave has
enabled production of lighter, breathable, fabrics to ensure better wearing comfort.

The properties of plastic-based synthetic fibers, most important among them being polyamide,
polyester and polyacrylonitrile, are essentially different from those of natural cellulosic and wool
fibers. Hence the sequence of finishing operations is likely to be different. While cellulosic
fabrics require a resin finishing treatment to impart easy-care properties, synthetic fibers already
exhibit these easy-care criteria and require only a heat setting operation.

Design-oriented

 Bleaching of woven fabrics removes any prior color in order to obtain a uniform color during the
dying process.
 Dyeing adds color.
 Printing adds color and pattern.
 Watering adds moiré patterns.

[edit] Handle-oriented

 Fulling or waulking adds weight and density.

 Hydrophobic finishing produces a fabric that repels stains or water.
 Weighting silk with metallic salts or polymer adds weight and improves handle.

[edit] Special finishes for natural fibers

Bio-polishing removes the protruding fibers of a fabric through the action of an enzyme.
Enzymes, such as cellulase for cotton, selectively remove protruding fibers. These enzymes may
be deactivated by an increase in temperature.

Mercerisation makes woven cotton fabric stronger, more lustrous, to have better dye affinity,
and to be less abrasive.

Raising lifts the surface fibers to improve the softness and warmth, as in flannelette.

Peach Finish subjects the fabric (either cotton or its synthetic blends) to emery wheels, making
the surface velvet-like. This is a special finish used mostly in garments.
Fulling or waulking adds weight and density and decatising to bring dimension stability to
woolen fabrics.

Calendering makes one or both surfaces of the fabric smooth and shiny. The fabric is passed to
through hot, fast-moving stainless steel cylinders.

Sanforizing or Pre-shrinking prevents a fabric and the produced garment from shrinking after
production. This is also a mechanical finish, acquired by feeding the fabric between a roller and
rubber blanket, in such a way the rubber blanket compresses the weft threads and imparts
compressive shrinkage.

Crease-Resist finish or "wash-and-wear" or "wrinkle-free" finishes are achieved by the addition

of a chemical resin finish that makes the fiber take on a quality similar to that of synthetic fibers.

Anti-microbial finish causes a fabric to inhibit the growth of microbes. The humid and warm
environment found in textile fibers encourages the growth of the microbes. Infestation by
microbes can cause cross-infection by pathogens and the development of odor where the fabric is
worn next to skin. In addition, stains and loss of fiber quality of textile substrates can also take
place. With an aim to protect the skin of the wearer and the textile substrate itself, an anti-
microbial finish is applied to textile materials.

[edit] Special finishes for synthetic fibers

Heat-setting of synthetic fabrics eliminates the internal tensions within the fiber, generated
during manufacturing, and the new state can be fixed by rapid cooling. This heat setting fixes the
fabrics in the relaxed state, and thus avoids subsequent shrinkage or creasing of the fabric.
Presetting of goods makes it possible to use higher temperature for setting without considering
the sublimation properties of dyes and also has a favorable effect on dyeing behavior and the
running properties of the fabric. On the other hand, post-setting can be combined with some
other operations such as Thermasol dyeing or optical brightening of polyester. Post-setting as a
final finish is useful to achieve high dimensional stability, along with desired handle.

Stiffening and filling process: A stiffening effect is desirable in certain polyamides and
polyester materials (e.g. petticoats, collar inner linings), which can be done by reducing the
mutual independence of structural elements of fabric by polymer deposition on coating as a fine
film.

Hydrophilic finishes compensate for lower moisture and water absorption capacity in synthetic
fiber materials, which become uncomfortable in contact with skin. Certain products, based on
modified (oxy-ethylated) polyamides, make the fabric more pleasant by reducing the cohesion of
water so that it spreads over a larger area and thus evaporates more readily.

Anti-pilling finish alleviates pilling, an unpleasant phenomenon associated with spun yarn
fabrics, especially when they contain synthetics. Synthetic fibers are more readily brought to the
surface of a fabric due to their smooth surface and circular cross-section, and due to their higher
tensile strength and abrasion resistance. With knit "picking" also occurs: by abrasion, individual
fibers work themselves out of yarn loops onto the surface, and the garment catches on a pointed
or rough object. Knitting is susceptible to these effects due to the open weave and bulky yarn.

Anti-static finish prevents dust from clinging to the fabric. Anti-static effective chemicals are
largely chemically inert and require Thermasol or heat treatment for fixing on polyester fabrics.
Polyether agents have been found to be useful but should not effect the dye-equilibrium on fiber,
lest they impair the rubbing fastness.[citation needed] In general, Thermasol anti-static agents also have
a good soil release action, which is as permanent as the anti-static effect. Anti-static finishes may
also be of polyamide type, being curable at moderate temperatures.

Non-slip finishes give the filaments a rougher surface. Synthetic warp and weft threads in
loosely-woven fabrics are particularly prone to slip because of their surface smoothness when the
structure of fabric is disturbed and appearance is no loner attractive. Silica gel dispersions or
silicic acid colloidal solutions are used in combination with latex polymer or acrylates
dispersions to get more permanent effect, along with simultaneous improvement in resistance to
pilling or snagging. These polymer finishes are also capable of imparting a soft and smooth
handle to synthetic fabric without making it water repellent.

Fire Resistant or Flame Retardant finish: to reduce flammability.

Anti-microbial finish: with the increasing use of synthetic fibers for carpets and other materials
in public places, anti-microbial finishes have gained importance. Products which are commonly
applied are brominated phenols, quaternary ammonium compounds, organo-silver and tin
compounds, which can be applied as solutions or dispersions. They can also be incorporated in a
polymeric film deposited on the surface to achieve controlled release.