River Training Structures

• River training implies various measures adopted on a river to direct and

guide the river flow, to train and regulate the river bed or to increase the
lower water depth.

Purpose:
• To st.ablish the channel along a certain alignment
• The importance of river depends upon its length, width, velocity and
seasonality.
• Some rivers are short I ike, most of the river flowing in western
direction in South India (called as Konkan-river like Surya, Tanasa,
Savitry, kat etc.)
• Their utility is lesser than the river in North India, like Ganga, Yamuna,
Brahmaputra etc. which are long and are perennial.
Objectives of River Training
• To provide a safe passage to the flood discharges, without over flowing
to the banks for protection of cultivated & in habited areas.

• To prevent out flanking of a work, like bridges weir or any aqueduct

• To protect the river banks from heavy erosion, and to improve the
alig,nment by stabilizing the river channel.
• To transport the bed & suspended sediments load with a maximum
efficiency.

• To deflect the river away from the bank which it may attack.
Classification of River Training Work:
On the basis of purpose:

A) High ,vater training: To dispose off the flood water and to provide
protection against any type of damage due to such flooding i.e.
training for discharge.

B) Lo,v ,vater trainin g: To provide, sufficient depth of water for the

Inland Navigation, during the low water season i. e. during summer
for the non perennial rivers, mainly in South India i.e. training for
depth.

C) i\1e an "vate r trainin g: A smooth disposal of bed & suspended

sediments load and to maintain the shape of the channel i.e. training
for sediments.
Methods of River Training
A) Marginal Embankments : They are the earthen constructions which
built to continue the flood water, within the c/s available between these
embankments.

Effects of Marginal Embankments on the flooded river:

• To increase the velocity of flood water, to move in downward direction.
• To increase the surface elevation during floods.
• To increase the velocity of discharge at all the dis points.
• To increase the water surface slope of the stream of u/s leveed portion.
B) Guide Banks or bunds:
• These are the earthen embankments to channelize the flood water of the
.
nver.
• In India such types of bunds were designed first by Bell, so known as
Bell's Bunds. Further modified by Spring and Gates.

v- ·- --.-, ;
... . , tt ...
~..,._ ...... ,_-«,,
_.,._ ,
ti,, ,,. .......
Qm1nf c C • ._ A

-. ao
1 20.. 10 4,15• l-,_ P1d' ■ i:a

~)

,,,_ r o aa

... '
0
A « - « -- --
-- -

---
•"-, -:,.;---n d
'
a,

............... Pt• --.U. ~

. . .Uorl •• ..... •'4~,
C) G roy nes or S purs : It is a structure, constructed, transverse to the

river flow. It extend from the bank into the river.

F un c tions:
• To protect the river bank by keeping the flow away from it.
• To construct a wide channel for making the river navigable.
• To train the river along the desired course by attracting, deflecting or

by repelling flow in the river.

• To create a slack flow with the objective of silting up the area in the

vicinity.
Classification of Grovnes : different criteria's
~

Based on:
a) Methods and i\1aterials:
l . Impermeable Groyncs: Don't allow the flow of water through them,

side slope vary between 2: l to 3: l

About 1mthidl l--3m --f
bollkter procoou,n

(• ) Normal 1ttlloD

2. Permeab le Groyncs : They allow a restricted flow of water through

them.
b) Height of Groynes:
I . Non-subn1crged G royncs: above or below the surface of river.

2. Submerged G roynes

c) Functions: Scour
hole
I. Attracting groynes:
A groynes which point out
-- ,,,,. 'It\\: ..- J
.,_ Ii','

dis, tend to attack the river

flow toward the bank on
Bank
which it has been provided.
(a) Single attracting groyne
 SCOUr
2. Repelling groynes: It tend to repel
the river flow, away from the bank.
St,11
poa(.01 ~

Bank
(b) Sinilt rTpellln ,e J!n•J n~

3. Defl ecting groyncs: They are either

perpendicular to the bank or pointing
slightly u/s have short length.

4. Sed imenting groynes: A river carry Bank

considerable amount of sediments.

d) Special type of Groynes : Soour
h°'8
I. Dcnchy 's T-hcadcd groyncs :
These type of report first used
at okhla Head works on Yamuna •

river in Delhi in 1880.

2. Hockey Head or groynes: These
are provided with a curved head,
such as, it looks like a hockey
stick.

Bank
 FD!., t ate•
D) C utoffs: CUC • olf
: ~Flow after
: , out -otf
• A alluvial river, flowing along a I
I
I

I
I I
I I

curve or bends abandons a .:' .:• ~

.--;
Cut -off

•
particular bend and establishes •
I
•
I

..__--~·
its main flow, along a straight and
a shorter channel.
• The ratio of length of the bend to that of chord is called cutoff ratio.
• When ratio exceeds 1.5 to 2.5 a natural cutoffs take place.
F) Other Methods/ Bandalling: bi:)tlOtNI loi I 1•1
trt the befldll.19

• It is applied to low water flow

in a single channel for
maintaining the required depth
for the Island navigation. HII,\ bOaoal••
'°'"DltlClall
wd I:,( ,.,.

&mboo

£iEM1UOn ol II bindal
 Guide Bank sy4tem.

Guide bamka a omade ox quid

btYeam nca a
Contine it m_o ncas omabl
Lid-tB niveh

Thc guidebamk ual Cmbist

eavily built Cmbankmemt im he
shaco
shae o b e l l mouR_mboth id
o Comstnictrd chamel.
O2sL -25-1SL Plow
A

Patthed, slop
Top quidi bank
Shamkk
B
A

ApL6 45-60 120-14S

Nose TANmn

CuideBonk i ) Diasxam
 TOP
VHEL
2
2 BUND'
1

Deup
SLOULdepfh:0
S

SECTION AA (ii) Diaam

2 2 y HeL
1
BUND Launthungd
CC block brul
Leuil

Scou dupm
Launthd bouluom D

SECTION B13 (t)- Diagram

 Approach
B embankment
B of
bridge
HHHHHHH
ALLLIILUOILIILU

AA
Stone facing
Shank o n slope
B Stone apron> CO
CD

B
River
Iflow
PLAN Stone
apron
Vegetatioon Free board
growth promoted 2 Top
1A
YHFL
Earth fill Stone facing
slope
Stone apronRiver bed
Cross Section -AA
deepest scour- f Scour depth
Free board
2 -HFL
1 E S t o n e apron

Scour depth
launcheed
position cross-section BB
of apron

Fig. 15.1 Guide Bank details

 Page:
L-2 Date:1L
DesigmCmsiolunatiom o f h e qui'ol bak

LEy.75 NQ
OR
4.83-
L utimate aidh_ive1 o bc_comst
1ictcdCom)
= etimated ma"_im Cum.ccs
Extra allouamces20/ma be) for
bonida bies hickaeus cte..

Lengt6 = 1:25 L |:sL

Guid bank

Leng Ds gudshaoak= o:is L

Both Us dotom Stxeam Cmds o
he banks Cuvea glntLy Lo as
o Lead_Re l o o a l m He mc6th
ingA-
Themaion aorts a e quid bamkaru
scuved_ hcadTm pye.qmablc
head.

dcued-cad .
ghank ystraigt Pattiam
4)lepe bed pxotectiom
Impxemable head
m

ae

3
R T S a

120-19S

JSL

Shank
J.5L

H H H-
(1s-(o

DSL

Ols Cuve.olhcaol
RR Radius e CLyatuL

R=120- 250m yelocity du to s

m
RE aSo m. o0 0-2ooooCAumctA

R=58om Cumelá-
shanpenCnNCuU < o o o Cumccs

R= d.ysL
 Date:
Ds Guved hca o.
R2_ s R
a us' to 6
(i Seleciom Guid bund 2 Hateial
a Conátyuctio0:

Aive Sand Availabledoc.all4

i d u sbpc=22 o 3:

Suiciemt op Loid-th
Exee boand 5 to -S m

osid Slape o m to 0.6 m_BicR

Protcete.d by Sone pitching

Stme itchg2 1m_aboUc HE Lproui.

dl
06-

Thickneu0 Stonac itchim-

5J ctra at
Out $is Shpe>T
uls cad

Rean9id 2 Not fitchcd

Co ate oi%_3m- o 6m_ Canth
 Cmconaging vgetatiom9otfe a
makc -Wihd 4 -ain_Nesistant,

Slope g Toc Arotectiomn.

Toc _

SlopcProtected by aunchi-
aumchi-
n Aprom.
Hay
Maym anticipated Sco depth bclow

HFL- CR

A Lacey" NoYmal $coun dupta

R= o.47/

Silt Silt tactor

D= Scoun dipth _bela ivelbe.d
D=_CR- bu HFL Rive
bed Level

id oflaunching Abron=_:SD

D= SCoun dip be.lato Riv bcd

 Date /
C 2S NosC o Guidi ba»K
:So ransiiom
C 25 Shyaig ht Reachcs

Thickmes at imne co = I15 T

Thickexs aEOLL edge=&ST

(L-3)
 , I
~

I • II
I · -

•
I • •

J
•
•

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 \ / Q .3. IJ,·~•~n ;uuJ ~kel r h a Cuit.fe Hank includin g launchin g a pron fo r ~ht' foHuw ,ng
d~tD =

1\,..1 ,. u nu,u fJ i ~rha,-gr - 10,000 run1ers

B agh1:~l tluod Jt-\rtl - 250.00 111
Ith t"i bed lt-\'~I -= 242 .00 an
lti vrr t,i;d o auh. ,·~u.t ', tt\erage ~itt- ._ O.lS 111
 10 •r Jr rig11 Jin 11 E11g i ncrr i ug-l J

A ns. C k tlr wnl l'rwny, P - 4.75 J(J

- 4 . 75 J I0000 - -17 5 111
Alt(,wi ng 20% extrn fo r piers etc, th e net
spn c in g hetw een the two gu id e bu nds at
bridp.c si te - 1.2 \l ~ 1.2 , ,175 =- 570 111 the
·•
ll cncc L - 570 m
The length l,f gui de b1111d ups trea m of brid
ge = 1.25 L = 1.25 ' 570 = 7 12.5 m
The lengt h of gui de hun d dow nstr eam of
brid ge = 0.25 L = 142.5 m
T he rad iu ::- of cur ved hea d (up strea m port
ion) may be kept
= 0.45 L = 0.45 x 570 = 256 .5 rn .
The u/s end of guid e bank may therefore.
be curv ed by 130° (bet wee n 120 to 145 °)
a radi us of 256 .5 m say 255 m. v.ith
The d/s end of guide bund may th erefore,
be curv ed such a way as to mak e as ang
60° . as sh .vn is fi g.( I) . le of

Fig .(I) : Plan of guide bunds

Cro ss-s ect ion of gui de bund :
The giv en HFL at bridge site = 250 m
A ~urning a free board of 1.5 m ignoring
afflux & velocity head we get,
Top level of gui de bund = 250.+ 1.5 =
251.5 m "' 252 Ill. .
Now, heig ht of ~und above river bed leve
l
= 252 - 242 = -IO 111.
Ass um ing the top width of bund as 5 m
and side slop es as 2 : I, we hav e the requ
sec tion of bun d as sho wn in Fig.(2). ired
· ·

RL = 25~ -l--.- 5m~

: .
I 0111
~ ~~~
0
~10<!~: _~~-d~--~~~ ~
I. 3
· ( RI.
247
I

I
\ ··
l I
I
:
- ( :cc
I
_!__

r.J i
~
:zr- ,
'. ,
'c"'~-
7.8'1 m - -~ m - +- - 7. 8'1~1
-- - 2U.68m - - -
-:'r. I.S.D
-<,....-(...._,,.___,--..:1

. ,,,.7_g_
ll_l_- _ j· ,,
T = I .9 t =2.5 m
1
.,,
- - -- -i-
i-- - - - -- - - 28 .5 m
Fi g. (2) : C ros s sect ion (AA ) o_f the stra
igh t rea ch of .Bt~ll's Bum i.

' I
 B. Tech. 7'" Semeslc!I: Soh-ed !)<11,en.-. /Jl·c 20 I J J1
. t\

The stone pitching nnd rm apron musl be provided 011 the slolc 0 11 water side for th e
~ entire len 5 .11 ofbund. however lhe renr side will also be pilched for curved post ion of bund .
Design or stone 1>itrhing : The thi cknrss of ~ton e pilching on 1he side (I) is given by
1 = 0 .06QI/J •·
-= 0.0() x ( I 0000) 1/J = 1.29 say 1.1 _m
The thickness of apron is give n by equ . = 1.9 1 = 1.9 Y 1.3 = 2.47 say = 2.5 m
The length of:lpron is given hy 1.5 D. where D for th e strai g ht reaches of the guide bund
1s given as :
D = 1.25 R - y
1/3
where R-041(5)
where f is si It . factor , f = I . 76 J dmm
= 1.76 Jo~2s· = 0.88
113
_ (10000)
R-0.47 0.88 . = ~ lo• '6&"m
y = Depth of water above rriver bed level
= 250 - .242 = 8 m
- > D = l.25 x 10.56- 8 = 5.2 m
Length of apron= 1.5 D = 1.5 x 5.2 = 7.8 m
For the curvilinear transition portio~ of guide bund D, is given by
D= l.5R-y= L5 x 10.56 =7.84m,
Hence length of apron in curved portion= 1.5 x 7.84 = 11.76 1il =; 12 m.•
Pitching & apron in these curved portion shall be provided an bath sides.
The length of apron at noses should be increased to 1.50, where D=2.24x l 0.56=15.6m.
RL252ril : ~-.:J):::~-~-4R .-Y
------ 5 ,... I~ r- ; r,,., ei, C.
_ ·--~
1
~ _ ,
._ L,.,Jree boarcl i 250 ~~ •d.'{,X I o· S:~ - t,

f?r..i 1.·.\ : -- ( · 1.3 ·-r.s-·--.~ l5 · 16m-

~ L:.__,
V
2 Ill
.~ ~ - - - - --H68m
L,::2mAl -
R 12 m .r
.
Le,,o+l, 4 e-f"""' ,:: ,. s.-1)
-::1 ·6,X }l,l (
Fig. (3) : Cross section (BB) of the curved portions of the Bell's bund. ~ ol g ,, 4 "h1
 \' 0 \ ~
~ ~ .s+n'r)~;-
CD
s l•~ C J..', 1
~01ope. .
---- . ::: ~6 )( C;)_ 5 '). - '). 41.})( --r X I
::: ~5
0
X lo X I· 3 1' I
:::: c)9• 0688 'Yf"l
3
/'l'fl. ?'7,
'ffl.
. ::~
~--. ~ B
o i !-:U'n c,b CL±--.~ ~ of (r~,•dJ._= ~":f;
C, o >

: : Ji; X ..'.D )( l• ""-5 TX l

: : {_s X I S•1 6 f l ·d.,; )( l<S )(l
-: : 6 1 · ?-651 'Y(l 3/<m-

(D ~ ol~"rnc:, :f 2 ~ ~ L s=- cW1~ 1~

:;:. "5><. t -81..\ 'j.. 1, ,;i,5 / Y. j
-:;: V5 'I 1. ,g 4 )I-. l . d. ~ 1 \. ?, )( I
-::::: 2- i . L\ ns /-m · ~
3

~
,y(f
 to bridage site of a river,
dol4 Q.3. The following data pertains a

Maximum discharge =
6000 cunmecs

II.FL = 104 m

River bed level 100 m

Average diameter of river bed material =
0.1m
Design and sketch Bell's Bunds including the launhing apron to train the river.
Assume sufficient amount of boulders near the site. (20)
B.Tech.. 7h Semester Solved papers,Dec 2014 39

Ans. The waterway between two guide bunds, planned as per fig.( ). may beevaluated
as follows
A pproach
embank inent
of
bridge
A
_tA
Earth slope
Shank Stone facing. unprotected\.
on slope
Stone apron

PLAN LStone
apron

Free board
Vegetation
growth promoted HE
Earth fill- Stone focing Stone,op (River bed

CROSS SECTION A A
Frge board
THFL
S l o n e apron

CROSS SECTION-BB

Fig.:(1)
The Lacey's regime waterway = clear wateway

P 4.75O=4.75/6000 m=368 m
spacing between the two guide bunds at the
Allowing 20% extra for piers, etc., the net

bridge site =1.2 x 368 =

440 m
L = 440 m
Hence

R-045
1R0-45L
120 to 145v Flow

1:25L for d' schor 9es up:o 20,co0 cumees

150L ior ngher Cischargs

0-25
LAxis of bridqv

Fig.(2) Gale's recommendations for guide banks.

40 Irrigatio1 Engineering-11
The length ofthe guide bund upstream of bridge [From Fig.(2)J.
= 1.25 x 440 550 m.
The length of the guide bund downsteam of bridage
0.25 L=0.25 x 440 110 m.
The radius of the curved head (ups|ream portion) may be kept
= 0.45 L=0.45 x 440 = say 194 m.

The u/s end of guide bund may therefore, be curved by 130° (between 120 to 145) with
a radius of 194 m.
The d/s end ofthe guide bund may, therefore, be curved in such a way as to make an
an

angle of 60°. as shown in tig.3(a).

NGse
NOse \

5S0m
13
R194m
ALLA
50
10m

Fig.3(a): Plan of guide bunds.

Cross sections of the guide
bunds The given HFL at bridge site 104.00 m. =

Assuming a free board of 1.5 m, and nil value of afflux, and ignoring velocity head, we
have the
Top level of guide bund= 104.00+ 1.5 105.5.
To be more safe and making an
level of bund as 106.00 m.
allowance-for future settlement etc.; let us adopt the top
Now, height of the bund above river bed level
106.00-100.00 6.00 m
=

Assuming topthe width of the bund as 5 m, and side slopes as 2:1, we have the
required sections of the bund' as shown in fig.3(b), (¢).
RL1060 - 5
Freo retoard HFL104OC
2 t»11m
1 0 0

T:1:9t21mn
- - 12 -5m 777
-

12n 15D =13 5m-

29m
425 m
.Fig.3(b) : Cross-section (AA) of the straight reach of Bell's
Bund.
The stone pitching and an
apron mu_t be
entire length of the bund ; however, the rear side provided on the slope on water side for tne
will alsó be pitched for curved portions of the
bund.
 41
B.Tech., 7h Semester: Solved papers.Dec 2014
Design of stone pitching and aprom: The thickness of stone pitching on the side (t) is
given by equation
0 . 0 6 Q' = 0.06 x (6000)''
0.06 x 18.2 1.09 m; say 1.1
=
m

The thickness of apron is given by equation

1 9 t = 1.9 x I. = 2.09; say 21. m
Tic length of the apron is given by 1.5 D, where D for the straight reaches of the guide
bund is given as
D 1.25R-y

where R 0.47|
where fis the Lacey/s unit silt factor given by equation
f = 1.761.76.Jdmm

where, d is.the avg.particle dia in mm=0.1 mm (given)

f= 1:76o.10-1.76x0.322=0.556.
6000")
R = 0.47 =0.47(10780
0.556)
=
0:47 x 22 10:36m.
Depth of
y above river bed level
water

=104.0-100.004.00 m.
*D 1.25 x 10.36 4.00 13-4.0 9.0 m
=

Length of apron= 15 D= 15
* 9.0 =13.5 m
however, D is given by
For the curvilinear transition portions ofthe guide bund,
11.54.; say
D 1.5 R-y=1.5 x 10.36-4.00 15.54-4.00
12 m
be 1.5 12 =
18 m.
of apron in the curved portions will
= x m
Hence, the length
shall be provided on both sides, as shown in
Pitching and apron in these curved portions
fig.3(c).
HFL
RL 106 Free hoard 104Om

2.m
11m
EKAKRAZS3RRL=1000m

29m 18m.
18m-
65m

Fig.3( c ):Cross-section (BB) ofthe

curved portions ofthe Bell's Bund.
should be increaced to 1.5 D.
The length of apron at noses
(where D =2.24 10.36-4.00
x 19.36) i.e. say 30 m.
=
B.Tech., 7h Semester Solved papers, Dec 2015
65

Section- A
Q.2. The following hydraulic
2ols Max. discharge =
6,000
data
cumces.
pertain to a bridge site of a river.
HFL 104.0 m
=

River bed level 100.0 mn

=

Average diameter of river bed material 0.10 mm. Design and sketch Bel's
=

Bunds including the launhing apron to train the

river. Assume sufficient amount of
boulders near the site.
(20)
Ans: Refer Q.3. of paper Dec. 2014.
O6 Q.3. Sketch a suitable cross-section of a guide banks as used in river trainin
works. Explain the process of launching aprons in such workS. (20)
 Irrigation Engg-11
88
Ans.
Storno Facng
Top
HFL
Rear Apran Front apre
DDd Earth Fll
ZA
Cross Section on B38

Khadir
Shank
B-

ANCNAMAINLTITITX
MUKTUNAWIwMaT

.CL of Bridge

Stong Apron
Stono Facing or
Front Slope
Top of Guide
Barnk

Approach Rear Apron

Embankrnent Khadis

Stone Facing on Siope

Top
Aear Earth AS Max. H.F
Fil S1one Apron,

Cross, Section on AA
EA-AIver Bed
Fig.: Detail of guide bank
Launching apron : Whenever, a sloping face is protected by stone pitching against
scour, the pitching is extended beyond the toe on the bed in the form of packed stones, as shown
in Fig.(1). This stone
dumping is known as Launching apron.
Pitching H.F.L
Launhing apron
0.060
-150

x.R.

Launched position Scoured

of apron depth,0
125t
Fig.(1): Launching apron detail.
B.Tech.,
7 Semester: Sohved papers. Dec -2016 89
if no such protection is provided,
will occur at the toe with consequent under
scour
.an the collapse of the 'slope pitching. In order to obviate such a danger to the slope, the
hino is extended on the horizontal river bed portion, which falls down into the scoured
pitc portion,
as the scour occurs.
a$ SOon
The launching apron generally laid in a width equal to 1.5 times the depth
is ofscour(D)
helowtheoriginal bed. The total scour below HFL is taken as rR, where R is the Lacey's normal
scoured depth given by equation
/3
R = 0.47

where Q is the discharge and fis the' slit factor; and values of x are tabulated for
different places, in Table.

S. No. Location Mean value D xR - water

of x depth above bed

Noses of guide banks 2.25 2.25R-y

Transitions from noses to straight portions 1.50 1.5 R-y
Straight reaches of guide bunds 1.25 1.25R-y

Generally, a scour slope of 2: 1 is assumed and the thickness of the launched apron
should be 1.25t, where t is the thickness ofstone pitching. Then the volume ofstone required in
the launched apron per unit length perpendicular to paper
:2+12.D.(1.25 1)=1.25ix5D =2.81.D.
If the width of unlaunched apron is 1.5 D, then the thickness of the unlaunched (T)
apron is given as
2.8
T 1.5D ..1.87t; say 1.9t.
Hence T 1.9t
The width of the apfon (1.5 D) will be different in different portions of guide bank.,
depending upon the values of D as per Table.
 104 Irrigation Engg -
Q . 3 . Design and sketch a Guide Bank includingnunchingapron for the following
data :
Maximum Discharge = 10,000 cumecs
lighest Nood level = 250.00 m
River bed level 242.00 m
River bed material's average size = 0.25 m (20)
Ans. Clear waterway. P =
4.75VO=
4.75 10000 =475 m
Allowing 20% extra for piers etc, the net spacing between the two guide bunds at the
bridge site = 1.2 P =1.2 x 475 = 570 m

Hence L=570m
he length of guide bund upstream ofbridge =1.25 L = 1.25 x 570 =712.5 m
The length of guide bund downstream of bridge=0.25L=142.5 m
The radius of curved head
(upstream portion) may be kept
=
0.45 L=0.45 x 570 256.5 im
The u/s end of guide bank may therefore, be curved by 130°(bétween 120 to 145) with
aradius of 256.5 m say 255 m.
The d/s end of guide bund
may therefore, be curved such a way as to make as angle of
600, as shewn is fig.(1).

NOse
Nose
RI=255m 712 m
ALA
S70 m
60
142.5m

Fig.(1): Plan of guide bunds

Cross-section of guide bund
The given HFL at bridge site = 250 m
Asuming a free board of 1.5 m ignoring afflux & velocity head we get,
Top level of guide bund = 250+1.5 251.5 m 252 m.
=

Now, height ofbund above river bed level

252-242 10 m. =

Assuming the top width of bund as 5 m and side slopes as 2: 1, we

section of bund as shown in Fig.(2). have the required
The stone pitching and an apron must be
provided on the slote on water side for the
entire length of bund, however the rear síde will also be
pitched for curved postion of bund.
Design of stone pitching: The thickness
of stone pitching on the side () is given by
I 0.06 o!/3
=
0.06x(10000) 1.29 say 1.3 m
The thickness of apron is given by equ. =
1,9/= 19 x 1.3 =
2.47 say =2.5 m
e Trch
7th Semester >oned papers. Dec -2017
B 105

RL 252 e5m-
Freo bord HE 250
TOm
2 : 1

=13
R 242

7.84m- 5m-
STLTEFI91-2.5 m
784m L5D 7.8m -
-20.68m
28.5 m
Fig. (2): Cross section (AA) of the straight reach of Bell's Bund.

The length of apron is given by 1.5 D, where D for the straight reaches of the guide bund
isgiven as
D =
1.25 R-y
3
where R =
(o
0.47|

where f is silt factor. f = 1.76 Vdmm

= 1.76 0.25 0.88

R 0.47(10000/3
R 0.47 0.88 = 105.6 m

y Depth of water above rriver bed level

250 -242 8 m
= D= 1.25 x 10.56-8 5.2 m
Length of apron 1.5 D =
1.5 x =7.8 m 5.2
For the curvilinear transition portion of guide bund D, is given by
D 1.5 R - y = 1.5.x 10.56 = 7.84 m,
Hence length of apron in curved portion = 1.5 x 7.84=11.76 m=12 mm

Pitching & apron in these curved portion shall be provided an bath sides.
The length of apron at noses should be increased to 1.5D, where D-2.24x 10.56=15.6m.
RL252 m
Free board 250

EEZ235VRL242
2 m- -20 68n1 -12 m -
1.68i
Fig. (3) Cross section (BB) of the curved portions of the Bell'sbun
Section B.
 1

Roll No. * * * *

Total No. of Questions:9] Total No. of Pages : 4

24514
B.Tech. (Civil) 7th Semester
Examination, March-2021

IRRIGATION ENGINEERING-II

Paper-CE-407-F

Time: Three Hours] [Maximum Marks: 100

the questions, candidates should ensure that

Before answering
they have been supplied the corvect and complete question
paper. No complaint in this regard, will be entertained after
examination.

Note- Question No. 1 is compulsory. Answer any fve

questions, selecting at least one question from
each Sections. Assume any data if missing.

Explain the following terms

) Canal Escapes
i) Types of Spillway
(ii) Water Logging

245141550 (1) RD-193 P.T.O.

(iv) Stilling Basin

() Symphonic Systems 5x4=20

 Section-A

(a) A iver discharges 1000 m°/s of water at

level of RL 103.00 A weir

high flood m.

is constructed for flow diversion with a

crest length of 255 m and total length of

1
concrete floor as 40 m. The weir has to

sustain the under seepage at a maximum

static head of 2.4 m. Determine the depth

of d/s cut off. Take silt factor =
1.1, safe
exit gradient =
1/6, RL of d/s floor
100.00 m.
(6) What are the objectives of river training
works ? Explain the methods of river
10,10
training.
What is the importance of providing guide
banks ? Discuss the stepwise procedure for the
20
design of Guide Banks.

RD-193
24514 1550 (2
 Section-C

(6.) Design the crest, foor length and depth of cistern

of a 1.5 Sarda types fall on a
m channel carrying
a discharge of 22.5 cumecs with a bed width of
18 and
m
depth of water is 1.52 m. Assume
Bligh's coefficient for impervious floor as 6. 20
Discuss the necessity and choice of cross

drainage works. With the of sketches

2
help explain
different types of cross drainage works. 20

24514 1550 3) RD-193 P.T.O.

 Section-D

&. Discuss Ogee spillway, syphon spillway and side

channel spillway with the help of neat sketches.
the suitability of each. 20
Explain
(a) What are the criteria for the safe design
of an earth dam ?

(b) What are the factor governing the selection

of a particular types of dam ? 10,10